Question .

Explain the term facial feedback hypothesis.

Answer:
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions
provide feedback to our brain about our emotions. Facial
expressions are not only the result of our emotions, e.g., smiling in
happiness, but they are also capable of influencing emotions, e.g.
laughter can actually make us feel happier. The same might hold
true for other emotions as well. In the 1840’s, William James
presented the idea that awareness of our bodily experiences is the
basis of emotion.
Question .
When does an individual face social rejection?
Answer:
Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded
from a social relationship or interaction. This can be done by a
person or a group. It includes rejection of the person by family/
peers/ colleagues or even in intimate relationships. Rejection may
be active, i.e., by ridiculing, bullying, etc., or passive, i.e., ‘silent
treatment’. Social rejection may be faced due to individual
differences e.g., attractiveness, shyness or due to intergroup
exclusion on the basis of prejudice, e.g., in case of Dalits or ethnic
minorities.
Question .
With the help of an example write the non-verbal triggers of anger.
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from
time to time. Anger is a normal response to some real or perceived
threat. It is a protective emotion that help us to defend ourselves
against physical or psychological harm.

Triggers of Anger refer to any event that signals the brain to

activate the body’s anger system. The triggers of anger may be (i)
verbal, for e.g., being blamed, disrespected or abused (ii)
non¬verbal, for e.g., being ignored unappreciated or rejected, (iii)
physical such as physical threats, sexual/ physical assault, etc.

Non-verbal triggers of anger are feelings of being neglected,

disregarded, disappointed, unloved or frequently spurned. It is
expressed through gestures such as pointing a finger, shrugging the
shoulders; by facial expressions such as sneering, frowning and also
by behaviours such as groaning/sighing/whining or speaking in a
mocking tone.

There are three factors involved in the experience of anger : A

trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular
interpretation of that situation.

Question .
What are the aspects of emotional well-being?
Answer:
Emotional well-being means managing our emotions, both positive
and negative ones, so that we can lead a healthy and productive
life. It is the absence of negative affect as well as general
satisfaction with life. A person who experiences emotional well-being
is positively engaged with the world.
The aspects of emotional well-being are at three levels viz. physical,
emotional and social.

1. Physical level, i.e., well balanced diet, exercise.

2. Emotional level, i.e., practise mindfulness, raising levels
of motivation and optimism.
3. Social level, i.e., engaging in prosocial behaviour,
meaningful relationships.
Question .
Measures of dealing with Emotional Abuse
Answer:
Emotional abuse is any kind of abuse that is emotional rather than
physical in nature. It occurs when one person subjects or exposes
another person to intentionally harmful behaviour that may result in
anxiety, depression and psychological trauma to the victim.
The types of emotional abuse may be-

1. verbal abuse such as blaming, insulting, labeling,

threatening, swearing, etc.
2. non verbal abuse such as ignoring, rejection, bullying,
spying, etc.
The most important technique is to break the silence and stand up
for yourself.

1. Accept that emotional abuse is not because of you, i.e.,

don’t justify the actions of the abuser.
2. Respond assertively to the abuser but seek distance from
him.
3. Give yourself time to heal.
4. Prioritize your self-care, e.g., eating right, exercise, etc.
 5. Mobilise support from family and friends. If needed, seek
professional help.

Question 3.
Anger -A powerful emotion
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from
time to time. Anger is a normal response to some threat. It is a
protective emotion that helps us to defend ourselves against
physical/ psychological harm. However, anger may also be
unwanted, irrational and destructive. When we experience anger,
our amygdala goes into action and overrides the cerebral cortex
which is in control of thinking and evaluation. Triggers of anger refer
to any event that signals the brain to activate the body’s anger
system. The triggers may be (i) verbal, for e.g., being blamed,
disrespected or abused (ii) non-verbal, for e.g., being ignored
unappreciated or rejected, (iii) physical such as physical threats,
sexual/ physical assault, etc.
There are three factors involved in the experience of anger: A
trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular
interpretation of that situation. As the experience of anger is
subjective, it can be controlled too. If we understand the triggers of
anger, we can anticipate potential anger episodes and provide an
intentional/ acceptable response such as it may energize us towards
solving problems. As anger is a powerful emotion, it must be kept in
check to avoid it’s destructive out comes.
Managing Emotions
Answer:
The word emotion is derived from the latin word ‘emovere’, which
means to stir up or to move. An emotion refers to an involuntary,
aroused state of an organism involving physical, cognitive and
behavioural components. It is described as a combination of bodily
arousal, e.g., increased heartrate, thoughts and feelings, i.e.
emotional tone and expressive behaviour, i.e., facial expression.

