Lecture# 05 De Jure Academy

A‡c¶vK…Z Kg, Zv‡`i A‡bK ‡ewk | G¸wj mvaviYZ

-------c`v_© I Bnvi cÖKvi‡f`------
DØvqxZvI ‡ewk | AbyØvqx |
c`v_©: hv ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Ges hv Zvi w¯’wZkxj ev MwZkxj Ae¯’vi [5] ‰ewkó m~PK eY© I MÜhy³ | [5] eY©nxb I MÜnxb |
cwieZ©‡b evav `vb K‡i ZvB c`v_©| †hgb: evqy, gvwU, cvwb, Zvc,
[6] ‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ ‰Re [6] A‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ Rj
BZ¨vw`| evZvm GKwU c`v_©| Gi fi Av‡Q Ges ¯’vb `Lj K‡i A_¨vr
Bnvi AvqZb Av‡Q| `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z nq| Giv Ges mgag©x `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z
mvaviYZ R‡j A`ªve¨ | A_©vr, nq Ges Giv ‰Re `ªve‡K
-------‡gŠwjK I †hŠwMK c`v_©------
‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ Aa«yexq A`ªve¨ | A_©vr, A‰Re
‡gŠwjK c`v_© (element)
`ªve‡K `ªve¨ Ges a«yexq `ªve‡K ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ a«yexq
‡h mKj c`v_©‡K ivmvqwbK c×wZ‡Z wefvwRZ K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
A`ªve¨ | (wKQy ‰Re ‡hŠM Aek¨ `ªve‡K `ªe¨ Ges Aa«yexq
wfbœ ag©wewkó c`v‡_© wewkó Kiv hvq bv, A_©vr ‡h c`v_© n‡Z
R‡j `ªve¨) `ªve‡K A`ªve¨ |
mvaviYfv‡e ‡mB c`v_© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ‡Kvb b~Zb c`v_© cvIqv hvq bv,
Zv‡K ‡gŠj ev ‡gŠwjK c`v_© e‡j| ‡hgb : Kve©b, nvB‡W«v‡Rb, ‡jŠn [7] ‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj `vn¨ cªK…wZi nq [7] A‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ `vn¨
| mvaviYZ Kg msL¨K Kve©b bq |
BZ¨vw` | †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 119wU|
cigvYyhy³ ‡hŠM¸wj A`xß
‡hŠwMK c`v_© (compound matter) wkLvq R¡‡j| Avevi ‡ebwRb
‡h c`v_© ‡_‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ag©wewkó ‡gŠwjK c`v_© cªf…wZ ‡ewk Kve©bhy³ ‡hŠM¸wj
‡avuqv‡U wkLvq R¡‡j|
cvIqv hvq, ‡mB c`v_©‡K ‡hŠM ev ‡hŠwMK c`v_© e‡j| ‡hgb : cvwb
[8] ‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj A‡bK‡¶‡Î [8] A‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi ‡¶‡Î
GKwU ‡hŠwMK c`v_©| GwU `yBwU wfbœ ‡gŠwjK c`v_© nvB‡W«v‡Rb I
cwjgvivB‡Rkb wewµqvq cwjgvivB‡Rkb wewµqv LyeB
Aw·‡Rb Øviv MwVZ | Avevi cvwb‡K we‡kølY Kiv n‡j nvB‡W«v‡Rb AskMªnY K‡i| Avgv‡`i Kg|
I Aw·‡Rb cvIqv hvq | ‡gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v mxwgZ n‡jI ‡hŠwMK ‰`bw›`b e¨eüZ e¯‘i ‡ewki
