Passage 1 Grey Workers
SECTION 1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Grey Workers
A
Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly
little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid
more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly
explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-
year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance
company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged
50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
B
In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for
Hakuhodo, Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing
down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts – and in some
cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to
seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years
with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising
that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate
profit-and-loss accounts.
C
In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The
company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason
for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture.
Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper
and more flexible.” Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers
as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of
workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the company’s Ivo Lingnau, is not
that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union agreement
puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early.
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Passage 1 Grey Workers
D
Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their
productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for
good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting
or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on
the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are
paid more because they are worth more.
E
And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept
on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good,” says Mr
Peterson. “Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s
young high-school graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth
training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people
tend to switch jobs so frequently that offer the worst returns on training. “The median
age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes
mainly to managers.”
F
Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much
more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are
uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers
on piece-fates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may
mean employing them in new ways.
G
One innovation, described in Mr Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was devised
by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and having decided to
concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called SkillTeam,
which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age
of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would
work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The
company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the
intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
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Passage 1 Grey Workers
H
The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs:
part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-
time work to retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the
United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in
middle age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it
is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very
different types of bridge jog-holders – those who continue working because they have
to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could
afford to retire.”
I
If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often,
they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by
David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by
people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back
into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than
touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf.
Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.
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Passage 1 Grey Workers
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made decision that it would hire more
Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get fresh staffs.
2 Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are
employed
3 Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate
culture
4 according to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the
contribution of they make.
Questions 5-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 5-6 on your answer sheet.
According to the passage there are several advantages to hire elder people, please
choose TWO from below:
A their productivity are more superior than the young.
B paid less compared with younger ones.
C run fast when there is a meeting
D have better inter-person relationship
E identify problems in an advanced time
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Passage 1 Grey Workers
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
According to Mr. Peterson, Compared with elder employee, young graduates have
several weaknesses in workplace, please choose TWO of them below:
A they are not worth training.
B their productivity is lower than counterparts.
C they change work more often
D their academic criteria is someway behind elders’.
E they are normally high school graduates.
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:
A Older workers are more likely to attract other staff
B people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.
C Older people have more retaining motivation than young people
D young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.
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Passage 1 Grey Workers
10 SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of following movement:
A Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis
B Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment
C Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay
D Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower
11 Which of the followings is correct according to research of Mr Quinn:
A About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘bridge’ jobs.
B Only the worst-paid continue to work.
C More men than women fell into the category of ‘bridge’ work.
D Some old people keep working for their motive rather than economic
incentive.
12 Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:
A 70% business are successful if hire more older people.
B Average success of self-employed business is getting lower.
C Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.
D Older people’s working hours are more flexible.
13 What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A there must be a successful retiring program for the old
B order people should be correctly valued in employment
C old people should offer more helping young employees grow.
D There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people
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Passage 2 Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
SECTION 2
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
A
The island of Antikythera lies 18 miles north of Crete, where the Aegean Sea meets the
Mediterranean. Currents there can make shipping treacherous – and one ship bound for
ancient Rome never made it. The ship that sank there was a giant cargo vessel
measuring nearly 500 feet long. It came to rest about 200 feet below the surface, where
it stayed for more than 2,000 years until divers looking for sponges discovered the
wreck a little more than a century ago.
B
Inside the hull were a number of bronze and marble statues. From the look of things,
the ship seemed to be carrying luxury items, probably made in various Greek islands and
bound for wealthy patrons in the growing Roman Empire. The statues were retrieved,
along with a lot of other unimportant stuff, and stored. Nine months later, an
enterprising archaeologist cleared off a layer of organic material from one of the pieces
of junk and found that it looked like a gearwheel. It had inscriptions in Greek characters
and seemed to have something to do with astronomy.
C
That piece of “junk” went on to become the most celebrated find from the shipwreck; it
is displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Research has shown that
the wheel was part of a device so sophisticated that its complexity would not be
matched for a thousand years – it was also the world’s first known analog computer.
