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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Crime constitutes a wide spectrum of offenses, including homicide,

robbery, drug trafficking, theft, sexual assault, illegal entry, traffic violations,

and violations against the justice system (Ayano et al., 2024). A portion of

these offenses is committed by youth offenders, many of whom demonstrate

limited awareness or understanding of the law. This situation underscores the

importance of addressing the underlying factors contributing to juvenile

delinquency. Consequently, this study seeks to explore strategies to mitigate

youth involvement in serious crimes and ultimately contribute to the reduction

of overall crime rates.

Globally, youth homicide is a critical public health and criminological

concern, with approximately 193,000 deaths each year among individuals

aged 15 to 29, making it one of the leading causes of death in this group.

Between 2000 and 2019, homicide rates among youth declined worldwide;

however, the decrease was more pronounced in high-income countries than in

low- and middle-income nations. Beyond fatalities, many young people suffer

non-lethal violence-related injuries that frequently require hospitalization.

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Firearm-related incidents demonstrate a significantly higher fatality

rate compared to violence involving physical force or other weapons, such as

knives or blunt objects (World Health Organization, 2024).

The proposed amendment to lower the minimum age of criminal

responsibility in the Philippines has sparked significant debate. Advocates,

including President Duterte and key legislators, support reducing the age from

15 to 9, arguing that young offenders involved in theft and drug-related

activities must be held accountable and that the current Juvenile Justice and

Welfare Law lack sufficient punitive measures. Conversely, human rights

groups strongly oppose the proposal, citing empirical research from the social

sciences that attributes youth offending to emotional and psychological

immaturity. If also highlighted the Philippines’ legal obligation under the

Convention on the Rights of the Child to safeguard minors’ rights (Aguilar &

Gumiran, 2020).

This study explored the lived experiences of barangay officials in

handling youth-related crimes in Barangay Mayabon. It seeks to understand

the challenges they face, the methods they employ, and how these experiences

affect their personal and professional lives. The researchers expect that by the

end of the study, the statement of the problem would be addressed, and readers
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would gain a deeper understanding and knowledge of the experiences of

barangay officials in Barangay Mayabon in addressing youth-related crimes.

Theoretical Background

The study of Travis Hirschi’s Social Control Theory (1969), with the

support of two theories namely: Ronald Clarke’s Situational Crime Prevention

Theory (1980s) and the concept of Alertness to Crime Theory of Schneider

(2001).

Social Control Theory by Travis Hirschi (1969) stated that individuals

avoid engaging in criminal behavior due to the strength of their social bonds.

He emphasized that strong attachments, commitments, involvements, and

beliefs act as protective factors against delinquency. These elements

encourage individuals to remain law-abiding by investing in relationships and

responsibilities that they value. When these connections are weakened or

broken, the likelihood of deviant behavior increases. Therefore, conformity is

not automatic but is shaped by the presence of meaningful and effective social

ties.

In addition, Hirschi’s framework suggests that most individuals, even

when exposed to opportunities, refrain from committing crimes because of the

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restraining power of social bonds. The four elements attachment,

commitment, involvement, and belief serve as key mechanisms that

discourage deviant behavior. Each element provides a different layer of

protection, whether through personal relationships, obligations, or moral

values. Strong ties to family, school, and community reduce the likelihood of

delinquency, as these institutions reinforce conformity. Conversely, the

absence or weakening of such bonds increases the appeal of deviant actions

(Akers, 1997).

Moreover, Krohn and Massey (1980) highlighted that strong social

bonds cultivate a sense of social responsibility, thereby reducing the

likelihood of delinquency. Their findings showed that adolescents actively

involved in school activities and maintaining supportive relationships with

peers and family are less prone to deviant behavior. This perspective

reinforces Hirschi’s argument that social connections are essential in deterring

crime. By creating a network of positive influences, individuals are

encouraged to act in socially acceptable ways. In essence, social bonds

function as informal but powerful mechanisms of control.

Additionally, Costello and Laub (2020) emphasized that social bonds

evolve over the life course, and their strength can shape behavior at different
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stages of development. Life events such as marriage, stable employment, and

educational attainment strengthen social ties, thereby reducing the risk of

criminal activity. These milestones provide structure and purpose, anchoring

individuals to conventional lifestyles. On the other hand, the absence of these

opportunities can increase susceptibility to deviance. Their work underscores

the flexible and dynamic character of Hirschi’s theory.

Therefore, this study adopted a descriptive correlational research design

to examine the relationship between the social bonds of youth and their

inclination either toward delinquent behavior or conformity. The descriptive

component is deemed appropriate as it systematically presents the existing

conditions and characteristics of Barangay officials without manipulation of

variables. Furthermore, the correlational aspect facilitates the determination

of whether a significant association exists between the strength of social bonds

namely attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief and the likelihood

of deviant behavior. Rather than establishing direct causality, the research

design emphasized the identification of patterns and relationships among the

variables under investigation. Thus, the chosen design is considered suitable

for contextualizing Hirschi’s Social Control Theory within the lived

experiences of Barangay officials.

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Crime Prevention Theory, specifically Situational Crime Prevention,

was introduced by Ronald V. Clarke in the early 1980s. Clarke (1980) argued

that crime occurs when opportunities exist and individuals make rational

choices by weighing risks against rewards. To prevent crime, it is necessary

to modify the immediate environment by reducing opportunities, raising the

risks for offenders, and lowering the potential benefits of offending. This

perspective marked a shift in criminology from focusing only on offender

rehabilitation to also considering environmental factors. Ultimately,

Situational Crime Prevention highlighted how manipulating situational

conditions can effectively deter criminal behavior.

Furthermore, Cornish and Clarke (1986) expanded the Rational Choice

Perspective, asserting that offenders make deliberate decisions by weighing

potential costs and benefits before committing a crime. They emphasized that

preventive measures such as enhanced lighting, surveillance systems, and

access controls can shape these choices by raising the perceived risks of

offending. Such strategies do not eliminate the desire to commit crime but

instead reduce the practicality of carrying it out. This viewed underscores the

importance of situational factors in shaping criminal behavior. Consequently,

Rational Choice Theory reinforces the principles of Situational Crime

Prevention by focusing on offender decision-making.

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In addition, Felson and Cohen (1979) introduced the Routine Activity

Theory, which explained that crime occurs when three elements coincide: a

motivated offender, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian. This

framework complements Clarke’s work by emphasizing how daily routines

and environmental settings create opportunities for crime. It highlighted that

the structure of routine activities in society significantly shapes the likelihood

of criminal events. Preventive strategies such as community watch programs

and strengthened guardianship can reduce these opportunities. Thus,

modifying situational factors can effectively disrupt the convergence of

conditions that foster crime.

Moreover, Clarke and Weisburd (1994) extended the situational crime

prevention framework by introducing the idea of diffusion of crime control

benefits, in which preventive measures reduce crime beyond their intended

targets. They also acknowledged the possibility of displacement, where crime

may shift to other areas instead of being eliminated. However, Guerette and

Bowers (2009) found that displacement occurred less frequently than

assumed, appearing in only about 26% of cases. In contrast, diffusion of

benefits was observed in 27% of cases, suggesting that interventions often

have wider positive effects. These findings indicated that situational strategies

generally provided net advantages for communities.

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Grounded in Crime Prevention Theory, it is posited that Barangay

officials recognized the critical role of modifying environmental conditions

such as strengthening surveillance and reinforcing guardianship in reducing

opportunities for youth-related offenses. Their perspectives are anticipated to

revealed that preventive strategies not only deter delinquent behavior but also

contribute to the establishment of safer and more secure community settings.

Furthermore, it is expected that Barangay officials would identify both the

challenges associated with potential crime displacement and the advantages

derived from the diffusion of preventive measures. Within this framework,

their insights are projected to underscore the dual outcomes that emerged

when situational crime prevention is implemented in real-world contexts.

Ultimately, the views of Barangay officials are presumed to validate the

practical relevance of situational crime prevention in mitigating youth

delinquency.

Alertness to Crime Theory by Schneider (2001), stated that developing

nations often display increased alertness to crime, leading citizens to report

more incidents and demand stronger law enforcement responses. Alertness is

framed not as passive awareness but as an active societal reaction that shapes

crime-reporting patterns. Schneider explains that this dynamic

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emerged from modernization, as evolving societies heightened public

expectations of policing. This connection demonstrated how social

development fosters greater civic engagement with issues of crime.

Consequently, modernization becomes closely tied to stronger scrutiny and

pressured on police institutions.

In addition, Brainly contributors (2023) emphasized that media exposure

and public perception play a key role in shaping how communities respond to

crime. They noted that greater alertness often leads individuals to adopt

protective behaviors, such as installing security systems or avoiding unsafe

areas. This demonstrated how awareness of crime risked can be transformed

into practical, everyday actions. Such proactive responses highlighted that

alertness functions not only within society as a whole but also at the personal

level. Hence, alertness emerged as both a perceptual understanding and a

behavioral reaction to perceived threats.

Moreover, Cohen and Felson (1979), through their Routine Activity

Theory, explained that everyday routines shape opportunities for crime. When

individuals are more alert, they often adjust their behaviors by choosing safer

routes, engaging in community surveillance, or avoiding risky settings. Such

adjustments enhance guardianship and decrease the chances for offending.

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This illustrated how alertness works in tandem with situational

conditions to shape crime patterns. In this way, vigilance acts as a behavioral

catalyst within the broader environmental framework of criminology.

