💻 COMPLETE WORKING CODE

Master Python for

Generative AI
This is the only guide required to start your
Generative AI journey

1 Variables 2 Strings 3 Loops

4 Lists 5 Dicts 6 Files 7 Classes

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Senior Gen-AI Engineer
 1. Variables & Basic Types 2

Variables store data values. Python automatically determines the data type based on
the value assigned.

Basic Data Types

[Link]

name = "Python" # str

age = 30 # int
price = 99.99 # float
is_active = True # bool

print(name) # Output: Python

print(age) # Output: 30
print(price) # Output: 99.99
print(is_active) # Output: True

# Type checking
print(type(name)) # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(age)) # Output: <class 'int'>

Key Types: str (text), int (whole numbers), float (decimals), bool (True/False)

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 2. Strings & f-strings 3

Strings are sequences of characters. f-strings allow embedding variables directly into
text using curly braces.

String Operations
[Link]

text = "Hello World"

print([Link]()) # Output: HELLO WORLD
print([Link]()) # Output: hello world
print([Link]("World", "Python")) # Output: Hello Python

f-strings (Formatted String Literals)

[Link]

# f-strings allow embedding variables

name = "Alice"
score = 95
message = f"Hello {name}, your score is {score}"
print(message) # Output: Hello Alice, your score is 95

# Multi-line f-string
info = f"""
Name: {name}
Score: {score}
Grade: A
"""
print(info)

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 3. Basic Operators 4

Operators perform operations on values. Python supports arithmetic, comparison,

and logical operators.

Arithmetic Operators
[Link]

a, b = 10, 3
print(a + b) # Output: 13
print(a - b) # Output: 7
print(a * b) # Output: 30
print(a / b) # Output: 3.333...
print(a // b) # Output: 3
print(a % b) # Output: 1
( )
Comparison Operators
[Link]

# Compare values and return True/False

print(a > b) # Output: True
print(a == b) # Output: False
print(a != b) # Output: True

Logical Operators
[Link]

# Combine boolean expressions

print(True and False) # Output: False
print(True or False) # Output: True
print(not True) # Output: False
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 4. User Input 5

The input() function reads text from the user. Always returns a string, so convert to
numbers when needed.

Getting User Input

[Link]

name = input("Enter your name: ")

# User enters: "Alice"
print(f"Hello, {name}!") # Output: Hello, Alice!

Converting Input to Number

[Link]

# Use int() or float() to convert

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
# User enters: "25"
print(f"You are {age} years old") # Output: You are 25 years old

Multiple Inputs
[Link]

# Use split() and map() for multiple values

x, y = map(int, input("Enter two numbers: ").split())
# User enters: "10 20"
print(f"Sum: {x + y}") # Output: Sum: 30

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 5. Conditional Statements 6

Conditional statements execute code based on conditions. Use if/elif/else to control

program flow.

if/elif/else Statements
[Link]

score = 85

if score >= 90:

print("Grade: A") # Output: (not executed)
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B") # Output: Grade: B
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade: C") # Output: (not executed)
else:

Ternary Operator
[Link]

# One-line conditional expression

status = "Pass" if score >= 60 else "Fail"
print(status) # Output: Pass

Multiple Conditions
[Link]

# Combine conditions with and/or

age = 20
if age >= 18 and age < 65:
print("Eligible to work") # Output: Eligible to work
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 6. Lists Basics 7

Lists store ordered collections of items. Access elements by index, use slicing to get
subsets.

Creating and Accessing Lists

[Link]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = ["hello", 42, True]

# Accessing elements
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry (last element)

# Slicing
print(numbers[1:3]) # Output: [2, 3]
print(numbers[:3]) # Output: [1, 2, 3]
print(numbers[2:]) # Output: [3, 4, 5]

# List length
print(len(fruits)) # Output: 3

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 7. List Methods 8

List methods modify lists in-place. append() adds items, pop() removes and returns
items.

