Lecture: Basics of Geometry

Introduction
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with shapes, sizes, and the properties of
space. It provides foundational knowledge for analyzing and understanding the physical
world around us. This lecture covers the basics of geometry, including lines, angles,
circles, and polygons, with solved and unsolved problems to enhance understanding.

Lines
Lines are straight one-dimensional figures that extend infinitely in both directions. They
are the simplest geometric entities and form the basis of many geometric concepts.

Key Concepts
• Line segment: A part of a line with two endpoints.

• Ray: A part of a line that starts at a point and extends infinitely in one direction.

• Parallel lines: Lines that never intersect.

• Perpendicular lines: Lines that intersect at a 90◦ angle.

Solved Problems
Problem 1: Find the length of a line segment with endpoints (2, 3) and (5, 7).
Solution:
p
Length = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
p
= (5 − 2)2 + (7 − 3)2
p
= 32 + 4 2
√
= 9 + 16
= 5.

1
 Problem 2: Determine if the lines y = 2x + 3 and y = 2x − 4 are parallel.
Solution: The slope of both lines is 2, so the lines are parallel.

Unsolved Problems
1. Find the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (1, 2) and (7, 8).

2. Determine if the lines y = − 12 x + 1 and y = − 12 x − 3 are parallel.

3. Find the equation of the line passing through (3, 4) with a slope of 5.

4. Calculate the distance between the points (−1, −1) and (4, 3).

5. Verify if the lines 2x + 3y = 6 and 4x + 6y = 12 are the same.

Angles
Angles are formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex. Angles are
measured in degrees (◦ ).

Key Concepts
• Acute angle: Less than 90◦ .

• Right angle: Exactly 90◦ .

• Obtuse angle: Greater than 90◦ and less than 180◦ .

• Straight angle: Exactly 180◦ .

Solved Problems
Problem 1: If two angles of a triangle are 50◦ and 60◦ , find the third angle.
Solution:

Sum of angles in a triangle = 180◦

Third angle = 180◦ − (50◦ + 60◦ )
= 70◦ .

Problem 2: Find the complement of a 45◦ angle.

Solution: Complement = 90◦ − 45◦ = 45◦ .

2
Unsolved Problems
1. Find the supplement of a 120◦ angle.

2. Determine the measure of an angle if its complement is 35◦ .

3. Verify if angles 70◦ , 60◦ , and 50◦ form a triangle.

4. Find the exterior angle of a triangle with interior angles 40◦ and 60◦ .

5. Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon.

Circles
A circle is a set of points equidistant from a fixed point called the center.

Key Concepts
• Radius: Distance from the center to any point on the circle.

• Diameter: Twice the radius.

• Circumference: 2πr, where r is the radius.

• Area: πr2 , where r is the radius.

Solved Problems
Problem 1: Find the circumference of a circle with radius 7.
Solution:

Circumference = 2πr
=2×π×7
= 14π ≈ 43.98.

Problem 2: Calculate the area of a circle with radius 5.

Solution:

Area = πr2
= π × 52
= 25π ≈ 78.54.

3
Unsolved Problems
1. Find the diameter of a circle with radius 10.
2. Calculate the area of a circle with diameter 14.
3. Determine the radius of a circle with circumference 31.4.
4. Find the length of an arc subtended by a 60◦ angle in a circle of radius 6.
5. Calculate the area of a sector of a circle with radius 8 and angle 45◦ .

Polygons
A polygon is a closed figure formed by a finite number of straight line segments.

Key Concepts
• Triangle: A three-sided polygon.
• Quadrilateral: A four-sided polygon.
• Regular polygon: All sides and angles are equal.
• Sum of Interior Angles: (n − 2) × 180◦ , where n is the number of sides.

Solved Problems
Problem 1: Find the sum of the interior angles of a hexagon.
Solution:
Sum of Interior Angles = (n − 2) × 180◦
= (6 − 2) × 180◦
= 4 × 180◦
= 720◦ .
Problem 2: Calculate the measure of each angle in a regular pentagon.
Solution:
(n − 2) × 180◦
Each angle =
n
(5 − 2) × 180◦
=
5
3 × 180◦
=
5
◦
= 108 .

4
Unsolved Problems
1. Find the number of sides of a polygon if the sum of its interior angles is 900◦ .

2. Calculate the measure of each exterior angle in a regular octagon.

3. Determine the sum of the interior angles of a decagon.

4. Find the measure of each angle in a regular hexagon.

5. Verify if a polygon with angles 120◦ , 130◦ , 110◦ , and 100◦ is a quadrilateral.