Furthermore, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

(CPTED) reinforces the role of alertness by stressing the importance of natural

surveillance. Strategies such as improved lighting, open visibility, and

environmental design features communicate to offenders that they are being

watched, thereby encouraging community vigilance. From a sociological

perspective, social control theories suggested that when individuals perceived

heightened risk, they often endorse stronger institutional measures and stricter

social norms. In this way, alertness legitimizes both expanded policing

authority and broader social regulation. Collectively, these perspectives

demonstrated that alertness enhances environmental strategies as well as

normative responses to crime.

Therefore, it is assumed that the participants’ awareness of crime

influences the way they respond to incidents in their community. Their lived

experiences are expected to show that heightened vigilance encourages them

to report offenses and cooperate with law enforcement. This alertness is also

assumed to guide their adoption of protective behaviors, such as monitoring

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their surroundings and supporting community initiatives. Furthermore, their

perspectives may reflect how modernization and media exposure shape their

sensitivity to crime and expectations of policing. Thus, participants’

experiences are anticipated to confirm that alertness functions as both a

personal safeguard and a collective strategy in crime prevention.

This section presents a review of related literature with an overview of

existing studies on youth-related crimes and the approaches used in

community-based crime prevention. Growing concerns about juvenile

delinquency in recent years have led to numerous local and international

investigations examining its root causes, impacts, and interventions. In the

Philippine setting, barangay officials serve as key figures in managing these

issues through conflict resolution, rehabilitation initiatives, and preventive

measures. Reviewing prior research provides valuable insights into the link

between theoretical perspectives and practical applications, highlighting both

successful strategies and challenges in implementation. This background

established the relevance of the present study, which centers on the lived

experiences of barangay officials in addressing youth-related crimes.

Community Factors Adolescence is a short but crucial stage between

childhood and adulthood, marked by curiosity, risk-taking, and

experimentation. During this period, young people begin shaping their

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identity, seeking independence, and renegotiating relationships with parents,

peers, and society. Compared to adults, adolescents often struggle with self-

regulation in emotionally charged situations and are more vulnerable to peer

pressured and immediate rewards. They also face challenged in making

decisions that required long-term thinking and future orientation (Bonnie et

al., 2012).

Additionally, Juvenile justice policies have developed to balance

accountability and rehabilitation for youth offenders. However, stereotypes

like the “super-predator” shaped harsher societal views, often leading to

tougher measures such as transferring juveniles to adult courts or sentencing

them to life without parole (Greene et al., 2017). The research also shows that

involvement in the juvenile justice system, particularly through residential

services, increases the likelihood of adult criminality. This highlighted the

long-term consequences of punitive approaches within the juvenile justice

system (Copeland et al., 2022).

Moreover, According to the Asian Institute of Research (2023), the youth

sector plays a vital role in society as drivers of social change. However, out

of school youth face declining civic engagement, often linked to apathy and

limited
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opportunities to exercise their agency. With the rised of the 4th Industrial

Revolution, new platforms for civic engagement have emerged, shaped by

both internal and external factors. This study explores the types of civic

engagement Filipino out-of-school youth participate in, the influences on their

involvement, and how they perceived its significance.

Furthermore, the study examined the impact of a community policing

program on public trust, safety perceptions, and crime outcomes.

Implemented under the “One Sorsogon” project, the first phase focused on

citizen engagement, information-sharing, and promoting an SMS tips hotline.

The second phase introduced problem-oriented policing teams, with varying

compositions and accountability structures, to address village-specific issues.

Surveys and administrative data were used to assess changes in trust,

legitimacy, victimization, and crime rates across program and comparison

villages (Haim et al., 2018).

Subsequently the study investigated public safety challenges and the

partnership between Barangay Public Safety Officers and the NCRPO to

improved community collaboration in the National Capital Region. Using a

descriptive-correlational design with surveys from 90 respondents, it analyzed

the link between challenges and the effectiveness of safety measures. Results

showed
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high effectiveness supported by strong police service, local executive backing,

and community partnerships, though challenges in engagement,

organizational support, and policing strategies remain. The findings

highlighted that these challenges directly affect safety outcomes, stressing the

need for policy improvements to strengthened police-community

collaboration (Villafuerte, 2025).

Finally, According to Llanto et al. (2024), effective policing depends on

strong police-community relations and accountability. While collaboration

promotes safety and trust, lapses in accountability can weakened these

partnerships. In the Philippines, although laws were established to ensure

accountability within the PNP, shortcomings have diminished public

confidence. Despite ongoing reforms and programs, accountability remains

the cornerstone for rebuilding trust and strengthening community relations.

Family Factors (Parenting, Supervision, Household Socioeconomic

Status)

According to Rooney et al., (2024), youth crime has far-reaching

consequences that go beyond individual health, affecting families,

communities, and society as a whole. It leads to higher healthcare costs,

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reduced quality of life, decreased community safety, heightened fear, and

increased economic burdens linked to the criminal justice system.

Contributing factors included family dysfunction, exposure to abuse or

violence, substance misused, and socioeconomic inequalities. These

complexities underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies that

address both immediate risks and the root causes of youth offending.

Alampay and Librojo (2010), emphasized that parental and peer factors

significantly shape delinquent behavior among Filipino high school students,

with adolescent self-regulation acting as a key mediator. Their findings

showed that power-assertive discipline and peer delinquency increased

delinquent behavior and weakened self-regulation. In contrast, inductive

discipline and parental nurturance reduced delinquency and strengthened self-

regulation. Mediation analysis revealed that self-regulation fully mediated the

effects of parental practices and partially mediated the influence of peer

delinquency.

Individual / Mental Health / Psychological Factors

Mulvey et al. (2010) emphasized that substance use and offending

among adolescents are closely connected, creating significant challenges for

juvenile
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justice interventions. Many young offenders struggle with drug or alcohol

issues, and their criminal behavior often stems from this involvement.

Understanding the interplay between substance use and delinquency is

essential for designing effective prevention and treatment programs. Early and

well-timed interventions can disrupt the cycle and prevent long-term patterns

of substance abuse and crime.

Many juvenile offenders also experienced victimization and present with

complex needs, highlighting the importance of a public health approach that

balances welfare and justice perspectives. Despite this, numerous countries

still lack adequate legal frameworks and a specialized workforce to effectively

address these issues. In contrast, high income nations such as the UK have

developed forensic child and adolescent psychiatry, which integrates legal,

psychiatric, and developmental expertise. Evidence shows that this

therapeutic and evidence-based model is more effective in reducing

recidivism than punitive strategies commonly used in other contexts (Scotts

& Young, 2017).

Mendel (2023) argued that although youth incarceration rates have

dropped over the past 20 years, far too many young people are still confined.

Research shows incarceration is ineffective in reducing delinquency or

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improving public safety. Instead, it harms youths’ health, education, and

future opportunities while exposing them to potential abuse. Furthermore,

confinement practices reflect deep racial and ethnic disparities, underscoring

the need for alternatives to incarceration.

As cited by Underwood and Washington (2016), the prevalence of

mental disorders among youth in the juvenile justice system is considerably

higher than in the general adolescent population. Estimates indicate that

between 50% and 75% of the 2 million youth who come into contact with the

system meet the criteria for mental health disorder. Studies further show that

40–80% of incarcerated juveniles are diagnosed with at least one disorder,

with two-thirds of males and three quarters of females in detention facilities

meeting this condition. Moreover, approximately one-tenth of these youth

also meet the criteria for a substance use disorder, underscoring the strong link

between mental health challenges and substance use among juvenile

offenders.

Church et al. (2017) highlighted that many young offenders are also

victims with complex needs, requiring a public health approach that balances

welfare and justice models. Globally, however, inadequate legal frameworks

and the lack of a specialized workforce hinder effective interventions. In

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response, high income countries such as the UK have established forensic

child and adolescent psychiatry, which integrates legal, psychiatric, and

developmental perspectives. This discipline’s evidence based therapeutic

interventions have been shown to reduce recidivism more effectively than

punitive measures, making it a superior approach to addressing juvenile

delinquency.

Additionally, it has become clear in recent years that, even though

detention and jail may be required for a small percentage of young people,

they typically have more negative outcomes, such as recidivism and

continuous criminal activity. Even for young people who commit violent and

major crimes, community-based options have been shown to be more

effective in rehabilitating them from an economic and long-term benefit

perspective. In order to address the interconnected needs of every single

young person, an integrated system of care which includes education, child

protection, juvenile justice, and mental health must work together to intervene

in juvenile cases. Regardless of their diagnoses, young people who enter the

juvenile court system need varying degrees of assistance. Therefore,

rehabilitation requires extensive screening and evaluation procedure along

with a variety of therapy options (Underwood & Washington, 2016).

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Moreover, the beginning of adolescence until the middle of their

twenties, adolescents develop the cognitive control skills necessary to prevent

risk taking behaviors. During this time, exploration and risk taking are normal

developmental processes. It suggests environmental influences can influence

risk trajectories and youth development. Positive developmental paths are

linked to exposure to positive elements, such as supportive relationships and

positive role models. Negative influences, including toxic stress from abuse

and neglect, can make it harder for young people to control their emotions and

impulses and place them on risky paths.

