CHAPTER

2 Vector and Calculus

Quadratic Equation Sine law

−b ± b 2 − 4ac sin A sin B sin C
Roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are x = = =
2a a b c
b
Sum of roots x1 + x2 = − a Cosine law
c b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
=cos A = , cos B = , cos C
Product of roots x1x2 = a 2bc 2ca 2ab
A
Binomial Approximation
If x << 1, then (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx and (1 – x)n ≈ 1 – nx A

c b
Logarithm
log mn = log m + log n
log m/n = log m – log n B C
B a C
log mn = n log m
logem = 2.303 log10m Maxima and Minima of a Function y = f(x)
log 2 = 0.3010 dy d2y
™ For maximum value = 0 & 2 = − ve
Componendo and Dividendo law dx dx

p a p+q a+b dy d2y

=If = then ™ For minimum value = 0 & 2 = + ve
q b p −q a −b dx dx

Arithmetic Progression-AP Formula Average of a Varying Quantity

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …, a + (n – 1)d, x2 x2

If y = f(x) then < y=

>= y
∫=
x1
ydx ∫
x1
ydx
here d = common difference x2
− x1
n ∫ dx x
x1
2

Sum of n terms Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]

2 ™ To convert an angle from degree to radian, we should multiply
Note: it by p/180° and to convert an angle from radian to degree, we
n(n + 1) should multiply it by 180°/p.
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 … + n =
2 ™ By help of differentiation, if y is given, we can find dy/dx and
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) by help of integration, if dy/dx is given, we can find y.
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + … + n2 =
6 ™ The maximum and minimum values of function A cos q + B
Geometrical Progression-GP Formula sin q are A2 + B 2 and − A2 + B 2 respectively.
a, ar, ar2, … here, r = common ratio
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
a (1 − r n )
Sum of n terms Sn = If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a
1− r
parallelogram which are directed away from their common point
a then their sum (i.e. resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the
Sum of ∞ terms S∞ =
1− r paralellogram passing away through that common point.
 D C    
™ A × B =− B × A
B iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
B A+ A × B =Ax
R=
™ Ay Az
b Bx By Bz

A q a B = iˆ( Ay Bz − Az By ) − ˆj ( Ax Bz − Bx Az ) + kˆ( Ax By − Bx Ay )
A
   Area of Parallelogram
AB + AD = AC = R or A + B = R ⇒ R = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos θ     
B sin θ A sin θ
(   )
Area = A B sin θ nˆ = A × B (where n̂ is the unit vector normal
tan α = and tan β to the plane containing A and B )
A + B cos θ B + A cos θ
Area of Triangle
 
Addition of More than Two Vectors (Polygon Law) | A× B | 1
If some vectors are represented by sides of a polygon in same order, =
Area = AB sin θ
2 2
then their resultant vector is represented by the closing side of polygon
in the opposite order. Differentiation of Vectors
C 
R d   dA   dB
™ ( A ⋅ B) = ⋅ B + A⋅
dt dt dt
 
d   dA   dB
B ™ ( A × B) = × B + A×
dt dt dt
A

General Vector in x-y Plane Displacement Vector

  
 r = r2 − r1 = ( x2 iˆ + y2 ˆj + z2 kˆ) − ( x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ)
r = xiˆ + yjˆ = r (cos θiˆ + sin θˆj )
= ( x − x )iˆ + ( y − y ) ˆj + ( z − z )kˆ
2 1 2 1 2 1
y r = r (cos q i + sin q j )
y
B
(x1,y1, z1) r
r A (x2,y2, z2)

q r1
x r2

Scalar Product (Dot Product) x

 
  −1
 A⋅ B  
=
A ⋅ B AB cos θ ⇒ Angle between two vectors
= cos   Magnitude r = | r | = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
 AB 
e.g. work done = F . S (where F is the Force vector and S is the Lami’s Theorem
displacement vector). A F1 F2
a
Cross Product (Vector Product) q3
  
A × B = AB sin q n̂ where n̂ is a vector perpendicular to A and c b q2 q1

B or their plane and its direction given by right hand thumb rule.
    b g
A × B =− B × A B C F3
a
sin A sin B sin C F1 F2 F3
= = = =
a b c      sin θ1 sin θ 2 sin θ3

™ A unit vector has no unit.

    ™ Electric current is not a vector as it does not obey the law of
A × B =− B × A
vector addition.
™ A scalar or a vector can never be divided by a vector.
    ™ To a vector only a vector of same type can be added and the
A × B =− B × A resultant is a vector of the same type.

4 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW