BASIC ELECTRICAL

&
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB
MANUAL

Diploma 2ND SEM

 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Experiment No.1
Resistor Color Code
Aim
1. To learn Resistor Color Code
2. To determine the stated value of a resistor by interpreting the color code
indicated on the resistor.

Apparatus
1. Set of wires.
2. Carbon Resistors.
3. Multi meter.
Theory
There are two ways to find the resistance value of a resistor. The color bands
on the body of the resistor tell how much resistance it has. As shown in the
following diagrams figure (1), there are 5-band resistors and 4-band resistors. Form
both 5- and 4-band resistors, the last band indicates tolerance in table (1). Consult
with the “Resistor Tolerance” in table (2) chart for finding the tolerance value.

Fig.( 1) 5- Band and 4- Band resistors

Page 2
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

The first method for read resistor colors in Fig.(2)

Fig.(2) First method read resistor

Page 3
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

The first letter word to represent color resistor code in table (1)

Table (2) Resistor Tolerance

View the resistors and based on the color bands determine its value. Below
is an example:

The first band is a one (1), the second band is a zero (0), and the multiplier
band or third band is
one time text to the third power ( ) or one thousand (1000). Multiply 10
times 1000.

Another way to tell the resistance value of a resistor is to actually measure it with
the ohmmeter. The explanation of how to measure the resistance is given in the
later tip.
Where:-
Rmax = R+(R * T)

Page 4
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Procedure
1. Measure and record twenty resistors with value of 1 Kohm.
2. Find the R max. , R min. then calculate the percentage error.
3. Repeat the steps (1,2) with resistor value of 10K ohm.
4. Repeat the steps (1,2) with resistor value of 100K ohm.

Observation

1. Comment for your results.

2. Determine the value and tolerance of the 10 resistors as shown in
the following tables for chart fig. (3):

Page 5
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Result:
Hence the color coding of resistor has
been Verified and the values has been

Page 6
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: To plot Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diode.
Apparatus:
[Link] Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 PN Junction - 1
diode kit
2 RPS - 0-30 v 1
3 Ammeter - (0-30)mA,(0- 1
500)micro Amps
4 Voltmeter - (0-1)v,(0-30)v 1
5
6

Theory:
The term bias refers to the use of a dc voltage to establish certain operating
conditions for an electronic device. Depending on the magnitude and polarity of
the applied voltage the diode is said to be:

Forward Biased, Anode voltage is greater than the Cathode voltage

Reverse Biased, Cathode voltage is greater than the Anode voltage

So, diode is a simple switch that is either closed (conducting) or open (non
conducting). Specifically, the diode is a short circuit, like a closed switch, when
voltage is applied in the forward direction, and an open circuit, like an open switch,
when the voltage is applied in the reverse direction.

Let us now take the earlier model one more step. The offset voltage model adds
the barrier potential to the ideal switch model. When the diode is forward biased
it is equivalent to a closed switch in series with a small equivalent voltage source
equal to the barrier potential (0.7 V for Silicon, 0.4 for germanium) with the
positive side towards the anode. When the diode is reverse biased, it is equivalent
to an open switch just as in the ideal model.

Page 7
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

When forward biased, Vg ( 0.7 for Silicon and 0.4 for Germanium ) volts appears
across the diode and current flows.

During reverse bias, when the voltage applied across the diode is less than
Vg, there will be no current flowing.

Let us now take the earlier model one more step. It is the most accurate of the
diode models. The Complete diode model of a diode consists of the barrier
potential, the small forward dynamic resistance and the ideal diode. The resistor
approximates the semiconductor resistance under forward bias. This diode model
most accurately represents the true operating characteristics of the real diode.

Static Resistance of a P-N junction diode is the ratio of forward voltage to forward
current

Dynamic Resistance of a P-N junction diode is the small change in forward voltage
to small change in forward current at a particular operating point.