Peer Pressure (Substance Use / Peer Influence / Peer Group Factors)

Laursen and Veenstra (2021) emphasized that peer influence is a

powerful force during adolescence, shaping both positive and negative

behaviors. Through the Influence Compatibility Model, they explain how peer

influence fosters affiliate similarity, which strengthens group belonging and

social integration. These developmental processes not only promote

interpersonal compatibility but also minimize differences that could otherwise

lead to social exclusion. Such findings underscore the importance of

addressing peer dynamics in adolescent development research, as they play a

critical role in shaping long-term social and behavioral outcomes.

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Risk-taking behavior, often observed during adolescence, involves

engagement in potentially harmful activities such as drug use, alcohol abuse,

and minor criminal acts, which have been linked to severe developmental and

health consequences. The research highlighted that peer victimization,

defined as bullying or aggression from peers, significantly contributes to such

behaviors, as adolescents are highly sensitive to peer rejection and feedback.

Guided by social bonding theory, studies reveal that victimization weakens

adolescents’ social ties, making them more vulnerable to engaging in

substance use, aggression, and gambling. Recent findings suggested that self-

control may mediate this relationship while positive parenting could moderate

it, pointing to important avenues for effective intervention strategies (Chen et

al., 2021).

This study explored personal and interpersonal factors linked to

substance use among adolescents in six ASEAN low- and middle-income

countries, analyzing data from 57,825 participants in the Global School-based

Student Health Survey. Findings revealed a high prevalence of alcohol,

smoking, and drug use, particularly in Thailand, Laos, and the Philippines.

Risk was greater among older adolescents, boys, those who experienced

bullying, lacked close friends, or reported frequent worry and loneliness. The

study underscores the urgent need for stronger interventions, policies, and
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professional support to address adolescent substance use in these countries

(Essau et al., 2021).

According to Pengpid et al. (2025), one in seven Filipino adolescents

reported current illicit drug use in 2019. Strong parental and peer support, as

well as drug education, were found to reduce the likelihood of drug use. In

contrast, psychological distress, exposure to drugs, alcohol consumption, and

interpersonal violence were linked to higher risks of use. The authors

emphasize that school and community programs should focus on lessening

psychosocial stressors, strengthening protective factors, and enhancing

curriculum-based drug education in the Philippines.

Laursen and Veenstra (2021), highlighted how peer influence plays a

powerful role in adolescence, shaping both positive and negative behaviors.

Their Influenced Compatibility Model suggests that early adolescence is a

period of heightened conformity, which increases similarity among peers.

This process supports the development of friendships, group integration, and

social harmony. At the same time, it reduces differences that could otherwise

lead to exclusion or rejection.

Firstly, according to the presented studys findings, peer and family

pressure are important factors that increase the probability that younger
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people may commit crimes. Also, the current study suggested that parents

should get to know their children's friends and the individuals in their

immediate surroundings, even with boundaries. In order to better understand

their children, parents are encouraged to spend time with them each day. This

is because they are closer to their parents. The importance of guidance and

counseling for parents, teenagers, and educators is also suggested by this

study. Additionally, it suggests that policymakers assess the efficiency of

current modules or regulations in order to deter future criminal activity by

young inmates (Ismail et al., 2022).

Additionally, Peer violence perpetration and victimization are the most

common types of violence among youth. It determined the associations among

violent attitudes toward peers, involvement in peer violence perpetration, and

experience with peer violence victimization among boys and girls in a high-

risk, urban community. Analyses were based on data from the 2004 Youth

Violence Survey, which public-school to over 80% of public-school students

in grades 7, 9, 11, and 12 (N = 4,131) in a disadvantaged, urban, school district

in the USA. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the

associations between attitudes in support of violence and involvement in

violent behaviors (Sterling et al., 2011).

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Moreover, with a 21 lesson classroom based intervention to promote

healthy relationships and reduce harmful and health risk behaviors in

adolescents, this study looks at peer resistance abilities. In order to help

students deal with difficult peer and dating situations, The Fourth R teaches

them positive relationship skills including delay and negotiations. Peer

resistance skill acquisition after the intervention was evaluated using

observational data from 196 grade 9 students taking part in a larger cluster

randomized controlled trial. During a role-playing exercise with senior

student actors, student pairs experienced increasing peer pressure to comply

with requests related to drug and alcohol use, bullying, and sexual activity

(Wolfe et al., 2012).

Poverty Factors

As cited by McCrea et al. (2019) one pressing social issue that has to be

addressed is the epidemic of community violence that plagues young people

in communities of color in the United States that have high rates of poverty.

This research summarizes on the causes of youth violence and prevention

measures, including theoretical, case study contributions and randomized

controlled trials. The research that is now available suggests that there are

several levels of social systems at play in the complicated causes of teenage

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violence. The numerous injustices that young people in high-poverty, high-

crime areas of color face are thus often unaddressed by single-factor initiatives

and policies designed for other populations. Thus, we create a multi-systemic,

developmental, and dignity-restoring perspective for young people.

In addition, Youths are attracted to criminal activities because of poverty

(Nahuel et al., 2022). Some unfortunate teenagers attempted to commit

something against the law because of the lack of opportunity. They used to

rob or snatch valuable things to get money and buy what they needed. Since

they lack knowledge, they don’t know the law at all. And that is the cause why

lot of teenagers cause chaos in the society.

Moreover, Racial differences in poverty and family disruption are so

strong that the "worst" urban settings where white people live are significantly

better than the average situation in black communities. The social distribution

of violent crime, the proportion of violent crime among socioeconomic status,

race, and ethnicity categories does not explain victimization or offending

instead, it requires an explanation. Violent crimes are different from violence

and aggression because they are illegal under the law, but they cover a wide

range of specific behaviors and are closely connected to many other types of

behaviors and human conditions. On the other hand, there have been regular
 25

and significant changes in the ethnic backgrounds of violent crime victims

and offender (Short, 2018).

Also, there are 15.5 million children living in poverty in the US. The

chances that children will remain poor as adults increases with the amount of

time they spend living in poverty. A number of reasons, including unsatisfied

basic necessities, limited access to high-quality education, and problems with

unemployment and underemployment, contribute to the cycle of hereditary

and ongoing poverty. Young people living in poverty are therefore more likely

to have health issues, be exposed to and be impacted by crime, and perform

poorly in school. Improving the quality of early childhood education, giving

young people work experience, and providing extra learning opportunities

outside of the classroom are some of the best approaches for reducing poverty

(Ballard Brief, 2023).

Furthermore, the Capital of Papua New Guinea, has among of the highest

crime rates in the world. Employment opportunities are hard to come by, and

few young people work. The World Bank and the National Capital District

Commission collaborated to carry out the Urban Youth Employment Project

in 2013. The project provides two months of public works employment for

out-of-school and out of work kids, or six months of classroom and on the job
 26

training for academically suitable candidates. The control group is made up

of youth who are observably similar but live in locations that are not supported

by the program. Participants in the project had a lower likelihood of having a

best friend involved in criminal activity, hanging out with peers at night, and

having friends involved in fights or robberies (Ivaschenko et al., 2017).

As cited by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023). In the

Between 2010 and 2025, youth-related crimes linked to poverty have shown

fluctuating trends, with notable decreases in some regions due to targeted

intervention programs. Socioeconomic disparities remain a major driver of

youth involvement in criminal activities, particularly in low-income urban

areas. Programs focusing on education, job training, and mental health support

have been effective in reducing youth crime rates. Government and

community-based initiatives, especially those integrating youth

empowerment and poverty alleviation, have played a crucial role in

suppressing these crimes.

Poverty in urban Filipino communities, particularly in Metro Manila,

leaves around 20% of residents in informal settlements, exposing children to

heightened risks. Many are forced into extreme child labor, including

prostitution, street work, and even recruitment into armed groups, with an
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estimated 246,000 children living and working on the streets. These

vulnerable children are also frequent victims of violence, trafficking,

exploitation, and extrajudicial killings. In 2014, the Philippine National Police

documented 14,993 cases of Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL),

emphasizing their susceptibility to abuse during arrest and detention

(UNICEF Philippines, 2013).

This section presents a review of related studies wherein youth-related

offenses create serious obstacles to sustaining peace and security in local

communities, particularly at the barangay level where governance operates

closest to the people. In the Philippine context, barangay officials serve as

frontliners in crime prevention, tasked with handling conflicts, leading

intervention programs, and responding to concerns that contribute to juvenile

delinquency. Their lived experiences highlighted the difficulties of reducing

youth crimes, which are often influenced by intertwined social, psychological,

and environmental conditions. This shows how barangay leaders become

central figures in safeguarding communities against the risks posed by youth

involvement in crime.

To gain deeper insights into these realities, this review of related studies

considers previous research that identifies the roots and solutions to youth
 28

criminality. The focus includes community issues such as poverty, weak

institutions, and insufficient recreational opportunities; psychological

challenges that shape the decisions and behaviors of the youth; and the

influence of peer dynamics and substance use as common triggers of

delinquent behavior. Additionally, environmental conditions, including

family relationships and exposure to unsafe surroundings, are examined as

major risk factors. By drawing from both Philippine and international

literature, the review situates barangay officials’ perspectives within a wider

academic and practical framework, emphasizing the importance of their role

in minimizing youth-related offenses.

Spruit et al. (2016) emphasized the importance of the risk need

responsive model in assessing and rehabilitating offenders, highlighting the

need to target factors closely related to re-offending. Their study on 55

Filipino juvenile offenders in residential care revealed high risks of re-

offending, aggression, poor peer relationships, and delayed sociomoral

development. The results further showed that the psychological programs

provided were inadequate and poorly matched to the offenders’ needs. These

findings suggest that residential facilities must improve their interventions to

align with the principles of the risk need responsivity model.