Managing of emotions is an important life skill. Managing emotions

can be defined as, ‘the ability to be open to feelings and modulate
them in oneself and in others, so as to promote personal
understanding and growth. It is the ability to be aware and
constructively handle both positive and challenging emotions.
Sometimes, our emotions hijack our thinking due to which we act
impulsively. This is because the limbic system (emotional section)
developed before the prefrontal cortex (thinking part) and is hence,
an extremely strong part of the brain. Emotional management is an
art as it is a form of expression as well as a science as it is a skill
that needs to be learnt and practiced If a person ignores of
suppresses his/her emotions it leads to anxiety. The best way of
manage emotions is to acknowledge the emotions, find out what is
the cause of that emotion in you, chose how to respond in that
situation.

Benefits of Emotional Well-being

Answer:
Emotional well-being means managing our emotions, both positive
and negative ones, so that we can lead a healthy and productive
life.
Persons who have high emotional well-being experience benefits
such as- (i) better able to deal with stress (ii) better self-regulation
(iii) increased productivity in tasks undertaken (iv) increased
creativity (v) life satisfaction due to meaningful activities and
relationship.

1. Coping with stress – It helps to deal with stress using

healthy methods such as exercise, social support, etc.
2. Better self-regulation – It enables the person to label how
they feel and accept negative emotions life fear, anger,
etc.
3. Increases productivity in tasks undertaken – The ability to
focus is enhanced, the person feels positive and
energized.
4. Increases creativity – The person indulges in divergent
thinking, shows curiosity is open to new experiences.
5. Life satisfaction – The individual is able to have
meaningful interactions and relationships, show empathy,
altruism and engage in activities like volunteer work.

Question
Using the 3 R model of Anger Management present a case study of
your own experience.
Answer:
Anger management is an intervention programme to prevent anger
from turning into a habit or obstacle. It enables the person to create
an awareness of and responsibility for his/her emotions. This
involves two aspects (i) managing one’s own anger (ii) learning to
respond effectively to anger in others.
The 3 R’s in anger management a Relax, Reassess and Respond.
1. Relaxation – Relaxation and connection with the inner self helps
to enhance thinking and concentration so that we ‘respond’ rather
than ‘react’ impulsively.
2. Reassess – This helps the person to revisit the situation
objectively. It involves

 taking complete responsibility for your emotion

 developing empathy for the person you perceive has
wronged you
 conduct a reality check e.g., is your anger justified given
the facts of what happened.
The feeling’s thermometer helps to focus on the extent of anger we
are experiencing and helps in the process of reassessment.

3. Respond – It entails re-engaging with the other person/situation.

Responding involves

 consulting a trustworthy person to get another

perspective
 engage in talks with the other party in a calm respectful
manner with a willingness to sort out the situation.
 active listening and assertive speaking – Allow the person
to express their viewpoint. However, we should stand up
for our feeling while exhibiting the same for the other
person. The right approach is a practical, positive
communication style.
 cage your rage i.e. establish boundaries and moderate
your anger – We must guard against escalation of our
own anger which may lead us to provoke the other
person. Moderation of anger and establishing clear
boundaries of interaction with each other is essential.
How does the brain work when angry?
Answer:
Anger is a common emotion that everybody experiences in life from
time to time. Anger is a normal response to some threat. It is a
protective emotion that help us to defend ourselves against
physical/ psychological harm. However, anger may also be
unwanted, irrational and destructive. When we experience anger,
our amygdala goes into action and overrides the cerebral cortex
which is in control of thinking and evaluation.

