INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Indefinite integrals
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. This chapter is devoted to indefinite integrals
which is the second major problem of calculus.

Antiderivatives
Definition: A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on a given interval if
F ' ( x)  f ( x) for all values of x in that interval. The functions (1 / 3) x 3 , (1 / 3) x 3  5 ,
(1 / 3) x 3  C , etc. are antiderivatives of f ( x)  x 2 on the interval (,).
The process of computing antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration. If
d
F ( x)  f ( x) then the functions of the form F ( x)  c are the antiderivatives of f (x). It is
dx
denoted by  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c , where the symbol  is called the integral sign and f (x) is the
integrand. The constant c is called the integrating constant. Since the right side of this relation is
not a definite function the term ‘indefinite’ is used.

Integration by Substitution, Integration by Parts and Standard Integrals

1
e m tan x
1.  dx
(1  x 2 ) 2
1
Solution. Let tan 1 x  z  dx  dz and x  tan z
1 x2
1
e m tan x e mz 1
So  dx   dz   e mz cos2 z dz   e mz (1  cos 2 z ) dz
(1  x )2 2
1  tan z2
2
1 1
  e mz dz   e mz cos 2 z dz
2 2
e mz

1 mz 1
e   2 m cos 2 z  2 sin 2 z   c
2m 2 m 4
1


1 m tan 1 x
2m
e 
e m tan x
2(m 2  4)
 
m cos(2 tan 1 x)  2 sin( 2 tan 1 x)  c

x2 1
2. Evaluate  4 dx
x  x2 1
 1  1
x 2 1  2  1
x 1 2
 x  x2
Solution: We can write  4 dx   dx   dx
x  x 1
2
 1   1
2
x2  x2 1 2  x  3
 x   x
1  1
Let x   z  1  2  dx  dz
x  x 
 2
Therefore, we get
1
x
x 1 2
dz 1 z 1
x dx  2  tan 1 c  tan 1 x c
 x 1
4 2
z 3 3 3 3 3
1 x 1
2
 tan 1 c
3 3x

22 x
3.  ( 2  x)
2 x2
dx 3

2 x 4 2 3
Solution: Let  t 3 . Then dx  3t 2 dt and dx   t 4 dt
2 x ( 2  x) 2
(2  x) 2
2
2 2 x 3
Therefore,  ( 2  x) 2
3
2 x
dx    t 3 dt
2

sin 1 x
4. Evaluate  (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx
1
Solution: Let sin 1 x  z  dx  dz and x  sin z .
1 x2
sin 1 x sin 1 x z
We can write  (1  x 2 )3 / 2 dx   (1  x 2 )1 / 2 (1  x 2 ) dx   1  sin 2 z dz
  z sec 2 z dz  z tan z   tan z dz  c  z tan z  ln(cos z )  c
 sin 1 x tan(sin 1 x)  ln cos(sin1 x)  c
x
 sin 1 x  ln 1  x 2  c
1 x 2

x
 sin
1
5. Evaluate dx
xa
Solution: Let x  a tan 2 z  dx  2a tan z sec 2 z dz
x a tan 2 z tan z sin z
Then     cos z  sin z
xa a tan z  a sec z cos z
2

x
Therefore,  sin dx   sin 1 (sin z ) (2a tan z sec 2 z ) dz  2a  z tan z sec 2 z dz
1

xa
Again, let tan z  u  sec 2 z dz  du . Then
u2 1 2
 tan z sec z dz   u du   tan z
2

2 2

Hence, we get
x  1 
 sin x  a dx  2a  z tan z sec z dz  2a  z  tan z sec z dz  2  tan z dz 
1 2 2 2

2
 3
 a z tan 2 z  a  tan 2 z dz  a z tan 2 z  a  (sec2 z  1) dz
 a z tan 2 z  a (tan z  z )  c
 
 a tan 1 x / a ( x / a)  a ( x / a  tan 1 x / a )  c
 x tan 1 x / a  ax  a tan 1 x / a  c
 ( x  a ) tan 1 x / a  ax  c