c`v_©‡K Amxg msL¨K wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| fvMB ‰Re cwjgvi | ‡hgb:
-------‰Re I A‰Re c`v_© Ges G‡`i KwZcq †hŠM------ Pvj, gq`v, Avjy, KvMR,
Rvgv-Kvco, cøvw÷K, BZ¨vw`|
‰Re c`v_©: ‰Re c`v_© nj GK ai‡Yi ‡hŠwMK c`v_© hv‡Z Kve©b [9] Zwor-Awe‡køl¨ ‡hŠM| [9] AvqwbK eÜbhy³ ‡hŠM¸wj
_v‡K| HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y wKQy ‡hŠM ‡hgb- Kve©‡bU, Kve©‡bi mvaviY Zwor-we‡køl¨ ‡hŠM|
A·vBW, mvqvbvBW BZ¨vw` c`v_© cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvq| [10] Kve©b cigvYyi K¨vwU‡bkb [10] A‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi AYyi MVb
Av‰Re c`v_©: Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f`‡K A‰Re c`v_© ejv nq| a‡g©i Rb¨ ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Kve©b A‡c¶vK…Z mij Ges AvYweK
[1] mg¯Í ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©b [1] A‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©b cigvYy¸wj ci¯úi hy³ n‡q ¸iæZ¡ ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Zyjbvq Kg
_vK‡eB | _vK‡Z cv‡i Avevi bvI AwZ`xN© Kve©b k„•Lj MV‡bi
‡hgb: CH4, C2H3OH BZ¨vw`| _vK‡Z cv‡i | A‰Re ‡hŠM gva¨‡g ‡ewk AvYweK ¸iæZ¡
me iKg ‡gŠj w`‡q MwVZ wewkó ‡hŠM Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
n‡Z cv‡i | ‡hgb: NH3, [11] ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy-ms‡hvRb [11] A‰Re ‡hŠ‡M AYy-ms‡hvRb
CO2 BZ¨vw` | wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ ‡ewk wewµqv mvaviYZ ‡`Lv hvq
[2] ‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mg‡hvR¨Zv Øviv [2] A‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj mvaviYZ
AvYweK ¸iæZ¡ wewkó ‡hŠM bv|
MwVZ| myZivs, ‰Re ‡hŠM¸wj Zwor‡hvRx e܇bi Øviv Ave× :
mg‡hvRx : ‡hgb: wg‡_b, B‡_b, ‡hgb, ‡mvwWqvg ‡K¬vivBW, Drcbœ nq|
cª‡cb, A¨vwmwUwjb Bw_wjb, K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW, K¨vjwmqvg
‡ebwRb, wg_vBj ‡K¬vivBW BZ¨vw`| A‰Re
A¨vj‡Kvnj, wfwbMvi cªf…wZ | ‡hŠM¸wj Zwor‡hvRx n‡Z cv‡i
Avevi mg‡hvRxI n‡Z cv‡i|
[3] mg‡hvRx e܇bi `iæb ‰Re [3] AvqwbK e܇bi `iæb A‰Re
‡hŠ‡Mi wewµqv gš’i nq | ‡hŠ‡Mi wewµqv `ªæZ nq
[4] mvaviYZ ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ Ges [4] A‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ Ges
ùyUbv¼ A‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Zyjbvq ùyUbv¼ ‰Re ‡hŠ‡Mi Zyjbvq

