Statistical Data Visualization Report
Using R Programming
Your Name
May 14, 2026
Contents
1 Introduction 2
2 Histogram 2
2.1 R Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Line Graph 2
3.1 R Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Bar Graph 3
4.1 R Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.2 Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.3 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Scatter Plot 4
5.1 R Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.2 Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.3 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Conclusion 4
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Probability & Data Visualization Statistics Project
Introduction
This report demonstrates various graphical representations of data using R programming.
Data visualization plays a crucial role in statistics as it helps in understanding patterns,
trends, and distributions effectively.
The dataset used throughout this report is:
data = {12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30, 30, 30, 30, 33, 35, 40, 45}
Histogram
A histogram represents the frequency distribution of continuous data.
2.1 R Code
data < - c (12 ,15 ,17 ,20 ,21 ,23 ,25 ,30 ,30 ,30 ,30 ,33 ,35 ,40 ,45)
hist ( data ,
main =" Histogram of sample data " ,
xlab =" values " ,
ylab =" Frequency " ,
col =" red " ,
border =" black ")
2.2 Explanation
The histogram groups the data into bins and displays how frequently values occur. It
helps in identifying the shape of distribution such as normal, skewed, etc.
2.3 Output
Line Graph
A line graph shows trends over a sequence.
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Probability & Data Visualization Statistics Project
3.1 R Code
plot ( data ,
type =" o " ,
main =" line graph of sample data " ,
xlab =" index " ,
ylab = " values " ,
col =" blue " ,
pch =16)
3.2 Explanation
The line graph connects data points to visualize trends across the dataset. It is useful
for time series or ordered observations.
3.3 Output
Bar Graph
A bar graph represents categorical data visually.
4.1 R Code
barplot ( data ,
main =" bar graph of individual data " ,
xlab =" index " ,
ylab =" values " ,
col =" red " ,
names . arg =1: length ( data ) ,
border =" black ")
4.2 Explanation
Each bar represents a single observation. It helps compare individual values clearly.
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Probability & Data Visualization Statistics Project
4.3 Output
Scatter Plot
Scatter plots show relationships between two variables.
5.1 R Code
x <- c (1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12)
y <- c (12 ,15 ,17 ,20 ,21 ,23 ,25 ,30 ,33 ,35 ,37 ,40)
plot (x , y ,
main = " Scatter Plot " ,
xlab = " X value " ,
ylab = " Y value " ,
col = " darkgreen " ,
pch = 19)
5.2 Explanation
This graph helps identify correlation between variables. A positive trend is visible in this
dataset.
5.3 Output
Conclusion
This project demonstrates the importance of graphical representation in statistics. Dif-
ferent plots provide different insights:
• Histogram shows distribution
• Line graph shows trends
• Bar graph compares values
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Probability & Data Visualization Statistics Project
• Scatter plot shows relationships
These tools are essential for data analysis and interpretation.