Common List Methods

list_methods.py

items = ["apple", "banana"]

# append() - add to end

[Link]("cherry")
print(items) # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# pop() - remove and return last item

last = [Link]()
print(last) # Output: cherry
print(items) # Output: ['apple', 'banana']

# pop(index) - remove specific index

first = [Link](0)
print(first) # Output: apple

# Other useful methods

[Link](0, "orange") # Insert at index
[Link]("banana") # Remove by value
print(items) # Output: ['orange']

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 8. Dictionaries 9

Dictionaries store key-value pairs. Access values by keys, perfect for structured data.

Creating and Using Dictionaries

[Link]

# Creating dictionaries
person = {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 30,
"city": "New York"
}

# Accessing values
print(person["name"]) # Output: Alice
print([Link]("age")) # Output: 30

# Adding/updating values
person["email"] = "alice@[Link]"
person["age"] = 31
print(person) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 31, 'city': 'New
York', 'email': 'alice@[Link]'}

# Dictionary methods
print([Link]()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city',
'email'])
print([Link]()) # Output: dict_values(['Alice', 31, 'New York',
'alice@[Link]'])

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 9. Dictionary get() Method 10

get() safely retrieves values without raising errors. Returns None or a default value if
key doesn't exist.

Safe Dictionary Access

dict_get.py

data = {"name": "Bob", "age": 25}

# get() returns None if key doesn't exist (safe)

city = [Link]("city")
print(city) # Output: None

# get() with default value

city = [Link]("city", "Unknown")
print(city) # Output: Unknown

# Regular access raises KeyError if key missing

# city = data["city"] # Would raise KeyError

# get() for existing key

name = [Link]("name")
print(name) # Output: Bob

Checking if Key Exists

dict_get.py

if "age" in data:
print(f"Age: {data['age']}") # Output: Age: 25

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 10. For Loops 11

For loops iterate over sequences. Use range() for numbers, iterate directly over
lists/strings.

Iterating Over Collections

for_loops.py

# Iterating over a list

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
# Output: apple
# Output: banana
# Output: cherry

# Using range()
for i in range(5):
print(i)
# Output: 0 1 2 3 4

# range with start and end

for i in range(2, 5):
print(i)
# Output: 2 3 4

# Iterating over dictionary

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
# Output: name: Alice
# Output: age: 30

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 11. While Loops 12

While loops repeat code while a condition is true. Use break to exit, continue to skip
iterations.

Conditional Repetition
while_loops.py

# Basic while loop

count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1
# Output: 0 1 2 3 4

# While loop with break

num = 0
while True:
num += 1
if num > 3:
break
print(num)
# Output: 1 2 3

# While loop with continue

i = 0
while i < 5:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
# Output: 1 2 4 5

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 12. List Comprehensions 13

List comprehensions create lists concisely. Combine loops and conditions in one line
for efficiency.

Creating Lists Efficiently

[Link]

# Basic list comprehension

squares = [x ** 2 for x in range(5)]
print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

# List comprehension with condition

evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
print(evens) # Output: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

# List comprehension with transformation

words = ["hello", "world", "python"]
upper_words = [[Link]() for word in words]
print(upper_words) # Output: ['HELLO', 'WORLD', 'PYTHON']

Nested List Comprehension

[Link]

matrix = [[i * j for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]

print(matrix) # Output: [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 4]]

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 13. File Operations - Text 14

File operations read/write text files. Use 'with' statement for automatic file closing
and error handling.

Reading and Writing Text Files

file_text.py

# Writing to a file
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello, World!\n")
[Link]("Python is great!")

# Reading from a file

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
content = [Link]()
print(content) # Output: Hello, World!\nPython is great!

# Reading line by line

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for line in f:
print([Link]())
# Output: Hello, World!
# Output: Python is great!

Appending to Files
file_text.py

with open("[Link]", "a") as f:

[Link]("\nNew line added")

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 14. File Operations - CSV 15

CSV files store tabular data. Use csv module to read/write structured data with
proper formatting.