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 Lecture# 05 De Jure Academy

-------avZe c`v_© Ges G‡`i †hŠM------ avZe jeb t

‡h me ‡gŠj Zvc I we`¨yr mycwievnx Ges AvNvZ Ki‡j UybUyb kã ZnSO4(wRsK mvj‡dU),NaCl(‡mvwWqvg ‡KvivBW),FeCl2 (‡dwiK
nq, Zv`‡i‡K aZy e‡j| ‡hgb-‡mvb, iƒcv, Zvgv, ‡jvnv BZ¨vw`| †KvivBW),Cu(NO3)2 (Kcvi bvB‡UªU),MgSO4 (g¨M‡bwmqvg
mvj‡dU),CuSO4 (Kcvi mvj‡dU ),NaNO3,(‡mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU)
‡mvwWqv‡gi GKwU †hŠM n‡jv- KwóK †mvWv (‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW-
BZ¨vw`|
NaOH), Lvevi †mvWv ev †ewKs cvDWvi (‡mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU-
NaHCO3), Kvco KvPv ‡mvWv (Av`ª© †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU- Na2CO3.
-------AavZe c`v_© Ges G‡`i †hŠM------
10H2O), ‡mvWv A¨vk (Ab`©ª †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU- Na2CO3), ‡mvWv
weøP (‡mvwWqvg cvi-A·vBW), mvwRgvwU (‡mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU), †mvWv
‡h me ‡gŠj Zvc I we`¨yr Acwienx Ges ‡hŠ‡M Zwor FYvZ¡K Avqb
jvBg ([Link]), nvB‡cv (‡mvwWqvg _v‡qv mvj‡dU), Møyevi
wn‡m‡e _v‡K, Zv‡`i AavZy e‡j | ‡hgb Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb
jeb (Av`ª© †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU- Na2SO4. 10H2O)|
Av‡qvwWb, nvB‡W«v‡Rb BZ¨vw`|
Lvevi je‡Yi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ NaCI GwU n‡jv †mvwWqvg I
AavZzi KwZcq †hŠM t
†K¬vwi‡bi wgkÖY| ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨eüZ mvaviY G je‡Yi ‰eÁvwbK
H2O(cvwb), CO (Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW) , CO2 (Kve©b WvB A·vBW),
ev ivmvqwbK bvg †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW|
P2O5(dmdivm †c›UvA·vBW) P2O3(dmdivm
Avgiv †h PK w`‡q wjwL Zv K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU| GwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z UªvBA·vBW),NH (G¨v‡gvwbqv) NO(bvBwUªK A·vBW), NO (bvBUª‡Rb
3 2
nq bv| WvBA·vBW),N O(jvwds M¨vm), HNO (bvBwUªK
2 3
Av`ª© †divm mvj‡dU(FeSO4.7H2O) wMÖb wfwUªqj bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwmW),NH4Cl(G¨v‡gvwbqvg †KvivBW),NH4OH (G¨v‡gvwbqvg
GwU mvZ AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ †divm mvj‡dU| Gi ms‡KZ nvB‡Wª·vBW) H3PO3(dm‡dvwiK GwmW),H2SO4(mvjwdDwiK GwmW)
FeSO4.7H2O. BZ¨vw`|
mvZ AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ wR¼ mvj‡dU †nvqvBU wfwUªqj bv‡g
cwiwPZ| GwU mvZ AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ †divm mvj‡dU| Gi -------c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v: KwVb, Zij, evqexq, cøvRgv------
ms‡KZ FeSO4. 7H2O.
Av`ª© Kcvi mvj‡dU eøy wfwUªqj ev Zzu‡Z bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU cuvP AYy hv ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Ges hv Zvi w¯’wZkxj ev MwZkxj Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi
cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ Kcvi mvj‡dU| Gi ms‡KZ CuSO4. 5H2O. evav `vb K‡i ZvB c`v_©| ‡hgb: evqy, gvwU, cvwb, Zvc, BZ¨vw`|
evZvm GKwU c`v_©| Gi fi Av‡Q Ges ¯’vb `Lj K‡i| Av‡jv, Zvc,
-------avZe c`v‡_©i KwZcq †hŠM------ we`y¨r c`v_© bq| c`v_© wZb Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i- KwVb, Zij I
evqexq|
avZe A·vBW t
cÖK…wZ‡Z cvwb KwVb, Zij I evqexq G wZb Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Na2O2 (mvwWqvg cviA·vBW ) , K2O (cUvwkqvg A·vBW ) , CaO
GKB c`v‡_©i wZb Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii KviY Zv‡ci cÖfve| cvwb‡K
(K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW}
VvÐv Ki‡j ei‡d cwiYZ nq|
CuO (wKDwcÖK A·vBW ), HgO (gviwKDivm A·vBW} MgO
(g¨M‡bwmqvg A·vBW)
KwVb c`v_©: mvaviYZ KwVb c`v‡_©i RoZv Av‡Q| G‡`i wbw`©ó
ZnO (wRsK A·vBW),Fe3O4 ( ‡dwiK A·vBW) BZ¨vw`|
AvKvi, AvqZb I Kg-‡ewk `„pZv Av‡Q| G‡`i AY~mg~n ci¯ú‡ii AwZ
mwbœK‡U _v‡K| G c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍ:AvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q

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 Lecture# 05 De Jure Academy
†ewk e‡j cÖwZnZ Kivi ÿgvZI †ewk| wewfbœ avZz, jeY, cv_i KwVb Avqb Gi msL¨v cÖvq mgvb| AvšÍtbv¶wÎK ¯’v‡b, M¨vm ¶iY wUDe-G,
c`v‡_©i D`vniY| b¶Î'i(GgbwK m~‡h©i) evZvei‡Y Ges cix¶vg~jK Zvc-wbDK¬xq