The device is so famous that an international conference organized in Athens a couple
of weeks ago had only one subject: the Antikythera Mechanism.
D
Every discovery about the device has raised new questions. Who built the device, and
for what purpose? Why did the technology behind it disappear for the next thousand
years? What does the device tell us about ancient Greek culture? And does the
marvelous construction, and the precise knowledge of the movement of the sun and
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Passage 2 Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
moon and Earth that it implies, tell us how the ancients grappled with ideas about
determinism and human destiny?
E
“We have gear trains from the 9th century in Baghdad used for simpler displays of the
solar and lunar motions relative to one another – they use eight gears,” said François
Charette, a historian of science in Germany who wrote an editorial accompanying a new
study of the mechanism two weeks ago in the journal Nature. “In this case, we have
more than 30 gears. To see it on a computer animation makes it mind-boggling. There is
no doubt it was a technological masterpiece.”
F
The device was probably built between 100 and 140 BC, and the understanding of
astronomy it displays seems to have been based on knowledge developed by the
Babylonians around 300-700 BC, said Mike Edmunds, a professor of astrophysics at
Cardiff University in Britain. He led a research team that reconstructed what the gear
mechanism would have looked like by using advanced three-dimensional-imaging
technology. The group also decoded a number of the inscriptions. The mechanism
explores the relationship between lunar months – the time it takes for the moon to
cycle through its phases, say, full moon to full moon – and calendar years. The gears had
to be cut precisely to reflect this complex relationship; 19 calendar years equal 235
lunar months.
G
By turning the gear mechanism, which included what Edmunds called a beautiful system
of epicyclic gears that factored in the elliptical orbit of the moon, a person could check
what the sky would have looked like on a date in the past, or how it would appear in the
future. The mechanism was encased in a box with doors in front and back covered with
inscriptions – a sort of instruction manual. Inside the front door were pointers indicating
the date and the position of the sun, moon and zodiac, while opening the back door
revealed the relationship between calendar years and lunar months, and a mechanism
to predict eclipses.
H
“If they needed to know when eclipses would occur, and this related to the rising and
setting of stars and related them to dates and religious experiences, the mechanism
would directly help,” said Yanis Bitsakis, a physicist at the University of Athens who co-
wrote the Nature paper. “It is a mechanical computer. You turn the handle and you have
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Passage 2 Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
a date on the front.” Building it would have been expensive and required the interaction
of astronomers, engineers, intellectuals and craftspeople. Charette said the device
overturned conventional ideas that the ancient Greeks were primarily ivory tower
thinkers who did not deign to muddy their hands with technical stuff. It is a reminder, he
said, that while the study of history often focuses on written texts, they can tell us only
a fraction of what went on at a particular time.
I
Imagine a future historian encountering philosophy texts written in our time – and an
aircraft engine. The books would tell that researcher what a few scholars were thinking
today, but the engine would give them a far better window into how technology
influenced our everyday lives. Charette said it was unlikely that the device was used by
practitioners of astrology, then still in its infancy. More likely, he said, it was bound for a
mantelpiece in some rich Roman’s home. Given that astronomers of the time already
knew how to calculate the positions of the sun and the moon and to predict eclipses
without the device, it would have been the equivalent of a device built for a planetarium
today – something to spur popular interest, or at least claim bragging rights.
J
Why was the technology that went into the device lost? “The time this was built, the
jackboot of Rome was coming through,” Edmunds said. “The Romans were good at
town planning and sanitation but were not known for their interest in science.” The fact
that the device was so complex, and that it was being shipped with a quantity of other
luxury items, tells Edmunds that it is very unlikely to have been the only one over made.
Its sophistication “is such that it can’t have been the only one,” Edmunds said. “There
must have been a tradition of making them. We’re always hopeful a better one will
surface.” Indeed, he said, he hopes that his study and the renewed interest in the
Antikythera Mechanism will prompt second looks by both amateurs and professionals
around the world. “The archaeological world may look in their cupboards and maybe
say, ‘That isn’t a bit of rusty old metal in the cupboard.’”