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In the same way, Amodia et al. (2024) highlighted that delinquent

behavior among young people includes crimes against persons, property,

public order, and drug-related offenses, posing serious challenged to

communities. Their qualitative multiple cased study in Sitio Lotoban,

Philippines, examined the experiences of three delinquent teenagers shaped

by dysfunctional families. Findings revealed family related factors such as

broken homes, poor parenting, neglect, and peer influence, which contributed

to delinquent activities like theft, gambling, and use of counterfeit money. The

study further showed that these teenagers expressed mixed emotions,

including regret, fear, anger, and appreciation for friendship, supporting the

Strain Theory and Social Control Theory as explanations of delinquency.

Moreover, Manuel (2024) conducted a study on community involvement

in peace and order initiatives in Lower Quirino Hill, Baguio City. Using a

survey of 176 respondents, the study revealed that residents were highly aware

of visible activities such as curfew enforcement and barangay patrols but

showed lower awareness of less visible efforts like crime prevention seminars.

Results further indicated that residents were only slightly involved in peace

and order programs, with greater participation in peace promotion and

community cleanups compared to neighborhood watch programs and

seminars. The study concluded that limited information, weak community

 30

cohesion, and low trust in law enforcement hinder active participation, thus

highlighting the need for better communication, outreach, and trust-building

strategies.

Similarly, Roy and Yabut (2024) examined violence and peace

communication at the barangay level, focusing on Barangay Nagbunga in

Castillejos, Zambales. Using Johan Galtung’s Violence Triangle and Peace

Work Triangle, their study explored the experiences of barangay officials in

addressing both direct and indirect forms of violence through in depth

interviews and thematic analysis. Findings revealed recurring conflicts such

as domestic disputes, structural violence linked to poverty and land issues,

and cultural clashes over economic priorities. The study emphasized that weak

community cooperation hinders conflict resolution, underscoring the need for

trust-building, cultural sensitivity, skill development among officials, and

stronger community participation.

In addition, Solis (2024) assessed juvenile delinquency by examining

children below the age of criminal responsibility, repeated offenses,

exploitation in crimes, and parental responsibility, alongside barangay

prevention practices such as curfew enforcement, rehabilitation programs, and

youth engagement activities. The study revealed that juveniles are highly
 31

influenced by peer pressure, family dynamics, and socio-economic

conditions, emphasizing the importance of community-based strategies and

partnerships with NGOs. Findings showed no significant differences in

perceptions of juvenile delinquency based on sex and minimal variation

across age groups, with no correlation between respondents’ perceptions and

barangay prevention practices. The study recommended gender-sensitive

recruitment, multifaceted intervention and rehabilitation programs,

strengthened NGO collaborations, and expanded recreational, cultural, and

artistic activities to foster youth development and reduce delinquency.

Likewise, the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services (1988)

as cited in Franco (2025), emphasized that crime prevention programs are

only effective if the public is aware of crime threats and understands

prevention strategies. A study conducted in Barangay Bubukal, Sta. Cruz,

Laguna assessed the awareness of barangay officials and residents regarding

crimes and the effectiveness of information delivery. Findings revealed that

both groups lacked full awareness of crimes, particularly those outlined in the

Revised Penal Code, with the least awareness on crimes against national

security, public order, and the fundamental law of the state. The study further

highlighted that limited seminars, training, and focus-group discussions

 32

hindered public awareness, leading to the formulation of an action plan to

enhance community-based crime prevention initiatives.

Furthermore, Gutierrez and Shoemaker (2010) conducted a study among

633 public and private school students in Metro Manila to examined patterns

of delinquency. Results indicated that overall delinquency rates were higher

among males, though socioeconomic class showed no significant difference

in general prevalence. However, lower-class boys were more engaged in

violent and overt public offenses, while middle and upper-class students were

more involved in covert delinquency. Interestingly, upper class girls

consistently reported the highest rates of self-reported delinquent behavior

among females.

On the other hand, Artieda et al. (2024) examined community and police

awareness of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in

Bacolod City, Philippines. Using a descriptive comparative design, the study

surveyed 100 residents and 54 police officers, revealing that residents scored

lowest in awareness of natural access control, territorial reinforcement, and

maintenance, while police officers showed the lowest awareness in

maintenance and management. Significant differences in police awareness

were also observed based on age, sex, and length of service. The study

concluded that both groups required greater understanding of CPTED,

 33

recommending community information campaigns and refresher training for

police to strengthen proactive crime prevention strategies.

Additionally, Alos et al. (2024) conducted a qualitative descriptive study

on police-community relations in Baguio City, Philippines. Through

interviews with members of the Police Community Affairs and Development

Group (PCADG) and a barangay official, the study identified local

government support, community cooperation, and efficient communication as

crucial factors in fostering positive relations. Findings showed that improved

relations enhanced community participation as an oversight body, encouraged

proactive problem-solving, and reduced negative perceptions of the police.

The study emphasized that strengthening trust, collaboration, and

accountability between the police and the community contributes to

transparency and the creation of a safer, more just society.

Finally, Taganas (2025) examined the collaboration between Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in ensuring

community security in Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon. Using a phenomenological

design with twelve purposively selected participants, the study identified

themes such as collaborative synergy, trust-building, communication barriers,

and crime reduction. Findings highlighted that effective public safety

 34

outcomes rely on sustained partnerships, clear communication, and

coordinated efforts between BPATs, law enforcement, and the community.

The study recommended institutionalizing structured collaborative

frameworks to strengthen trust, improve coordination, and achieve sustainable

community security.

In summary, the reviewed studies collectively revealed that youth

delinquency is shaped by a complex interplay of psychological, social, and

environmental factors, while barangay officials serve as crucial agents in

community-based prevention and intervention. The research consistently

points to the influence of family dysfunction, peer pressure, and

socioeconomic challenges as key drivers of juvenile crime. At the same time,

the findings highlighted the gaps in community awareness, public

participation, and coordination with law enforcement, which limit the

effectiveness of existing crime prevention strategies. Thus, strengthening

partnerships between barangays, residents, police, and non-government

organizations emerges as a recurring recommendation across studies. Overall,

these insights underscore the importance of holistic, collaborative, and

culturally sensitive approaches in suppressing youth-related crimes and

sustaining peace at the grassroots level.

 35

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to explore the experiences of barangay officials in

youth-suppressing related crimes in Barangay Mayabon, Zamboanguita,

Negros Oriental Specifically, it sought answers to the following sub-

problems:

1. What are the experiences of the participants as Barangay officials?

2. How do the participants describe their challenges encountered as

Barangay officials?

3. How do the participants cope with their challenges as Barangay

officials?

4. What are the participants' aspirations in life?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study would benefit the following entities:

Barangay officials. The findings of this study was served as a practical

guide in developing more effective and sustainable interventions to prevent

youth involvement in criminal activities. It would also enhance their skills in

 36

conflict resolution and improve their capacity to implement community-based

preventive measures.

Local government unit (LGU). This study would served as a

foundation for crafting policies and ordinances that promote youth welfare,

social order, and public safety. Additionally, it can foster stronger

collaboration among government agencies, institutions, and communities in

implementing integrated crime prevention programs.

Philippine National Police (PNP). Law enforcement agencies,

particularly the Philippine National Police (PNP), the results can provide a

clearer understanding of barangay-level crime prevention efforts. The

findings can also served as a reference in formulating strategies and initiatives

that support barangay officials in maintaining peace and security within their

jurisdictions.

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). The

Department of the Interior and Local Government would greatly benefit from

this study for the reason that this research was contribute to assessing and

enhancing existing programs that empower barangay officials in crime

prevention, youth development, and peacekeeping activities.

Community. The findings in this study was served as a basis for

developing advocacy campaigns, outreach programs, and rehabilitation

 37

projects aimed at addressing the root causes of juvenile delinquency and

promoting positive youth development in community.

School. Especially those offering programs in criminology, public

administration, and social work, this study would serve as a valuable reference

material to deepen discussions on community safety, good governance, and

the role of local leaders in crime prevention.

The Researchers. The current researchers would benefit from the

study's findings. A deeper insight had resulted through expanding his

knowledge, talents, and skills, which he used to have a greater grasp of this

line of field like conducting a research on a particular phenomenon.

Future Researchers. Future researchers would significantly benefit

from the findings of this study since they possibly would use them as a model

for conducting related studies in the future.

National Youth Commission. This study would benefit the National

Youth Commission by providing evidence-based insights into how barangay

officials handle youth-related crimes, enabling the agency to develop more

effective policies, training programs, and interventions that strengthen youth

protection, rehabilitation, and community-based crime prevention efforts.

 38

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed a qualitative research design using transcendental

phenomenology, as developed by Edmund Husserl, and analyzed using

Colaizzi’s (1978) seven-step method. This design is appropriate because the

study seeks to understand and describe the lived experiences of barangay

officials in dealing with youth-related crimes within their communities.

Phenomenology allowed the researchers to explored how barangay

officials perceive, interpret, and make sense of their roles in suppressing youth

crimes, including their challenges, strategies, and reflections. By focusing on

the essence of their experiences, the study aims to capture the realities of

grassroots crime prevention, which cannot be measured through numbers

alone.