When a diode is reverse biased a leakage current flows through the device. This
current can be effectively ignored as long as the reverse breakdown voltage of the
diode is not exceeded. At potentials greater than the reverse breakdown voltage,
charge is pulled through the p-n junction by the strong electric fields in the device
and large reverse current flows. This usually destroys the device. There are special
diodes that are designed to operate in breakdown. Such diodes are called zener
diodes and used as voltage regulators.

Page 8
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Circuit Diagram:
Forwarad Bias:

Reverse Bias:

Procedure:
Forwarad Bias:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in forward bias [Link] is connected
to positive of the power supply and cathode is connected to negative of
the power supply .

Page 9
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

2. Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30)V and a series resistance of

1kΏ.

3. For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the

corresponding values of forward current(If) .

Reverse bias:

1. Connect the PN Junction diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected

to negative of the power supply and cathode is connected to positive of the
power supply.

2. For various values of reverse voltage (Vr ) note down the corresponding
values of reverse current ( Ir ).

Tabular column:
Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:

Page
10
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Graph:

Result:

Thus the VI characteristics of PN junction diode is verified.

Determined.

Page
11
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO 3

Characteristics of zener diode (Forward & Reverse Bias)

Aim of the Experiment:

To study characteristics of zener diode in both forward and reverse
bias condition.

Equipments & Components Required:

1. Resistors - 1KΩ
2. Zener Diode
3. Regulated power supply.
4. Connecting wires.
5. Ammeter and Multimeter.

Theory:

A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in
the
same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the
reverse direction when
the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener
knee voltage",
"zener voltage" or "avalanche point".
A conventional solid-state diode will allow significant current if it is reverse-
biased
above its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage
is exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche
breakdown.
Unless this current is limited by circuitry, the diode will be permanently damaged
due to
overheating. A zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device
is
specially designed so as to have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called zener
voltage.
By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased zener diode will exhibit
a

Page
12
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL
controlled breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the
zener diode
close to the zener breakdown voltage. For example, a diode with a
zener breakdown voltage
of 3.2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of
reverse
currents. The zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the
generation of a
reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-
current
applications.

Circuit Diagram:

Forward Biased Junction Diode

Reverse Biased Junction Diode

Page
13
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Zener diode characteristics

Procedure:
1. Before doing the connection, check all the components and equipments.
2. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Vary the applied voltage in both forward and reverse bias as given in the
data
table.
4. Record forward and reverse currents in both forward and reverse conditions.
5. Plot a graph for both forward and reverse bias conditions by taking voltage
along
the X-axis and current along Y-axis

Tabular Column:

Forward Bias:

Page
14
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Reverse Bias:

Result:

Hence the V-I characteristic of Zener diode is verified.

Page
15
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO -4
Verification of ohm’s law
Aim: To study the dependence of current on the potential
difference across a resistor and determine its resistance. Also plot a
graph between V and I.

Apparatus Required:
1. Rheostat
2. Regulated power supply.
3. Connecting wires.
4. Multimeter.

Theory:
The Ohm’s law states that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference between its ends. It is usually formulated
as V = IR,
where V is the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and R is the
resistance of the
conductor.

Page
16
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Circuit Diagram:

Page
17
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
MANUAL

Tabular column:
[Link] Voltage Reading in Current Reading in Resistance=V/I in
volts amps ohm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Graph:

Procedure:
1. Before doing the connection, check all the components and
equipments. 2. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

Page
18
 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL
3. Keep value of Rheostat 1 KΩ and start first set of ten trials.
4. Vary voltage applied across R from 1V to 10V and record
corresponding values of
current from the ammeter.
5. Also calculate theoretical values of current using ohm’s law and record in
the
data table.
6. Observe the difference between theoretical and practical values of current.
7. Repeat from step 3 by keeping value of Rheostat to 2 K Ohm.

Results: The study of dependence of current on the potential difference across

a resistor has been determined. Also plot a graph between V and I.

Page
19
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
20
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
21
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
22
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
23
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
24
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
25
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
26
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
27
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
28
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
29
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
30
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL

Page
31