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Passage 2 Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
Questions 14-18
The Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 Content inside the wreck ship
15 Ancient astronomers and craftsman might involve
16 The location of Antikythera Mechanism
17 Details of how it was found
18 Appearance and structure of the mechanism
Questions 19-22
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
An ancient huge sunk 19………………………….. was found accidentally by sponges searcher.
The ship loaded with 20……………………….. such as bronze and sculptures. However, an
archaeologist found a junk similar to a 21……………………….. which has Greek script on it.
This inspiring and elaborated device was found to be the first 22………………………… in the
world
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Passage 2 Computer Provides More Questions Than Answers
Questions 23-26
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or
deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
A Yanis Bitsakis
B Mike Edmunds
C François Charette
23 More complicated than previous device
24 Anticipate to find more Antikythera Mechanism in the future
25 Antikythera Mechanism was found related to moon
26 Mechanism assisted ancient people to calculate movement of stars.
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Passage 3 Mystery in Easter Island!
SECTION 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Mystery in Easter Island!
A
One of the world’s most famous yet least visited archaeological sites, Easter Island is a
small, hilly, now treeless island of volcanic origin. Located in the Pacific Ocean at 27
degrees south of the equator and some 2200 miles (3600 kilometers) off the coast of
Chile, it is considered to be the world’s most remote inhabited island. The island is,
technically speaking, a single massive volcano rising over ten thousand feet from the
Pacific Ocean floor. The island received its most well-known current name, Easter Island,
from the Dutch sea captain Jacob Roggeveen who became the first European to visit
Easter Sunday, April 5, 1722.
B
In the early 1950s, the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl popularized the idea that the
island had been originally settled by advanced societies of Indians from the coast of
South America. Extensive archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic research has
conclusively shown this hypothesis to be inaccurate. It is now recognized that the
original inhabitants of Easter Island are of Polynesian stock (DNA extracts from skeletons
have confirmed this), that they most probably came from the Marquesas or Society
islands, and that they arrived as early as 318 AD (carbon dating of reeds from a grave
confirms this). At the time of their arrival, much of the island was forested, was teeming
with land birds, and was perhaps the most productive breeding site for seabirds in the
Polynesia region. Because of the plentiful bird, fish and plant food sources, the human
population grew and gave rise to a rich religious and artistic culture.
C
That culture’s most famous features are its enormous stone statues called moai, at least
288 of which one stood upon massive stone platforms called ahu. There are some 250
of these ahu platforms spaced approximately one half mile apart and creating an almost
unbroken line around the perimeter of the island. Another 600 moai statues, in various
stages of completion, are scattered around the island, either in quarries or along ancient
roads between the quarries and the coastal areas where the statues were most often
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Passage 3 Mystery in Easter Island!
erected. Nearly all the moai are carved from the tough stone of the Rano Raraku
volcano. The average statue is 14 feet and 6 inches tall and weighs 14 tons. Some moai
were as large as 33 feet and weighed more than 80 tons. Depending upon the size of the
statues, it has been estimated that between 50 and 150 people were needed to drag
them across the countryside on sleds and rollers made from the island’s trees.
D
Scholars are unable to definitively explain the function and use of the moai statues. It is
assumed that their carving and erection derived from an idea rooted in similar practices
found elsewhere in Polynesia but which evolved in a unique way on Easter Island.
Archaeological and iconographic analysis indicates that the statue cult was based on an
ideology of male, lineage-based authority incorporating anthropomorphic symbolism.
The statues were thus symbols of authority and power, both religious and political. But
they were not only symbols. To the people who erected and used them, they were
actual repositories of sacred spirit. Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient
Polynesian religions, when properly fashioned and ritually prepared, were believed to
be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana. The ahu platforms of Easter
Island were the sanctuaries of the people, and the moai statues were the ritually
charged sacred objects of those sanctuaries.