Research Environment

This study was be conducted in Barangay Mayabon, located in the

Municipality of Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental, Central Visayas,

Philippines. Barangay Mayabon is one of the ten barangays that make up the

municipality of Zamboanguita. According to the 2020 Census of Population

and Housing, it has a total population of approximately 7,612 residents,

making it the most populous barangay in the municipality and accounting for
 39

about 25.74% of Zamboanguita’s total population. Based on the 2015 census,

there were around 1,687 households, with an average household size of 4.08

people. The barangay is situated at an elevation of around 12.2 meters above

sea level, consisting of a mix of plains, coastal areas, and upland zones that

contribute to its agricultural and marine-based livelihood.

Barangay Mayabon is subdivided into 26 sitios or smaller communities,

including Kapandis, Salngan, Upper Mayabon, Proper Mayabon, and Cab-cab

Daku. It is known for its diverse economic activities, where most residents

engage in farming, cultivating crops such as rice, sugarcane, and corn. Others

are involved in fishing, pottery making, and working as laborers in nearby

agricultural estates or haciendas. The barangay’s economy is sustained by

both its fertile lands and coastal resources, making it a vibrant yet humble

rural community. Despite its agricultural productivity and peaceful setting,

Barangay Mayabon also faces certain social challenges, including cases

involving youth-related offenses such as minor altercations, truancy, and

involvement in petty crimes issues that the local government and community

leaders actively address through preventive programs and youth engagement

activities.

The barangay officials, led by the Punong Barangay and supported by

the Sangguniang Barangay, Barangay Tanods, and the Sangguniang Kabataan

 40

(SK), play a vital role in maintaining peace and order and implementing

initiatives aimed at promoting youth development. They conduct outreach

programs, livelihood training, and sports activities designed to keep young

individuals engaged in positive pursuits and away from delinquent behavior.

By conducting this study in Barangay Mayabon, the researchers aimed

to explore the lived experiences of barangay officials who are directly

involved in suppressing youth-related crimes, as well as to understand how

local governance, community participation, and environmental context

influence their approaches and strategies. The setting of Barangay Mayabon,

with its rural character, active barangay leadership, and youth-centered

initiatives, provides a meaningful and realistic environment for understanding

how grassroots officials manage the complex task of youth crime prevention

and intervention within their community.

Research Participants

The participants of this study where be barangay officials who play direct

roles in peacekeeping and youth crime suppression, such as: (1) Punong

Barangay (Barangay Captain), (2) Barangay Kagawad on Peace and Order or

Youth Affairs, (2) Community Peace Officer, (2) SK Chairperson

(Sangguniang Kabataan).
 41

A total of 7 participants would be chosen through purposive sampling

because they possess firsthand experience in addressing youth-related crimes.

The inclusion criteria are: (1) Must be an active barangay official for at least

one (1) year, (2) Must have experience handling or responding to youth-

related offenses. (3) Must be willing to share their experiences voluntarily.

Selecting these key informants ensures that data comes from those who

directly implement interventions and witness the realities of youth crime at

the community level.

Research Instrument

The researchers applied a semi-structured interview guide, validated by

experts in criminology and research for this study. As for the interview guide's

content, it was divided into four parts: parts one (1), two (2), three (3), and

four (4). Part one (1) of the IG dealt with the informants' experiences as

barangay officials; part two (2) dealt on the informants’ description of their

challenges as barangay officials; part three (3) dealt with their coping

strategies as barangay officials; and part four (4) dealt with their aspirations

in life.
 42

An audio recorder and field notes would be used to accurately document

responses, while an informed consent form would ensure participants’

voluntary and ethical participation.

Research Procedures

Before conducting the formal data collection, the researchers would first

obtain approval from the research adviser, the ethics review committee, and

the barangay authorities of Barangay Mayabon, Zamboanguita, Negros

Oriental. Once the necessary permissions are granted, the researchers would

carry out an initial coordination visit to explain the purpose of the study and

identify qualified participants based on the established inclusion criteria.

Those who agree to participate would be given an informed consent form

detailing the study’s objectives, procedures, and ethical considerations,

including confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at

any point.

After consent is obtained, the researchers would schedule individual

semi-structured interviews at a time and place most convenient for each

participant to ensure comfort and privacy. Allowing participants to share their

experiences, challenges, and strategies in suppressing youth-related crimes

within their barangay. With the participants’ permission, an audio recorder

 43

would be used to capture responses accurately, while field notes would

document non-verbal cues, tone, and other contextual observations. Follow-

up questions would be asked to clarify or expand on their answers.

The researchers would remain objective, using bracketing to set aside

personal biases as a criminology graduate, ensuring that the data reflects the

participants’ authentic voices and perspectives.

Data Collection. After obtaining approval from the research adviser,

ethics committee, and barangay authorities, the researchers would begin the

data collection phase. The main method of data gathering would be semi-

structured, in-depth interviews with selected barangay officials who are

actively engaged in youth crime prevention and intervention efforts. Before

each interview, the researchers would clearly explain the study’s purpose,

ensure the participants’ confidentiality, and secure their informed consent.

Interviewed would be conducted either face-to-face or through online

platforms, depending on the participants’ availability and convenience. Each

session would last approximately 8 to 15 minutes, providing ample time for

participants to share their personal experiences, challenges, and strategies in

addressing youth-related crimes within their communities. With the

participants’ permission, an audio recorder would be used to capture accurate

 44

information, while field notes would document non-verbal cues and

contextual observations. Follow-up or probing questions may also be asked to

clarify responses and obtain deeper insights.

Following each interview, the researchers would transcribe the

recordings verbatim and review them carefully to ensure completeness and

accuracy. All collected materials including audio files, transcripts, and notes

would be securely stored and kept confidential. Through this structured

process, the researchers aim to obtain rich, meaningful narratives that

authentically represent the lived experiences of barangay officials in their

efforts to suppress youth-related crimes.

Data Analysis. The data collected from the in-depth interviews with

barangay officials would be examined using Colaizzi’s (1978) descriptive

phenomenological method, which is appropriate for exploring and

understanding lived experiences. Once all interviews are conducted and

transcribed, the researchers would thoroughly read and re-read the transcripts

to fully comprehend the officials’ experiences in addressing youth-related

crimes. Important statements that revealed their roles, challenges, and

strategies in managing youth offenses would be identified and extracted.

These statements would then be analyzed to develop meanings that accurately

reflect the participants’ real-life experiences and viewpoints.

 45

To maintain accuracy and reliability, the researchers would perform

member checking by sharing the summarized findings with the participants

for validation. Any feedback or additional insights from them would be

integrated into the final analysis. Through this structured approach, the study

seeks to provide an authentic and thorough understanding of how barangay

officials perceive and carry out their roles in suppressing youth-related crimes

within their communities.

Bracketing and Reflexivity. In conducting this research, the researchers

students that their background and experiences as a criminology graduate may

affect how data are interpreted and how participants’ narratives are

understood. To minimized such influence, the researchers would employ

bracketing a process of setting aside personal beliefs, assumptions, and prior

knowledge related to youth crimes and barangay operations.

This approach ensures that the analysis remains centered on the

participants’ genuine experiences rather than being shaped by the researchers’

own perspectives. Additionally, reflexivity would be maintained through the

use of a reflexive journal, where the researchers would document thoughts,

emotions, decisions, and possible biases that arise throughout the study.
 46

This reflective practice promotes ongoing self-awareness and critical

evaluation of how the researchers background may influence interpretations.

By integrating bracketing and reflexivity, the researchers aimed to uphold

neutrality, ensure transparency, and deliver findings that truthfully represent

the authentic voices and lived experiences of barangay officials in addressing

youth-related crimes in their communities.

Ethical Considerations. To safeguard the protection, dignity, and rights

of all participants, this study would strictly follow the ethical principles of

qualitative research. Before collecting any data, the researchers would secure

approval from the institutional ethics review committee and obtain

authorization from the relevant barangay officials. Each participant would be

thoroughly informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, possible risks,

and benefits through an informed consent form written in clear and simple

language. Participation would be completely voluntary, and participants may

withdraw from the study at any point without any negative consequences.

Throughout the interview process, the researchers would uphold respect,

sensitivity, and professionalism, recognizing that some discussions may

involve personal or sensitive topics concerning youth crimes. Confidentiality

would be ensured by assigning codes or pseudonyms instead of real names,

and all recordings, transcripts, and notes would be securely stored and
 47

accessible only to the researchers and advisers. The gathered data would be

used solely for academic purposes and would not be shared with any

unauthorized individuals or institutions.

To maintain objectivity and avoid bias or misinterpretation, the

researchers would present all findings honestly and accurately, ensuring that

the voices and experiences of barangay officials are faithfully represented. By

adhering to these measures, the study aimed to uphold the ethical principles

of respect, beneficence, justice, and confidentiality preserving the integrity

and credibility of the entire research process.

Trustworthiness. To ensure the study’s credibility and reliability, the

researchers would adopt Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) framework of

trustworthiness, which encompasses credibility, transferability,

dependability, and confirmability.

Credibility. This would be achieved through sustained engagement with

participants, precise transcription of their responses, and checking where

participants would review and validate the findings to ensure their experiences

are accurately reflected.

Transferability. This would be established by offering comprehensive

descriptions of the research setting, participants, and procedures, enabling

 48

other researchers to assess the applicability of the findings to different

contexts.

Dependability. This would be ensured by maintaining consistent data

collection and analysis processes, particularly through the structured

application of Colaizzi’s phenomenological method, guaranteeing the

stability and coherence of the results.