Zij c`v_©: G‡`i wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q, wKš‘ wb`w©ó AvKvi †bB| hLb wewµq (Thermonuclear reactor)-G cøvRgv ‡`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|
†h cv‡Î ivLv nq †m cv‡Îi AvKvi aviY K‡i| ‰e`¨ywZKfv‡e ckg _vKv m‡Ë¡I cøvRgv mn‡RB we`¨yr cwienb K‡i|

Zij c`v‡_©i AY~mg~n ci¯ú‡ii mwbœK‡U _v‡K, wKš‘ Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi G‡`i _v‡K AZy¨”P ZvcgvÎv|
AvKl©Y KwVb c`v‡_©i b¨vq cÖej bq, A‡bK Kg| AYymg~n ¯’vb
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó †Kvb AvKvi †bB| G
cøvRgvi KYv¸wj AvqwbZ nIqvq M¨v‡mi mv‡_ Gi wKQy AvPiYMZ
c`v‡_©i AYymg~‡ni AvšÍ:AvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q Kg Ges ej cÖwZnZ
cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| M‡elYvMv‡i wbgœPv‡c ‡i‡L M¨vm‡K (hZ¶Y bv M¨vmxq
Kivi ÿgZvI Kg| †hgb: cvwb, †c‡Uªvj, †K‡ivwmb, †fvR¨ †Zj
KYv¸wji Mo MwZkw³ M¨vmxq AYy ev cigvYymg~‡ni AvqbxKiY wefe-
BZ¨vw`|
Gi KvQvKvwQ n‡”Q ZZ¶Y) DËß K‡i cøvRgv ‰Zwi Kiv hvq| AZz¨”P
evqexq c`v_©: G‡`i wbw`©ó AvKvi I AvqZb †bB| †Kvb wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq (cªvq 50000 ‡Kjwfb ev Zvi Dc‡i) M¨vmxq KYv¸wji
cwigvY M¨vmxq c`v_© Zv hZ Aí †nvK bv †Kb, †Kvb eo ev †QvU gv‡S msN‡l©i Kvi‡Y M¨v‡mi SwUwZ Avqbvq (Cascading
cv‡Î ivLv n‡j, Zvi mKj ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Ges †mB cv‡Îi AvKvi ionization) N‡U| Z‡e wKQy wKQy ‡¶‡Î, ‡hgb- cªwZcªf
aviY K‡i| wKš‘ cv‡Îi AvKvi ev AvK…wZ‡f‡` f‡ii †Kvb ZviZg¨ (Fluorescent) evwZ‡Z, cøvRgvKYv¸wj wbišÍi avi‡Ki ‡`qv‡ji
nq bv| M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ `yiZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| ZvB mv‡_ msN‡l© wjß nIqvq kxZwjKiY Ges cybwg©jb
AvKl©Y kw³ bvB ej‡jI P‡j| d‡j AYymg~n cÖvq m¤ú~Y© gy³fv‡e (Recombination) N‡U hvi d‡j mvgwMÖK ZvcgvÎv ‡ek bxPy
PjvPj K‡i| D`vniY: bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb wg‡_b BZ¨vw`| _v‡K| Gme‡¶‡Î mvavibZt AvswkK AvqbxKiY N‡U Ges wecyj
cøvRgv: D”P ZvcgvÎv Ges D”P wef‡ei cÖfv‡e wKQz wKQz c`v_© kw³i ‡RvMvb(Input) `iKvi nq| Zvc-wbDK¬xq wewµq‡K cøvRgv
AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB Ae¯’v‡K c`v‡_©i cøvRgv Ae¯’v e‡j| KYvmg~n‡K ZvworPy¤^Kxq ‡¶Îi gva¨‡g avi‡Ki ‡`qvj ‡_‡K `~‡i
cøvRgv c`v‡_©i Z_vKw_Z PZy_© Ae¯’v (KwVb, Zij I evqexq Gi ivLv nq hv‡Z cøvRgvi ZvcgvÎv AwZD”P _v‡K|
ci)| cøvRgv n‡”Q AvqwbZ M¨vm ‡hLv‡b gy³ B‡jKU«b Ges abvZ¥K

uestions
Practice Questions
1. me‡P‡q fvix avZz- DËi: cvi` I wmwRqvg

DËi: BD‡iwbqvg 4. †Kvb avZz‡K †cvov‡j D¾j njy` e‡Y©i wkLv Drcbœ K‡i?

