Lecture-09 De Jure Academy

Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I Kv‡h©i GKK‡K †Kvl e‡j| Rxe‡`‡ni me ai‡bi

RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv
wµqv-wewµqv †KvlwfwËK|
Biology kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib divwm weÁvbx j¨vgvK© weÁvbx ievU© ûK 1665 mv‡j wb‡Ri ˆZwi AYyexÿY h‡š¿ K‡K©i
(Lamarck)| Biology Bs‡iwR kã hvi evsjv cwifvlv
cvZjv †Q` †_‡K cÖ_g †Kvl Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
RxeweÁvb| `ywU MÖxK kã Bios hvi A_© Rxeb Ges Logos hvi A_©
Ávb Gi mgš^‡q Biology kãwU MwVZ| wMÖK weÁvbx Gwi÷Uj Ae¯’vb I Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ †Kvl `yB ai‡bi-
(Aristotle) Rxe weÁv‡bi RbK| weÁvbx w_ªId«v÷vm Dw™¢` 01. †`n: †Kvl: G †Kvl †`‡ni A½ I A½Zš¿ MVb K‡i| ¯œvqy‡Kvl
weÁv‡bi RbK| Gwi÷Uj cÖvwYweÁv‡bi RbK| †`n‡Kv‡li GKwU D`vniY| †`n‡Kvl MV‡b †cÖvwU‡bi f‚wgKv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Dw™¢` weÁvb 02. Rbb †Kvl: G †Kvl RbbKv‡h© Ask †bq A_©vr †hŠb cÖRb‡b
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ïµvYy, wW¤^vYy n‡jv Rbb‡Kvl|
kvLvi bvg Av‡jvP¨ welq 01. cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl: †Kvl wefvRb nq A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq|
Phycology (dvB‡KvjwR) ˆkevj 02. my‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl: †Kvl wefvRb nq gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq|
Mycology (gvB‡KvjwR) QÎvK
Physiology (wdwRIjwR) kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqv wbDwK¬qvm
Cytology (mvB‡UvjwR) †Kvl
‡cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g †h AwaKZi Nb I A‡cÿvK…Z ¯úó ÿz`ªv½ we`¨gvb ZvB
Palaeo botany Dw™¢` dwmj wbDwK¬qvm| G‡K †Kv‡li cÖvY‡K›`ª I gw¯Í¯‹ ejv nq| ievU© eªvDb
Economic botany A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡m¤úbœ Dw™¢` 1831 mv‡j me©cÖ_g AwK©W c·Kv‡l wbDwK¬qvm Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
Plant breeding Dw™¢` cÖRRb mvaviYZ GKwU †Kv‡l GKwU wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| G‡Z †cÖvwUb, DNA,
Taxonomy †kÖwYweb¨vm mvgvb¨ RNA, wKQz cwigvY †Kv-GbRvBg I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb _v‡K|
Histology wUmy¨ Gi †fŠZ Ask¸‡jv n‡jv wbDwK¬qvi †ggv‡eªb, wbDwK¬IcøvRg,
Evolution Awfe¨w³ ev weeZ©b wbDwK¬Ijvm I †µv‡gv‡mvg| †jvwnZ KwYKv, AYyPwµKv cÖf…wZ‡Z
wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| Ab¨w`‡K †cwk‡Kv‡l GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K
Limnology Rjvkq cÖvYxi eû wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †Kvl‡K wm‡bvmvBU e‡j| wbDwK¬qvm †Kv‡li
Agrostology Nvm mKj KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i|
Genetics eskMwZ
Virology fvBivm
Morphology A½-cÖZ¨½ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
Toxicology wel 1894 wLª÷v‡ã Aëg¨vb (Altman) gvB‡UvKwÛªqb Gi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ
Ecology ev¯‘ms¯’vb K‡ib| mRxe †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvR‡g wewÿßKv‡i Qwo‡q _vKv †QvU
Pharmacology †flR Dw™¢` weÁvb †QvU `‡Ði b¨vq A½vYy¸wj‡K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv e‡j| Gi 72%-73%
Horticulture D`¨vbcvjb †cÖvwUb, 25% - 27% wjwcW, 0.5% RNA Ges mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y
DNA, K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg _v‡K| †Kv‡li mKj ˆRewbK
†Kvl Kv‡Ri kw³ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv †_‡K Av‡m| AšÍ:k¦mb cÖwµqvq †µem Pµ
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z N‡U Ges gvB‡UvwÛªqv A.T.P. Drcv`b K‡i †`‡n
ievU© ûK me©cÖ_g cell ev †Kvl kãwU e¨envi K‡ib| Aa©‡f¨`¨ mieivn K‡i| †Kv‡li †h †Kvb cÖ‡qvR‡b A.T.P. kw³i †hvMvb †`q|
cøvRgvc`©v †ewóZ †cøv‡UvcøvRg Øviv MwVZ ¯^wbf©i I ¯^cÖRbbkxj GRb¨ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li kw³Ni ev cvIqvi nvDm ejv nq|
Rxe‡`‡ni MVbg~jK I ˆRweK wµqvg~jK GKK‡K †Kvl e‡j|
ivB‡ev‡Rvg