Confirmability. This would be supported by maintaining an audit trail of

notes, recordings, and documents, along with a reflexive journal to track the

researcher’s thoughts and potential biases throughout the study.

By observing these four criteria, the researchers ensure transparency,

consistency, and objectivity, thereby strengthening the trust worthiness of the

study and presenting findings that genuinely captured the lived experiences of

barangay officials in addressing youth-related crimes.

 49

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The terms below have been operationally defined by the researchers for

easier comprehension of this study.

Aspiration of Barangay Official. Refers to the personal and

professional goals or ambitions that the participants aimed to achieve in their

personal lives. These may include career advancement, acquire additional

skills and maintain personal well-being or achieve a better work-life balance.

Experiences of Barangay Official. Refers to the personal life events

and professional encounter that the participants undergo while performing

their duties as a barangay official. These experiences include handling distress

environment like more teenager who violate laws and the parents of teenagers

who can't understand the situation there work of line is very crucial to our

community to reduce the teenager who violate laws.

Challenges Encounter of Barangay Official. Refers to the different

difficulties and obstacles encountered by the participants in the course of their

work. These may include emotional stress from interacting with stress

teenagers who violate laws, Parents who can't understand, exposure to

traumatic events and difficulties in maintaining work-life balance.

 50

Coping Strategies of Barangay Official. This describes the

participants who can adapt to the professional and challenges they face in their

role. Its deliberate methods, techniques or approach employed by the

participants in their work. The example is the support system from the

colleagues, using stress relief techniques and engaging in personal reflection

and self-care practices.

 51

CHAPTER 2
PRESENTAION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter describes the presentation and analysis of data gathering

that aimed to learn about the lived experiences of the participants as

barangay officials, including how they described their challenges,

coped strategies, and to be enlightened about their aspirations.

Presentation of Data

To deal with the descriptions of the participants' experiences, all of the

recorded statements from the participants were read and examined

numerous times. The significant statements were taken directly from the

participants' transcripts that related to the study's phenomena.

Several procedures were arranged before sorting into emerging themes.

Formulated meanings were generated from the significant statements and

ordered to produce the meanings.

Cluster themes were gathered and classified into emergent themes. As a

result, the findings provided a thorough and rich account of the informants'

personal experiences.

Emergent Themes

Fifty-six (56) formulated core meanings were created from significant

statements. Seventeen (17) cluster themes from the Fifty-six (56) stated core
 52

meanings were found, reorganized, and classified into eight (8) emergent

themes. The emergent themes were classified with overarching themes as

experiences of participants as Barangay officials, description of challenges

as Barangay officials, coping strategies, and life aspirations.

The emergent themes formed from the life stories the participants'

challenges as Barangay officials were presented and described below.

I. Experiences of Barangay officials

From the responses of the participants, two themes related to their

experiences as Barangay officials have emerged. The following themes are:

1. Guiding the Future Shine. The theme encompassed the experiences

of the participants who were supporting and guiding the youth. Indeed,

participant 1 displayed her proper emotion when she gave her response to

the question, which was closely linked to his experiences of being Barangay

officials in handling youth offender, when he said:

Una isip usa ka barangay opisyal ang pagpugong sa krimen nga kalambigit
sa mga batan-on, una disciplina sa ginikanan, ikaduha bason laman
madungog ang amo problema dri labi na dri barangaya ang number 1 mag
gikan sa problema ang drugs basun madungog na sa atong ahensya sa
goberno sa ma sa kapulisan, ma control nila ang drugs kay sa akong
paminaw ni kalat ang drugs bisag dri sa atong Barangay Mayabon. (First,
as a barangay official, preventing crime involving young people, first,
disciplining parents, second, because we can only hear the problem here,
especially in this barangay, the number 1 problem is drugs, so our
government agencies, like the police, can control drugs because from what
I hear, drugs are rampant even in our Barangay Mayabon.) IDI1:SS1
 53

In addition, the participants committed to guide the youth through action

we see here that participant 2 expressed by stating that, “Kabahin sa mga

batan-on naa gani problema kabahin mga bata mo ari gud na sila diri amo

gud na tagaan ug aksyon kung unsang Balaod sa Pag proteksyon sa mga

bata, mao nay among himoon dri (IDI2:SS9).” (As for the youth, there are

problems, as for the children, they are really here, we will take action on

what the Child Protection Law is, that's what we will do here.)

Lastly, Young people are at a stage where guidance and support from

their parents are essential by making positive choices, the participants 7

know it should be the Parents duty to guide the youth, that time when he said

that:

Ang mga bantan-on na dili mo buhat ug dili maayo kay tungod kay mga
batan-on pa sila so naa silay sakto na guidances sa mga ginikanan muna
nga ang atong barangay mayabon dili gud kaayu nalambigit kayo sa ahh
rampant na criminalidad ilabi na sa kabatan-onan. (Young people, don't
do bad things because they are still young, so they have the right guidance
from their parents first, so that our barangay is not very good, you are
involved in rampant criminality, especially among the youth.) FGD4:SS28

2. Youth Rise Above Darkness. Youth have the power to turn struggles

into hope. Through their actions, talents, and courage, they create positive

change even in difficult times. In doing so, young people become a source

of light, helping build a better future for themselves and others, the
 54

participant 3 stating that, “Actually, dli lalim no sa mga batan-onan actually

ang mga youth is dapat wala sa ingana nga butang, naa unta na ron sila sa

eskwelahan para pag andam sa ilang future (IDI3:SS18).” (So actually, it's

not deep for the youth, actually the youth should not be in that kind of thing,

they should be in school to prepare for their future.)

Subsequently, many young people can still change and be guided away

from wrongdoing. That their mindset is still open, allowing them to stop and

make better choices early on, as participant 6 said, “Ako pong dakong

kalipay na mintras bata pa sila masumpo na mga ilang nahuman munang

dako pud pasalamat na mintras wala pa sila na hantung bata pa ilang pang-

isip na kuan nana napundo ilang pag himo ug crimen (FGD3:SS31).” (I am

very happy because they are still young and they can be stopped. I am also

very grateful because they are not yet young and their minds are ready to

stop to commit crimes.)

Finally, when participant 7 talked about the solution involving the

youth on how to guide them to become best version of themselves, he stated

that:

So maayung buntag again, kanang sa akoang experinsya ako dako nako

gani murag ah kuan nimo kanang dako natong garbo nga kanang naay mga
crimen nga ingkaso naay mga crimen labi na nalambigit ang mga kabatan-
onan na mga kahatag ta ug solosyon kay tungod kay kani sila mga kabatan-
 55

onan mao man gud na pag-asa ng bayan so mao na nga dapat gud sila sa
ingon nako sauna na dapat gud sila naay maayu giya para kanila so isip
barangay officials. (So good morning again, in my experience, I think you
know that we are very proud that when there are crimes, especially when
there are crimes involving the youth, we are providing solutions because
they are the youth, they are the hope of the nation, so that's why they should
have good guidance for them, so as barangay officials.) FGD4:SS32

II. Description of Challenges

1. Tiny Crimes Makes Endless Strain. When young people receive

positive influence, they are more likely to grow responsibly, avoid harmful

choices, and move toward a better future. Emphasized how care, guidance,

and support play a crucial role in youth development, the participant 1 when

he stated that,

Ang amo pagsumpo sa mga krimen, una manimati mi kung unsay

background, feedback sa mga katilimban na sulod dri among barangay,
kung naay pangutana na mo sa usa kasiliyo kung naa siya gi report ka namo
naay lihok sa kalihokan sa mga kabatan-onan maka daot atong katilimban
ang among pagahimoon is amo sila bisitahon, amo na sila may-mayon dli
na maayo, usban na iyong kina-iya. (Our goal in combating crimes is to first
listen to the background and feedback of the youths in our barangay. If you
have a question about a youth leader, if he or she is reported to us, if there
is any activity in the youth activities that could harm our youth, what we
will do is visit them. If they are doing something that is not good, change
their behavior.) IDI1:SS3

In addition, Engaging the youth in sports and meaningful activities,

knowing it creates a positive impact and helps guide them, the participant 2

stated that, “So makahatag japon siya burden kay di biya lalim kaso ingana

labi nag yod nang kabahin ug mga ingana krimenal. Ma burden guyd me

pero isip Opisyal andam guyd mi mo aksyon ingana butang (IDI2:SS11).”

 56

(So, it can give me a burden because it doesn't leave the cases like that,

especially when it comes to criminal matters. It may be a burden, but as

officers, we are ready to take action on things like that.)

Lastly, I have observed that serious crimes among youth are rare. This

reflects the community vigilance and strong sense of responsibility in

guiding and supporting young people, when the participant 6 stated that:

isip officials sa mayabon dugay dugay naman pud panahon ah kaning mga
minor de edad di gud nato na malikayan nga naa mo himo gud sila
ginagmay mga sala ug ginikanan kay di pa sila sakto di pa puno ilaha
panghunahuna dili binatan-on pa na na kasinati ko sa miagi panahon pero
kaluoy sa diyos wala gud nila na ah wala gud nila ni dako ilang mga
pagkuan crimen nangasompo rapud. (As officials in Mayabon, it's been a
long time, ah, these minors, we can't avoid that you and your parents have
committed minor sins because they're not right, they're not full of thought,
they're not young.) FGD3:SS35

2. Effort Break Endless Pressure Remains. When people, especially the

youth, come together with empathy and shared purpose, they can face

difficulties, reduce negativity, and create a stronger, brighter community. It

highlights the power of unity and cooperation in overcoming challenges,

when the participant 3 stated that:

Karon panahona dako kaayu tabang ang koneksyon kay dli masugpo ang
krimenalidad and dli nimo dali ma sulbad ang kriminalidad kabahin sa mga
kataban-onan kung wala kay mga koneksyon sa taas, number one ana dapat
naa kay koneksyon, ikaw mismo opisyal ka naa kay komenekasyon gikan sa
pulis. (Nowadays, connections are a big help because crime cannot be
stopped and you cannot easily solve crime in the community if you do not
have connections at the top, number one, you must have connections, you
 57

are an official yourself, you have a communication from the police.)