2  sin 2 x
e
x
6. Evaluate dx
1  cos 2 x
2  sin 2 x 2  2 sin x cos x
e dx   e x
x
Solution: We can write dx
1  cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x
  e x (cosec 2 x  cot x) dx   e x { f ' ( x)  f ( x)}dx
where f ( x)   cot x and f ' ( x)  cos ec 2 x .
2  sin 2 x
Hence, we get  e x dx e x ( cot x)  c  e x cot x  c.
1  cos 2 x

x2 1
7. Evaluate  e x
dx
( x  1) 2
x2 1 x ( x  1)  2
2
Solution: We can write  e x
dx   e dx
( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2
x 1 2
  e x{  } dx   e x{ f ( x)  f ' ( x)}dx
x  1 ( x  1) 2
x 1 2
where f ( x)  and f ' ( x) 
x 1 ( x  1)2
x2 1 x 1
e dx  e x  c.
x
Hence, we get
( x  1) 2
x 1

8. Evaluate  ln x dx
1
Solution: We can write  ln x dx  ln x  1dx  
x
x dx  x ln x  x  c

x tan 1 x dx
2
9. Evaluate
Solution: We can write
1 x3
 x tan x dx  tan x  x dx  
2 1 1 2
dx
1 x2 3
x3 1 x3 x3 1 x( x 2  1)  x
 tan x  
1
dx  tan x  
1
dx  c
3 3 1 x2 3 3 1 x2
1 1 x2 1 x
 x 3 tan 1 x     dx  c
3 3 2 3 1 x2
1 x2 1
 x 3 tan 1 x   ln(1  x 2 )  c
3 6 6
3
 4

x e
3 x2
10. Evaluate dx
1 2
( x  1)e x  c
2
Ans.
2

px  q
Integrals of the form  ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx or  ax  bx  c
2
dx

px  q
or  ax 2
 bx  c
dx

 ( x  1) x  2 x  5 dx
2
11. Evaluate
Solution. Let I   ( x  1) x  2 x  5 dx   {(1/ 2)(2 x  2)  2}
2
x 2  2 x  5 dx

 (1 / 2)(2 / 3)( x 2  2 x  5) 3 / 2  2(1 / 2){( x  1) x 2  2 x  5  2 ln ( x  1)  x 2  2 x  5   c

 

 (1 / 3)( x 2  2 x  5) 3 / 2  ( x  1) x 2  2 x  5  4 ln ( x  1)  x 2  2 x  5   c
 

x3
12. Evaluate  4x  4x  3
2
dx

d
(1/ 8) (4 x 2  4 x  3)  (7 / 2)
x3
Solution. We can write
4x2  4x  3
 dx   dx
4x2  4x  3
dx

dx
 (1/ 8)2 4 x 2  4 x  3  (7 / 4)
x 2  x  (3 / 4)
dx
 (1/ 4) 4 x 2  4 x  3  (7 / 4) 
( x  (1/ 2))2  (1/ 2 )2
x  (1/ 2)
 (1/ 4) 4 x 2  4 x  3  (7 / 4) sinh 1 c
1/ 2
 (1/ 4) 4 x 2  4 x  3  (7 / 4) ln{ x  (1/ 2)  x 2  x  (3 / 4)}  c

dx
Formula:  x k
2 2
dx  ln x  x 2  k 2  c  sinh 1 ( x / a)  c

2x  1
13. Evaluate 
2  4x  4x 2
dx

2x  1 (1 / 4)(8 x  4)  2
Solution.  dx   dx
2  4x  4x 2 2  4x  4x 2
1 1
  2 2  4x  4x 2   dx
4 ( x  1 / 2) 2  1 / 4
1
 2  4 x  4 x 2  ln ( x  1 / 2)  ( x  1 / 2) 2  1 / 4  c
2

4
 5
x3  x 2  x  1
14. Evaluate  x2  2x  3
dx

Solution. We can write

x3  x 2  x  1 x( x 2  2 x  3)  x 2  2 x  1
 x 2  2 x  3 dx   x2  2x  3
dx

x2  2x  3  4
  x x  2 x  3 dx  
2
dx
x2  2x  3
1
  x x 2  2 x  3 dx   x 2  2 x  3 dx  4 dx
x2  2x  3
1
  (1/ 2)(2 x  2) x 2  2 x  3 dx  2 ( x  1)2  ( 2 )2 dx  4 dx
( x  1)2  ( 2 )2
 (1 / 2)(2 / 3)( x 2  2 x  3)3 / 2
 ( x  1) x 2  2 x  3 ( 2 ) 2 
 2  ln ( x  1)  x 2  2 x  3   4 ln ( x  1)  x 2  2 x  3  c
 2 2 