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 Lecture-09 De Jure Academy

1956 wLªóv‡ã c¨vjv‡W (G. E. Palade) ivB‡ev‡Rvg Avwe¯‹vi 1. fvRK wUmy¨ : wefvR‡b mÿg †Kvl w`‡q MwVZ wUmy¨‡KB fvRK
K‡ib| Agm„Y AšÍ:cøvRgxq RvwjKvi Mv‡q, wbDwK¬qvi †ggeªv‡bi wUmy¨ ejv nq| G wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv evi evi wef³ nq, d‡j
Mv‡q, gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i wKsev mvB‡UvcøvR‡g wewÿß Ae¯’vq Dw™¢‡`i e„w× nq| fvRK wUmy¨ n‡ZB Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vqx wUmy¨ m„wó nq|
Qov‡bv †MvjvKvi A½vby¸‡jv‡K ivB‡ev‡Rvg e‡j| cÖvq me ai‡bi 2. ¯’vqx Kjv ev wUmy¨ : †h wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv c~Y©fv‡e weKwkZ I
†Kv‡lB ivB‡ev‡Rvg _v‡K| wKš‘ †h me †Kv‡l Avwgl ms‡kølY †ewk wefvR‡b Aÿg †m wUmy¨‡KB ¯’vqx wUmy¨ ejv nq| fvRK wUmy¨ n‡Z
nq †m me †Kv‡lB ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi AvwaK¨ †`Lv hvq| Gi 50 fvM †Kv‡li c~Y© weKvk jv‡fi ci wefvRb ÿgZv iwnZ nIqvi gva¨‡g
wn‡÷vb RvZxq †cÖvwUb| Gi cÖavb KvR Avwgl ms‡kølY I †¯œn RvZxq ¯’vqx wUmy¨i D™¢e N‡U|
c`v‡_©i wecvK mvab| GRb¨ G‡K †cÖvwUb d¨v±wi ejv nq|
cøv›U WvBfviwmwU
cøvw÷W ev eY©vavi
cøv›U WvBfviwmwU: Dw™¢‡`i wRbMZ I cwi‡ekMZ ˆewPΨ‡K GK‡Î
Dw™¢`‡Kv‡l we`¨gvb eY©hy³ ev eY©nxb Ges Abb¨ ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ †h Dw™¢` ˆewPΨ ev cøv›U WvBfviwmwU ejv nq|
A½vYyi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Dw™¢‡`i cvZv, dzj I d‡ji eY© ˆewPΨ
cwijwÿZ nq ZvB cøvw÷W ev eY©vavi bv‡g cwiwPZ| †h cøvw÷W meyR e„ÿ: my¯úó GKK KvÐwewkó Kvôj| Giv eûel©Rxex|
†K¬v‡ivwdj AwaKgvÎvq aviY K‡i Zv‡K †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ e‡j| iwOb D`vniY: KvuVvj, bvwi‡Kj, Rvg, Avg BZ¨vw`|
cøvw÷W n‡jv †µv‡gvcøv÷| G cøvw÷‡Wi Kvi‡Y Dw™¢‡`i dzj I dj ¯ªve ev ¸j¥: Kvôj Z‡e GKK KvÐwewkó bq| eûel©Rxex| mvaviYZ
wewfbœ e‡Y©i nq| GQvov Ab¨ GK ai‡bi eY©nxb cøvw÷W n‡jv †Mvov n‡Z AwaK kvLv-cÖkvLv we¯Ívi K‡i †Sv‡c cwiYZ nq| †hgb:
wjD‡Kvcøv÷ hvi KvR n‡jv Dw™¢‡`i gvwUi wb‡Pi Kv‡Ð Lv`¨ mÂq Rev, i½b, MÜivR, †jey|
K‡i ivLv| cøvw÷Wwenxb GKwU Dw™¢` n‡jv A¨vMvwiKvm|
AvÛvi¯ªve ev Dc¸j¥ : ¯ªv‡ei †P‡q AvKv‡i †QvU Kvôj Dw™¢` n‡jv
†Kvl wefvRb Dc¸j¥| †hgb : Kvévmy›`v, Avuk †KIov|
01. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb: †h †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq GKwU nve© ev exiær: big KvÐwewkó Dw™¢`| AwaKvsk nve©B GKevi dj
gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg †Kvb RwUj gva¨wgK w`‡q gviv hvq| †hgb : avb, Mg, mwilv|
ch©vq QvovB mivmwi wef³ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨ †Kv‡li m„wó K‡i big jZv MvQ exiær RvZxq Dw™¢`| Kvôj KvÐwewkó nve©‡K DwW nve©
Zv‡K A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb e‡j| e‡j| †hgb : †Zvlv cvU|
02. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb: †h RwUj I avivevwnK cÖwµqvq Rx‡ei
gvZ…‡Kvl cÖ_‡g wbDwK¬qvm I c‡i mvB‡UvcøvRg-Gi GKgvÎ QÎvK, ˆkevj I dvb©
wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g mgAvK…wZ I mg¸Y m¤úbœ Ggb `ywU AcZ¨
†Kv‡li m„wó K‡i hv‡`i †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li QÎvK---
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨vi mgvb _v‡K Zv‡K gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl
wefvRb e‡j| QÎvK GKwU mgv½‡`nx Acy®úK Dw™¢`| G‡`i †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb
03. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb : †h †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq m„ó AcZ¨ wbwg©Z Ges †Kv‡l mwÂZ Lv`¨ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb| Giv mv‡jvK ms‡kølY
†Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY G‡`i †`‡n †K¬v‡ivwdj
A‡a©K nq Zv‡K wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb e‡j| _v‡K bv| ‡hgb: wgDKi, Có, †cwbwmwjb, e¨v‡Oi QvZv BZ¨vw`|
ˆkevj---
wUmy¨ Ges cøv›U wUmy¨ ˆkevj bvgwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm (1753)|
ˆkev‡ji g~j, KvÐ, cvZv †bB| ˆkevj ¯^‡fvRx Dw™¢`| KviY G‡`i
†`‡n †K¬v‡ivwdj eZ©gvb _v‡K| G‡`i †Kvl cÖvPxb cÖavbZ †mjy‡jvR
GKB Drm †_‡K D™¢‚Z †Kvl¸‡jv hLb wgwjZfv‡e †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR
w`‡q MwVZ| †Kv‡l mwÂZ Lv`¨ cÖavbZ †k¦Zmvi| Giv A½R, †hŠb I
m¤úbœ K‡i †mB mgwóMZ †Kvl‡K wUmy¨ e‡j| divwm weÁvwb Gg. Gd.
A‡hŠb cÖwµqvi esk e„w× K‡i| mvgyw`ªK ˆkev‡j Av‡qvwWb cvIqv
wiPvU© me©cÖ_g wUmy¨ kã e¨envi K‡ib|
hvq| ‡hgb: ¯úvB‡ivMvBiv, b¨vwfKzjv BZ¨vw`|
Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li wUmy¨ `yB ai‡bi :
mv‡jvKms‡kølY
1. fvRK wUmy¨ 2. ¯’vqx Kjv ev wUmy¨