Working with CSV Files

file_csv.py

import csv

# Writing CSV file

data = [
["Name", "Age", "City"],
["Alice", 30, "NYC"],
["Bob", 25, "LA"]
]

with open("[Link]", "w", newline="") as f:

writer = [Link](f)
[Link](data)

# Reading CSV file

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
reader = [Link](f)
for row in reader:

Reading as Dictionary
file_csv.py

with open("[Link]", "r") as f:

reader = [Link](f)
for row in reader:
print(row["Name"]) # Output: Alice then Bob
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 15. Exception Handling 16

Exception handling prevents crashes from errors. Use try/except to catch and handle
errors gracefully.

Error Handling Basics

[Link]

# Basic try/except
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!") # Output: Cannot divide by zero!

# Multiple exceptions
try:
value = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / value
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input!")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")

# try/except/finally
try:
f = open("[Link]", "r")
data = [Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!") # Output: File not found!
finally:
print("Cleanup code here") # Output: Cleanup code here

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 16. Modules - datetime 17

The datetime module handles dates and times. Create dates, format them, and
perform date arithmetic.

Working with Dates and Times

datetime_module.py

from datetime import datetime, date, timedelta

# Current date and time

now = [Link]()
print(now) # Output: 2024-01-15 10:30:45.123456

# Formatting dates
formatted = [Link]("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
print(formatted) # Output: 2024-01-15 10:30:45

# Creating specific date

birthday = date(1990, 5, 15)
print(birthday) # Output: 1990-05-15

# Date arithmetic
today = [Link]()
future = today + timedelta(days=30)

Parsing Date Strings

datetime_module.py

date_str = "2024-01-15"
parsed = [Link](date_str, "%Y-%m-%d")
print(parsed) # Output: 2024-01-15 00:00:00
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 17. Modules - time 18

The time module provides time-related functions. Use sleep() for delays, time() for
timestamps.

Time Operations
time_module.py

import time

# Current time in seconds since epoch

timestamp = [Link]()
print(timestamp) # Output: 1705312245.123456

# Sleep/delay
print("Start")
[Link](2) # Wait 2 seconds
print("End") # Output: Start (wait 2s) End

# Formatted time string

formatted = [Link]("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", [Link]())
print(formatted) # Output: 2024-01-15 10:30:45

# Measuring execution time

start = [Link]()
[Link](0.1)
end = [Link]()
print(f"Elapsed: {end - start:.2f}s") # Output: Elapsed: 0.10s

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 18. Classes Basics 19

Classes define objects with attributes and methods. Create reusable code structures
for complex data.

Defining and Using Classes

[Link]

# Defining a class
class Person:
# Class attribute
species = "Homo sapiens"

# Instance method
def greet(self):
return f"Hello, I'm {[Link]}"

# Creating an instance
person1 = Person()
[Link] = "Alice" # Instance attribute
print([Link]()) # Output: Hello, I'm Alice
print([Link]) # Output: Homo sapiens

# Multiple instances
person2 = Person()
[Link] = "Bob"
print([Link]()) # Output: Hello, I'm Bob
student2 = Student("Bob", 19, "B")
print([Link]) # Output: Bob

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 19. Constructors (__init__) 20

Constructors initialize objects when created. The __init__ method sets up instance
attributes automatically.

Initializing Objects
[Link]

class Student:
# Constructor method
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age
[Link] = grade

def display_info(self):
return f"{[Link]}, Age: {[Link]}, Grade: {[Link]}"

# Creating instance with constructor

student1 = Student("Alice", 20, "A")
print(student1.display_info()) # Output: Alice, Age: 20, Grade: A

student2 = Student("Bob", 19, "B")

print([Link]) # Output: Bob
print([Link]) # Output: 19
print([Link]) # Output: B

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 20. Class Examples 21

Complete class example showing attributes and methods working together. Methods
modify object state.

Complete Class Example

class_example.py

class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model, year):
[Link] = brand
[Link] = model
[Link] = year
[Link] = 0

def accelerate(self, amount):

[Link] += amount
return f"Speed: {[Link]} km/h"

def get_info(self):
return f"{[Link]} {[Link]} {[Link]}"

my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2020)

print(my_car.get_info()) # Output: 2020 Toyota Camry
print(my_car.accelerate(30)) # Output: Speed: 30 km/h
print(my_car.speed) # Output: 30
print(my_car.accelerate(20)) # Output: Speed: 50 km/h

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