 (1 / 3)( x 2  2 x  3) 3 / 2  ( x  1) x 2  2 x  3  2 ln ( x  1)  x 2  2 x  3  c

 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
n
Integrals of the form

 ( x  3) 6 x  x 2 dx
3
15. Evaluate
Solution: Let 6 x  x 2  u 2  (6  2 x)dx  2udu  ( x  3)dx   zdz and
 9  6 x  x 2  u 2  9  ( x  3) 2  9  u 2

 ( x  3) 6 x  x 2 dx   ( x  3) 2 6 x  x 2 ( x  3) dx
3
Therefore,
1
   (9u 2  u 4 ) du  (6 x  x 2 ) 5 / 2  3(6 x  x 2 ) 3 / 2  c
5
dx
Integrals of the form  dx
(ax  b) cx  d
dx
16. Evaluate  dx
(1  x) 1  x
Solution: Substitute 1  x  u 2  dx  2udu
dx 2u 1
So that we can write  dx   du  2 du
(1  x) 1  x (1  u  1)u
2
2  u2
1 2 u 2  1 x
 2 du  2(1 / 2 2 ) log  c (1 / 2 ) log c
( 2 )2  (u)2 2 u 2  1 x

dx
Integrals of the form  ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c
dx

dx
17. Evaluate  ( x  1) 1  2x  x 2
dx

5
 6
1 1
Solution: Substitute x  1   dx   2 du and
u u
2
1  1  1
1  2 x  x  1  2  1    1  2 (1  4u  2u 2 )
2

u  u  u
1
dx u2
So that we can write  ( x  1) 1  2x  x 2
dx  
1 1
du
. 4u  1  2u 2
u u
1 1 1

2
 (1 / 2)  (u  1) 2
du  
2
 2 sin 1[ 2 (u  1)]  c

  sin 1 [ 2 x / ( x  1)]  c

dx
Integrals of the form  ( px  q) n
ax 2  bx  c
dx

dx
18.  ( x  1)x 2  3x  2
3

1 1
Solution. Let x  1   dx   2 du
u u
dx  du
Therefore,  
( x  1) 3 x 2  3x  2 1 1 1
u 2  3 (  1) 2  3(  1)  2
u u u
 u du  u du
2
= =
1
1  2u  u 2  3u  3u 2  2u 2 1 u
u
1 u2 1 du (1  u )(1  u ) du
 du   = du  
1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u
Let 1  u  z  du  2 z dz
2

(1  u )(1  u ) du 2 z dz
So that  du   =  {1  ( z 2  1)}z  2 z dz  
1 u 1 u z
4 2
 2 z  4 z 2 dz  2 z 4 dz  z 3  z 5  2 z  c
3 5
3 5 1
4 2
 (1  u ) 2  (1  u ) 2  2(1  u ) 2  c
3 5
3 5 1
4 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
 (1  )  (1  )  2(1  ) c
3 1 x 5 1 x 1 x
4 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 x 2
3 5 1
 ( )  ( )  2( )  c.
3 1 x 5 1 x 1 x

6
 7
dx
Integrals of the form  ( px 2
 q ) ax 2  b
dx

dx
19.  (3  4 x 2
) 4  3x 2
8 1
Solution. Let 4  3x 2  z 2 x 2   3
dx  2 z dz and z  4  3 x 2 when x 2  4 /( z 2  3)
x x
1  4   z 3 
2
dx dz
Also,     2   2  dz  
 4   z  3   3z  25  3( z  25 / 3)
2
(3  4 x ) 4  3x
2 2

dx 1 3 3z
Therefore,  (3  4 x 2
) 4  3x 2
 
3 5
tan 1
5
c

1 3z 1 3(4  3x 2 )
 tan 1 c   tan 1 c
5 3 5 5 3 25x 2

1  sin x
20.  sin x(1  cos x) dx
1  sin x  1 sin x 
Solution: Given  sin x(1  cos x) dx    sin x(1  cos x)  sin x(1  cos x)  dx
 1 1 
   sin x(1  cos x)  1  cos x  dx  I 1  I 2 , say

1
Now I1   dx
sin x(1  cos x)
x  2 x 
 1  tan
2 tan 
We can write sin x(1  cos x)  2 1  2
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
x x
2 2
x  2 x x x   x
2 tan  1  tan  1  tan 2  2 tan  2  4 tan
 2  2 2 2   2
x
1  tan 2   1  tan 2
x  x  x  x 2 x
 1  tan  1  tan  (1  tan )(1  tan )
2 2 2

2 2  2 2 2 2
x 1 x
Let tan  u  sec 2 dx  du
2 2 2
x x
(1  tan 2 ) sec 2
1
So I1   dx   2 2 dx
sin x(1  cos x) x
4 tan
2
(1  u )
2
1 1 1 1 u2 1 x 1 x
 2 du   du   u du  ln u   ln tan  tan 2
4u 2 u 2 2 4 2 2 4 2
1 1 x x
I2   dx   sec 2 dx  tan
1  cos x 2 2 2
Hence, I  I 1  I 2 .
7
 8

1
21. Evaluate the integral  sin x(2  cos x  2 sin x) dx
1
Solution: Let I   dx
sin x(2  cos x  2 sin x)
x  x x 
2 tan 1  tan 2 4 tan 
We can write sin x(2  cos x  2 sin x)  2 2  2 2 
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
x x x
1  tan 2
2 2 2
x x x
2 tan (tan 2  4 tan  3)
 2 2 2
2 x 2
(1  tan )
2
x 1 x
Let tan  u  sec 2 dx  du
2 2 2
1 u 2
du du
So I  dx  (1 / 3)  (1 / u )du    (5 / 3) 
u (u  4u  3)
2
u 1 u 3
1
 ln u  ln u  1  (5 / 3) ln u  3  c
3
1
 ln tan( x / 2)  ln tan( x / 2)  1  (5 / 3) ln tan( x / 2)  3  c
3

x2
22. Evaluate  ( x sin x  cos x) 2 dx
x2 x cos x
Solution: Let I   dx   x sec x dx
( x sin x  cos x) 2
( x sin x  cos x) 2
x cos x d x cos x 
 x sec x  dx    dx
 ( x sec x )  ( x sin x  cos x) 2  dx
dx
( x sin x  cos x) 2
x cos x
 ( x sec x) I1   (sec x  x sec x tan x) I1 dx where I1   dx
( x sin x  cos x) 2
Let x sin x  cos x  z  ( x cos x  sin x  sin x) dx  dz  x cos x dx  dz
1 sin x cos x  x sin x
Also, sec x  x sec x tan x  x 2

cos x cos x cos2 x
1 1 1
Therefore, we get I 1   2 dz    
z z x sin x  cos x
x sec x x sec x
Hence, I     sec2 x dx    tan x  c
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x

8
 9
1
23. Evaluate  1  sin x  cos x dx
1 sec x
Solution: We can write  1  sin x  cos x dx   sec x  tan x  1 dx
du
Let sec x  tan x  1  u  (sec x tan x  sec 2 x) dx  du  sec x dx 
u 1
1 du  1 1
Therefore,  1  sin x  cos x dx   u(u  1)    u  1  u  du
 sec x  tan x 
 ln   c
 sec x  tan x  1 

Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals:
1.  ( x  2) 2 x 2  2 x  1 dx 2.  (2 x  3) 4 x 2  4 x  1 dx
2x  1
3.  2  4x  4x2
dx

x2  x  1 x3  2 x 2  x  7
4.  dx 5.  dx
x2  2x  3 x2  2x  3
x3  6 x 2  9 x  1 dx
6.  dx 7.  dx
x2  4x  1 (2 x  1) x  5
dx dx
8.  dx 9.  dx
(2  x) 1  x ( x  1) x  3