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 Lecture-09 De Jure Academy
†h c×wZ‡Z meyR Dw™¢‡`iv Av‡jv‡Ki †dvUb KYv MÖnY K‡i Av‡jvK †h dz‡j ¯¿x¯ÍeK ev cys¯Íe‡Ki GKwU i‡q‡Q †mwU GKwj½ dzj| wSOv,
kw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡K mv‡jvKms‡kølY e‡j| jvD, Kzgov cÖf…wZ| †h dz‡j ¯¿x¯ÍeK I c~s¯Íe‡Ki `ywUB i‡q‡Q †mwU
‡ebmb, †Kjwfb, iæ‡eb cÖgyL weÁvbxMY mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi †h Dfqwj½ dzj| mwilv, ayZiv, Rev cÖf…wZ|
AvaywbK wewµqvwU cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv n‡jv-
m~h ©v‡jvK dj I exRcÎ
†K¬v‡ivwdj
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 Av`k© d‡ji wZbwU Ask- ewn:Z¡K, ga¨Z¡K I AšÍ:Z¡K| †hgb- wjPz|
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Mø‡KvR cvwb Aw·‡Rb c„w_ex‡Z me©vwaK Drcvw`Z nq Kjv| cvKv Kjvq A¨vgvBj A¨vwm‡UU
_v‡K| me‡P‡q my¯^v`y dj n‡jv Avg|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq meyR Dw™¢` evqy †_‡K Kve©b WvB A·vBW
MÖnY K‡i, kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Ges DcRvZ wn‡m‡e evqy‡Z
Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i| civMvqb
k¦mb dz‡ji cys‡Kk‡ii civMavbx †_‡K civM‡iYy GKB dz‡ji ev GKB
†h cÖwµqvq mRxe †Kv‡l ˆRe Lv`¨ Dr‡mP‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi RvZxq Ab¨ dz‡ji ¯¿x‡Kk‡ii Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍi‡K civMvqb e‡j|
mvnv‡h¨ Rvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †f‡O kw³ wbM©Z nq Ges DcRvZ `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e cÖRb‡bi cÖ_g avc n‡jv civMvqb| civM‡iYy ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqvi cÖK…wZ
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW I cvwb ˆZwi nq Zv‡K k¦mb e‡j| k¦mb cÖwµqvwU Abymv‡i civMvqb `y ai‡bi- ¯^-civMvqb Ges ci-civMvqb| civM‡iYy
wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : hLb GKB dz‡ji Mf©gy‡Ð hvq ZLb Zv‡K ¯^-civMvqb Ges hLb Ab¨
kK©iv + Aw·‡Rb Kve©b WvB-A·vBW + cvwb + kw³ dz‡ji Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq ZLb Zv‡K ci-civMvqb e‡j|
k¦mb `y ai‡bi nq- AevZ k¦mb Ges mevZ k¦mb|
AevZ k¦mb: Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †h k¦mb N‡U Zv‡K AevZ k¦mb
e‡j| G ai‡bi k¦mb Aí msL¨K Dw™¢‡` †hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK Dw™¢‡`i cywó Dcv`vb
cÖf…wZ‡Z †`Lv hvq|
Dw™¢‡`i cywó Dcv`vb †gvU 16wU| Dw™¢‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx G‡`i‡K
AeZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq 1 AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 2wU ATP Drcbœ nq| `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
mevZ k¦mb: Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †h k¦mbwµqv P‡j Zv‡K mevZ
k¦mb e‡j| RxeRM‡Z cÖavbZ GB k¦mb cÖwµqvB N‡U| G cÖwµqvq K. gyL¨ Lv`¨ ev Macro-nutrients
cÖPzi cwigvY kw³i gyw³ N‡U|
†h mg¯Í Lv`¨ Mv‡Qi Rb¨ AwaK cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jv‡K gyL¨ ev
mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq 1 AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 38 wU ATP Drcbœ nq| Macro-nutrients e‡j| Dw™¢‡`i gyL¨ Lv`¨ `kwU| h_v-
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, dmdivm, cUvwkqvg, Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb,
cÖ‡¯^`b Aw·‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg, g¨vM‡bwkqvg, mvjdvi Ges †jŠn|
†h cÖwµqvq Dw™¢` cÎi‡Ü«i gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ cvwb
L. †MŠY Lv`¨ ev Macro-nutrients
ev®úvKv‡i †ei K‡i †`q Zv‡K cÖ‡¯^`b e‡j| cÎi‡Ü«i gva¨‡gB
†h mg¯Í Lv‡`¨cv`vb Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ Lye Aí cwigv‡Y cÖ‡qvRb nq
†ewkifvM (80-90 kZvsk) cÖ‡¯^`b N‡U| kxZKv‡j ev Zrc~‡e© ﮋ
†m¸‡jv‡K †MŠY Lv`¨ ev Micro-nutrients e‡j| Dw™¢‡`i
AvenvIqvq A‡bK c·gvPx Dw™¢‡`i cvZv S‡i hvq cÖ‡¯^`b n«vm Kivi
†MŠY Lv‡`¨vcv`vb QqwU| h_v- g¨v½vwbR, gwje‡Wbvg, Kcvi,
Rb¨|
wRsK, †evib Ges †K¬vwib|
dzj

GKwU Av`k© dz‡j 5wU Ask _v‡K: cy®úÎvavi, e„wZ, `jgÐj,

cys¯ÍeK I ¯¿x¯ÍeK|
†h dz‡j G cvuPwU Ask _v‡K Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© dzj e‡j| †hgb : ayZiv,
Rev cÖf…wZ| Avi †h dz‡j G cvuPwU Ask _v‡K bv Zv‡K Am¤ú~Y© dzj
e‡j| †hgb: Kzgov, jvD, kmv BZ¨vw`|

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Lecture-09 De Jure Academy

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