E
Besides its more well-known name, Easter Island is also known as Te-Pito-O-Te-Henuab,
meaning ‘The Navel of the World’, and as Mata-Ki-Te-Rani, meaning ‘Eyes Looking at
Heaven’. These ancient name and a host of mythological details ignored by mainstream
archaeologists, point to the possibility that the remote island may once have been a
geodetic marker and the site of an astronomical observatory of a long forgotten
civilization. In his book, Heaven’s Mirror, Graham Hancock suggests that Easter Island
may once have been a significant scientific outpost of this antediluvian civilization and
that its location had extreme importance in a planet-spanning, mathematically precise
grid of sacred sites. Two other alternative scholars, Christopher Knight and Robert
Lomas, have extensively studied the location and possible function of these geodetic
markers. In their fascinating book, Uriel’s Machine, they suggest that one purpose of the
geodetic markers was as part of global network of sophisticated astronomical
observatories dedicated to predicting and preparing for future commentary impacts and
crystal displacement cataclysms.
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Passage 3 Mystery in Easter Island!
F
In the latter years of the 20th century and the first years of the 21st century various
writers and scientists have advanced theories regarding the rapid decline of Easter
Island’s magnificent civilization around the time of the first European contact. Principal
among these theories, and now shown to be inaccurate, is that postulated by Jared
Diamond in his book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. Basically these
theories state that a few centuries after Easter Island’s initial colonization the resource
needs of the growing population had begun to outpace the island’s capacity to renew
itself ecologically. By the 1400s the forests had been entirely cut, the rich ground cover
had eroded away, the springs had dried up, and the vast flocks of birds coming to roost
on the island had disappeared. With no logs to build canoes for offshore fishing, with
depleted bird and wildlife food sources, and with declining crop yields because of the
erosion of good soil, the nutritional intake of the people plummeted. First famine, then
cannibalism, set in. Because the island could no longer feed the chiefs, bureaucrats and
priests who kept the complex society running, the resulting chaos triggered a social and
cultural collapse. By 1700 the population dropped to between one-quarter and one-
tenth of its former number, and many of the statues were toppled during supposed
“clan wars” of the 1600 and 1700s.
G
The faulty notions presented in these theories began with the racist assumptions of
Thor Heyerdahl and have been perpetuated by writers, such as Jared Diamond, who do
not have sufficient archaeological and historical understanding of the actual events
which occurred on Easter Island. The real truth regarding the tremendous social
devastation which occurred on Easter Island is that it was a direct consequence of the
inhumane behavior of many of the first European visitors, particularly the slavers who
raped and murdered the islanders, introduced small pox and other diseases, and
brutally removed the natives to mainland South America.
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Passage 3 Mystery in Easter Island!
Questions 27-30
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs
List of headings
i The famous moai
ii The status represented symbols of combined purposes
iii The ancient spots which indicates scientific application
iv The story of the name
v Early immigrants, rise and prosperity
vi The geology of Easter Island
vii The begin of Thor Heyerdahl’s discovery
viii The countering explaination to the misconceptions politaically
manipulated
ix Symbols of authority and power
x The Navel of the World
xi The norweigian Invaders’ legacy
Example: Paragraph A iv
27 Paragraph B
Example: Paragraph C i
28 Paragraph D
29 Paragraph E
30 Paragraph G
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Passage 3 Mystery in Easter Island!
Questions 31-36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
31 The first inhabitants of Easter Island are Polynesian, from the Marquesas or Society
islands.
32 Construction of some moai statues on the island was not finished.
33 The Moai can be found not only on Easter Island but also elsewhere in Polynesia.
34 Most archeologists recognised the religious and astronomical functions for an
ancient society.
35 The structures of Easter Island work as an astronomical outpost for extraterrestrial
visitors.
36 the theory that depleted natural resources leading to the fail of Easter Island actual
has a distorted perspective
Questions 37-40
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
Many theories speculated that Easter Island’s fall around the era of the initial European
contact. Some say the resources are depleted by a 37…………………………..; The erroneous
theories began with a root of the 38……………………….. advanced by some scholars. Early
writers did not have adequate 39………………………… understandings to comprehend the
true nature of events on the island. The social devastation was in fact a direct result of
40 …………………… of the first European settlers.