IDI3:SS20

In addition, the barangay official, with the work of the SK and sports

committee to engage the youth in positive activities to help them avoid vices

and make better choices while serving the community, The participants 5

express that, “Oo, ingana barangay opisyal man gyud mi di pud kaya namo

kami ra, magpatabang pod mi sa mga Pulis, kanang incharge sa DSWD mao

biya nay mga Opisina nga nalambigit sa mga kabatan-onan (IDI2:SS12).”

(Yes, even though we are barangay officers, we can't do it alone, we will also

help the Police, that in charge of the DSWD is now the Offices that are

involved with the youth.)

Lastly, the barangay officials recognized that we cannot work alone. By

coordinating with the police, DSWD, and other youth-focused offices, we

strengthen our efforts to guide and support the youth in the community, it

ensured better guidance, protection, and support for young people in the

community, when the participants 7 stated,

Okay isip barangay opisyal hagit ug challenges gud kaayu nga mahimo
kang barangay opisyal tungod kay dili raman ingon na mag drop ka ug
balod-odnon kung dili kinanghalan nga uban pud ang paghatag ug
maayung pagsabot sa mga kabatan-onan sa imong mga pakibarangay
haron ang smooth ra ang palihok sa tibuok barangay ilabi na aning issues
sa mga kabatan-onan sa ubang mga lugar pero dinhi sa among barangay
mao lagi gisigi nako ingon na wala gud ta nagkasinati sa mga dagko nga
 58

crimen na malambigit ang mga batan-onan. (Okay, as a barangay official,

there are many challenges and challenges to being a barangay official
because it's not like you just drop a bomb if you don't have to, and you also
have to give a good understanding to the youth in your barangay meetings.
The movement in the entire barangay is smooth, especially in these issues
with the youth in other areas, but here in our barangay, I always say that we
haven't experienced any major crimes involving the youth.) FGD4:SS40

III. Coping Strategies

1. Firm Justice Guided by Compassion. It Reflects the principle that

balances strength with humanity. Upholding rules fairly and consistently,

while still showing understanding and empathy for people’s circumstances,

as he said:

Maayung buntag ah isip usa ka barangay opisyal ahh chairman pud ko sa

ug unsay mga kinahanglan sa ahh tambag nag budget pud mi ana para sa
kinaghanglan sa atong sa katawhan diris satong barangay kanang na amo
gud siya tagaan isip mga barangay opisyal ang tagaan namo pagtagad ang
mga katawhan diri sa among barangay. (Good morning, as a barangay
official, I am also the chairman of the barangay and what are the needs of
the people here in our barangay? We have also made a budget for the needs
of the people here in our barangay. As barangay officials, we will pay
attention to the people here in our barangay.) FGD3:SS43

In addition, the barangay officials, have a commitment to improve

public service, acknowledging challenges while striving to better meet the

needs of the community, showing dedication to better service, the

participants 2 stated that, “Kabahin mga problema kung unsay among kaya

i serbisyo sa mga tawo amo gud nang himoon (IDI2:SS13).” (We are still

working on the problems of how we can serve the people.)

 59

Lastly, the process that ensures youth-related issues are reported to the

barangay, it involves consultations with parents, and if necessary,

coordinates with authorities to resolve problems quickly and responsibly, as

he said:

Step by step process no of course naa gud tay mo reklamo dri sa barangay
naa gud na sya mo anhi sa barangay para mo reklamo if ever naa tay mga
krimen na nga buhat ang mga batan-on or malambigit ang kabatan-onan
and of course una guyd natung buhaton ana is naa consultasyon apilon
ipatawag ang ginikanan kay mao man guyd nay reponsibilidad ginikanan
ilang anak ipatawag ginikanan, ipatawag ang DSWD if needed ipatawag
ang PNP para dali masulbad ang. (Step by step process no of course you
have to complain here in the barangay, you have to come to the barangay to
complain if we ever have crimes committed by the youth or the youth are
involved and of course the first thing to do is to have a consultation and call
the parents because that is the responsibility of the parents and their children
call the parents, call the DSWD if needed call the PNP to quickly solve the
problem.) IDI3:SS21

2. Opportunity for Betterment. It embodies the truth, transforming

challenges into opportunities for growth and service in the barangay proving

that setbacks pave the way for brighter futures and stronger communities,

the participant 1 stated that:

Number 1 nga problema sa atong nasud, kining paggamit ug ginadili na

druga, kung hapsay na o malipayon maminosan ang krimen dri sa atong
nasud, ikaduha pd naa mi gi conduct katong mga surrenderon ni conduct
ug rehab sa barangay katung ginahimo namo. (Number 1 problem in our
country, this use and prohibition of drugs, if things were smooth or happy,
crime in our country would decrease, secondly, we have conducted
surrenders and conducted rehab in the barangays, which we are doing.)
IDI1-SS6
 60

In addition, it expressed the sincere gratitude for the dedication. Together

with the barangay guards, it continued to make strong efforts to maintain

peace and order, whose support and efforts help strengthen community

safety and guide the youth away from involvement in crime, the participant

3 stated that:

Pasalamat ta dri sa mayabon kompetetive tanan barangay opisyal I kaya

mo paluyo kaya motabang and of course, paningkamot gud sigi dri sa
barangay kauban ang atong barangay tanod nga minimize ang mga ma
involve sa mga krimen ang mga kabatan-onan. (We are grateful to all the
competent barangay officials who are able to support and help and of course,
we are making great efforts in the barangays together with our barangay
guards to minimize the involvement of the youth in crimes.) IDI3:SS22

Lastly, the barangay officials committed to addressing crimes in

Mayabon promptly. By responding quickly to any crimes that occur.

Together with their barangay guards who conduct daily roving, we take

immediate action to ensure the safety and security of our community, as he

said, “Ako parihas ras ka kagawad sa naay mga krimen na agian diri sa

mayabon amo gud na tagaan pagtagad dayon among dayon aksyonan

kauban sa mga tanod namo nga among gi pa roving kada magabie

(FGD2:SS46).” (I'm just like the kagawad, there are crimes that are

committed here in Mayabon, we will pay attention to them immediately, we

will take action together with our guards who we roving around every day.)
 61

IV. Aspiration

1. Successful Mission to Serve. The passion and commitment to serving

others are deeply rooted in their family. Inspired by the values, traditions,

and legacy that passed down, it was driven to continue the path of dedication,

responsibility and service to the community, as he said, “Una pamilya,

ikaduha ang inspirasyon sa akong kinabuhi mga katawhan (IDI1:SS7).”

(First is family, second is the inspiration in my life, the people.)

In addition, they believe one key inspiration for their service as a

barangay official stemmed from their family's unwavering support and

understanding of their duties, the participant 7 stated that:

Ang ako ragud nga usa sa ka inspirasyon nga mo serbisyo ko isip opisyalis
kining barangay kanang atong pamilya nga supportado ug makasabot sa
atong obligasyon tungod kay kani mang gud ahh opisyalis ka sa ing-ani
pang governo labi na sa barangay kay kani mang gud barangay mao ni
pinaka grass groat kani moy frontliner so tanan nga higayon makita dayon
imong mga gilagaran. (I think that one of the inspirations for my service as
an official in this barangay is that our family is supported and understands
our obligations because in every case, you are an official in this government,
especially in the barangay, because in this barangay, you are the grassroots,
the frontliners, so every time you see your servants.) FGD4:SS52

At last, the commitment to their family and the dedication to serve the

people in their community, “Akong insperasyon number one gyod ang atong

pamilya ug atung trabaho mao nay akong insperasyon (IDI2:SS15).” (My

number one inspiration is our family and our work, that's my inspiration.)
 62

2. Peaceful Life for Everybody. The committed barangay official, is

inspired by family support at the grassroots frontlines, directly serving

constituents and empowering the community to thrive, as he said, “Isip usa

ka barangay opisyal ang akong katuyuan sa akong kinabuhi maka serbisyo

sa katawhan isip barangay opisyal (FGD3:SS55).” (As a barangay official,

my goal in life is to serve the people as a barangay official.)