Triggers of anger refer to any event that signals the brain to activate
the body’s anger system. The triggers may be (i) verbal, for e.g.,
being blamed, disrespected or abused (ii) non-verbal, for e.g., being
ignored unappreciated or rejected, (iii) physical such as physical
threats, sexual/ physical assault, etc.

There are three factors involved in the experience of anger: A

trigger (causes of anger) → individual’s personality → particular
interpretation of that situation. As the experience of anger is
subjective, it can be controlled too. If we understand the triggers of
anger, we can anticipate potential anger episodes and provide an
intentional / acceptable response.

The emotional center of the brain is the Limbic system and is more
primitive than the cerebral cortex. It is located in the lower section
of the brain. Hence when a person is experiencing and expressing
anger, he or she is not using the cortex (thinking section) but
primarily functioning from the limbic system. In the limbic system, a
small structure called Amygdala which is a storehouse of emotional
memories plays an important role in the emotional outbursts. The
data coming in from the world around us passes through the
amygdala where the decision is made whether to send the data to
the limbic or cortex area of the brain.

If the incoming data triggers enough of an emotional charge, the

amygdala can override the cortex, which means the data will be
sent to the limbic system causing the person to react using the
lower part of the brain. During an overriding event, the amygdala
goes into action without much regard for the consequences (since
this area of the brain is not involved in judging, thinking, or
evaluating).

Eg. You are waiting patiently in the queue at the bank, a person
comes and cuts the line and moves ahead of you, you scream at
them and ask them to go back. On an average, it can take 20
minutes for a person who has experienced an angry state of arousal
to calm, to move from functioning from the emotional area to the
thinking area of the brain.

Question .
After having realised you are emotionally abused by your best
friend, write the steps you will take to deal with it.
Answer:
Emotional abuse is any kind of abuse that is emotional rather than
physical in nature. It occurs when one person subjects or exposes
another person to intentionally harmful behaviour that may result in
anxiety, depression and psychological trauma.
The types of emotional abuse may be (i) verbal abuse such as
blaming, insulting, labeling, threatening, swearing, etc. (ii) non
verbal abuse such as ignoring, rejection, bullying, spying, etc. Some
of the techniques to deal with emotional abuse are-

1. Accept that emotional abuse is not because of you i.e.

don’t justify the actions of the abuser.
2. Respond assertively to the abuser but seek distance from
him/her.
3. Give yourself time to heal.
4. Prioritize your self-care, e.g., eating right, exercise, etc.
5. Mobilise support from family and friends. If needed, seek
professional help.
If I realize that I have been emotionally abused by my good friend I
will adopt the following steps-

1. Disengage from the friendship and set personal

boundaries
2. Understand that I am not the cause of abuse and so
respond assertively to the abuser
3. Practice self care and give myself time to heal
4. If necessary seek guidance from other friends or my
family / teachers.

Analyse the situations presented below and

a. Write the Emotion/s you experience.
b. What will be your response to this situation?

Question 1.
Anish was scolded by his boss. He came home and in a fit of rage hit
his son. You are Anish’s friend who witnessed this outburst.
Answer:
I will feel anger as well as disgusted on witnessing this outbust. I will
try to calm Anish and make him realise the harm that his anger can
cause.

Question 2.
You helped your friend with study notes during his illness. But when
your friend got better he did not respond nor show any sense of
appreciation.
Answer:
I will feel disappointment as well as sadness. I will meet the friend
and tell him that his lack of courtesy has hurt me.
Question 3.
You have had a hectic day at college when you come home you find
the door locked. You forgot your keys at home that day and your
parents have not informed you of their plans.
Answer:
I will be angry at my at myself and my parents also. But since I
forgot the keys, I will take full responsibility and wait it out some
family member returns.