2. †Kvb avZz me©v‡cÿv nvjKv? DËi: †mvwWqvg

DËi: wjw_qvg 5. Lvei je‡Yi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ-

3. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb avZz Zij Ae¯’v _v‡K? DËi : NaCl

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 Lecture# 05 De Jure Academy
6. †KvbwU mveb‡K k³ K‡i? DËi: Kv‡jv‡mvbv
DËi: †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU 19. Mvb †gUvj-
7. M¨vjfvbvBwRs Gi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq †Kvb avZz? DËi: Zvgv, wUb I `¯Ív Gi msKi
DËi: `¯Ív 20. †eªvÄ nj-
8. †Kvb avZz w`‡q Zvi evbv‡bv mnRZi? DËi: Zvgv I wUb Gi msKi
DËi: Zvgv 21. msKi avZz Kuvmvi Dcv`vb wK wK?
9. †Kvb avZz me‡P‡q †ewk ÿqcÖvß nq? DËi: Kcvi I wUb
DËi: `¯Ív ev wRsK 22. wcZj wK wK †gŠj Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZix?
10. †Kvb avZzi Mjbv¼ me‡P‡q Kg? DËi: Zvgv I `¯Ív
DËi: cvi` 23. wcZj n‡”Q-
11. _v‡g©vwgUvi cvi` e¨envi Kiv nq Kvib- DËi: Zvgv I `¯Ív Gi msKi
DËi: Aí Zv‡c AvqZb A‡bK †ewk e„w× cvq 24. ‡óBb‡jm óxj †jvnvi mv‡_ †Kvb& avZz †gkv‡bv nq?
12. †Kvb †jvnvq †ewk cwigvY Kve©b _v‡K? DËi: wb‡Kj I †µvwgqvg
DËi: Kv÷ Avqi‡b 25. B¯úv‡Z kZKiv KZfvM Kve©b Av‡Q?
13. †jvnvi M¨vjfvbwRs ej‡Z eySvq- DËi: (01.15 – 1.5)%
DËi: †jvnvi Dci `¯Ívi cÖ‡jc 26. AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ wRsK mvj‡d‡Ui AYy‡K wK ejv nq?
DËi: mv`v wfwUªqj
14. M¨vjfvbwRs n‡jv †jvnvi Dci-
DËi: `¯Ívi cÖ‡jc 27. wRsK mvj‡d‡Ui ms‡KZ-
15. †Kvb wkLv †jvnv Mwj‡q †Rvov jvMv‡Z mvnv‡h¨ K‡i? DËi: wRsK mvj‡dU (ZnSO4 )
DËi: Aw·A¨vwmwUjb wkLv 28. cøvóvi Ae c¨vwim ejv nq-
16. msKi avZz †eªv‡Äi Dcv`vb n‡jv- DËi: GK AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ `yB K¨vjwmqvg mvj‡dU‡K
DËi: Zvgv I wUb 29. Lvevi je‡Yi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv-
17. Aw·A¨vwmwUjb wkLvi ZvcgvÎv- DËi: ‡mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW
DËi: 3000-35000 †m. 30. Lvevi †mvWvi ev †ewKs ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ Kx?
18. wRiKb, †gvbvRvBU, weDUvBj cÖf…wZi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq- DËi: ‡mvwWqwg evBKv‡e©v‡bU ( NaHCO3 )

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 Lecture# 05 De Jure Academy
31. Kvco KvPvi †mvWvi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ Kx? 32. B‡j‡±ªv‡cøwUs Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: Av`ª© †mvwWqwg Kv‡e©v‡bU ( Na2CO3.10H2O) DËi: Zwor we‡kølY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi
cvZjv cÖ‡jc †`qv
33. me‡P‡q g~j¨evb avZz-
DËi: cøvwUbvg
34. †Kvb avZzi Dci AvNvZ Ki‡j kã nq bv?
DËi: A¨vw›Ugwb
35. Gcmg je‡Yi ivmvqwbK bvg-
DËi: g¨vM‡bwmqvg mvj‡dU
36. wm‡g‡›U wRcmvg †hvM Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi: `ªæZ RgvU †iva Kivi Rb¨
37. d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U AveiY _v‡K-
DËi:wmjfvi Av‡qvWvB‡Ui

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