Furthermore, it emphasizes that the core of public service is aiding the

needy and sharing blessings from the Lord. As a proud barangay official,

they have delivered tangible benefits to residents no matter how small

earning lasting gratitude, The participant 1 said:

Ang importante pd makatabang sa mga tawo nga walay ikapalit ug sud-an

mo serve kung mga katawhan kay pagsulod nako barangay opisyal, isip
barangay opisyal proud kos akoa kaugalingon nakahatag kog kaayuhan sa
mga katawhan bisag gamay ra kay ang ilang gina isturya, bisag dipa mo
ari dri kagawad namo mo butar gd mi sa imoha tungod sa imong mga
gibuhat,pamaagi kung naa kay blessing gihatag sa Ginoo mo share ka. (The
most important thing is to help people who have nothing to buy and serve
the people, because when I became a barangay official, as a barangay
official, I am proud of myself because I have provided benefits to the people,
even if it is small, because what they are talking about, even if you are not
here, we will always be grateful to you for what you have done, so if you
have a blessing that the Lord has given you, share it.) IDI1:SS8

Finally, it affirms that true fulfillment begins with family, where

children represent our highest aspirations. They are deeply committed to

ensuring their children's success, especially through education the key to

 63

thriving in tough times when money is scarce and opportunities demand a

solid foundation to finish school and succeed, as she said:

Goal nga sakto pagkadala atong pamilya, atong mga anak mao nay atong
goal, gusto gud ta labi na sa atong mga anak nga naa silay makab-ot labi
na sa ga edukasyon mao guyd nay importante sa atong mga anak lisod na
biya ron panahona, ang importante guyd ang edukasyon karon mga
panahona kwarta nay sig dala kinahanglan makahuman sila eskwela. (A
goal that is right is to have a family, our children are our goal, we really
want our children to achieve something, especially in education, that's why
it's important for our children, it's hard to leave these days, what's important
is education these days, money is scarce, they need to finish school.)
IDI2:SS16

Data Analysis

The emergent themes were identified utilizing Colaizzi’s (1978)

descriptive phenomenological method of data analysis for investigating each

transcript interview from the experiences of barangay official on how they

handle the youth offender.

In order to highlight the challenges of the officials and how they handle

the pressured around them, the following emerging themes were analyzed.

I. Experiences of Barangay officials

1. Guiding the Future Shine. This theme covered the experiences of

barangay officials on handling the youth related crimes, it reflected in how

these officials act as mentors and protectors, shaping the behavior and
 64

decisions of young individuals. Many participants noted that strict

implementation of ordinances, such as curfews and combined with guidance

and counseling, significantly reduces youth involvement in unlawful

activities.

According to research of Reyes and Cruz (2022), it reveals that effective

barangay officials do not rely solely on enforcement but also focus on

engagement and development programs for the youth. Activities such as

sports leagues, leadership training, and educational support serve as positive

outlets that redirect energy toward productive pursuits. These initiatives

demonstrate that the “guiding hands” are not only disciplinary but also

nurturing, helping young people realize their potential. Participants

highlighted that barangay with active youth programs tend to experience

fewer crime incidents, reinforcing the idea that empowerment and

involvement are key strategies in crime prevention.

Moreover, it underscores the importance of compassionate and

responsible leadership in shaping the future of the youth. I believe that

barangay officials who actively engage with young individuals serve as role

models who inspire trust, discipline, and respect. The “hands” symbolize not

only authority but also care and commitment to guiding the next generation.

Addressing youth-related crime should not focus solely on punishment but

 65

also on mentorship and providing opportunities for growth. As Garcia (2020)

pointed out, community leaders who invest in youth development contribute

to long-term crime prevention and social stability.

Lastly, Lopez (2018) stated that emphasizing empathetic leadership

fosters stronger relationships between authorities and the youth, encouraging

cooperation and positive behavioral change. Therefore, when barangay

officials guide with sincerity and dedication, they truly embody the idea that

hands shaping the future are the ones that shine.

[Link] Rise Above Darkness. This theme also focused on the

experiences of barangay officials the participants played important role in

barangay in bargaining young individuals away from crime and negative

influences, through programs such as counseling, curfew enforcement, and

sports activities, they help create a positive environment where the youth can

learn responsibility and make better decisions. Their efforts act as a source

of “light,” showing young people that there are better paths they can take

despite challenges.

According to Torres (2020), community-level leadership and proactive

governance significantly reduce youth involvement in criminal activities by

fostering discipline and awareness. It is reflected in how these officials act

 66

as agents of change, helping to redirect the youth away from harmful

influences. Participants shared that initiatives such as curfew

implementation, community patrols, and youth counseling programs have

contributed to a decline in delinquent behavior. These actions demonstrated

that when local leaders actively engaged with the youth, they create

opportunities for positive transformation.

In addition, the data revealed that barangay officials who invested in

youth development programs created lasting impacts on behavior and

decision-making. Programs such as skills training, peer mentoring, and

recreational activities served as constructive alternatives that help young

individuals avoided risky situations. These efforts represent the “hands” that

weave light, offering guidance and hope to those at risked. the participants

observed that barangays with continuous youth engagement initiatives report

improved cooperation and fewer cases of misconduct. According to

Villanueva and Ramos (2021), empowering the youth through participatory

programs strengthens their sense of responsibility and reduces the likelihood

of engaging in unlawful behavior.

Finally, I believed that barangay officials who actively supported and

mentor the youth become powerful influences in shaping their future. The

“hands” symbolized guidance, protection, and encouragement, which are

 67

essential in helping young individuals overcome challenged and negative

influences. Addressing youth-related crime required not only enforcement

but also understanding and support. As emphasized by Bautista (2019),

leaders who prioritized youth welfare and development contributed to safer

and more cohesive communities. In this sensed when barangay officials

extended their guidance with sincerity, they help the youth rise above

darkness and move toward a brighter future.

3. Tiny Crimes Makes Endless Strain. This theme covered the

challenges of barangay officials in handling youth related crimes. It

highlighted the participants on handling youth-related offenses, their

approach goes beyond enforcing rules, it includes mentoring, counseling,

and creating programs that address the needs of young individuals.

According to Catalano et al. (2012), who demonstrated that positive

youth development initiatives promoted resilience and prevented delinquent

behavior when youth are actively supported and engaged. The participants

revealed that developmental and engagement programs implemented by

barangay officials significantly influence youth behavior. Programs such as

skills training, leadership workshops, and recreational activities created

constructive outlets that reduce the likelihood of criminal involvement.

 68

These interventions embody the “nurturing touch” helping young people

gain confidence, discipline, and a sense of purpose.

Moreover, it highlighted that barangay officials who focus on youth

development programs contributed significantly to long-term crime

prevention. Activities such as skills training, sports programs, and

educational assistance offer constructive alternatives that help young

individuals avoid negative influences. The participants observed that

barangays with active youth engagement initiatives experience fewer cases

of misconduct. As noted by Herrera and Santos (2021), youth-centered

programs that emphasized personal growth and participation play a key role

in reducing delinquency and strengthening community relationships.

Lastly, the Barangay officials who actively mentor, guide, and provided

opportunities for the youth act as influential role models who foster trust,

respect, and responsibility. They represent patience, understanding, and

commitment, showing that youth-related crime can be addressed effectively

through mentorship rather than solely through punitive measures. As cited

by Sherman and Gottfredson (2015), they emphasized that community-based

interventions that combine supervision, guidance, and supportive programs

are among the most effective strategies for reducing youth crime. In this
 69

sensed, barangay officials who lead with care and dedication truly help

young individuals unfold brighter paths and build a safer community.

4. Effort Break Endless Pressure Remains. This theme was also focused

on the challenges of the participants which showed how hard to handle the

youth related offense, but they mention they worked together for the youth,

the participants emphasized that when authorities, families, and local

institutions worked together with empathy and shared purpose, negative

influences on the youth. the strategy they made such as counseling, skills

training, and youth activities served as tools for building trust and fostering

cooperation between officials and the youth. By uniting hearts and efforts.

According to Howell (2010), he highlighted that structured guidance

combined with supportive leadership is vital in preventing juvenile

delinquency, as it provided both discipline and care for at-risked youth. It

emphasized that the influence of negative factors symbolized by “shadows”

is reduced when leaders, families, and communities work together, the

participants reported that barangay officials who conduct counseling

sessions, monitor curfew compliance, and engage youth through mentoring

programs create environments that discourage delinquency and promote

positive behavior.
 70

Furthermore, the findings revealed that youth engagement programs

implemented by barangay officials significantly impact crime prevention.

Programs such as leadership training, sports activities, and skills workshops

provide constructive alternatives to delinquent behavior and encourage

personal growth. These initiatives reflect the theme, showing that united

efforts can empower youth to overcome challenges and make responsible

choices. Catalano et al. (2012) stressed that positive youth development

programs that emphasized collaboration, skill-building, and mentorship

strengthen resilience and reduce the likelihood of delinquent behavior.

Lastly, Farrington and Welsh (2007) noted that early intervention and

continuous support from local authorities play a key role in redirecting at-

risked youth, ensuring that guidance and positive influence outweigh

potential negative peer pressures. Overall, barangay officials who lead with

care, collaboration, and dedication help young people rise above challenges

and contribute to safer and more cohesive communities.

5. Firm Justice Guided by Compassion. This theme covered the coping

strategy of barangay officials on handling youth related crimes it reflects that

effective crime prevention requires both accountability and care. The

participants highlighted the balance barangay officials must maintain

between enforcing rules and supporting the welfare of the youth.

 71

According to Howell (2010), he emphasized that a structured yet

supportive approach by community leaders is critical in preventing juvenile

delinquency, as it helps young individuals understand consequences while

feeling guided rather than punished. The analysis of the data indicates that

barangay officials play a crucial role in maintaining law and order among

the youth through a combination of strict enforcement and empathetic

guidance. It emphasized the effective leadership requires balancing

discipline with care to prevent youth delinquency. Participants reported that

barangay officials implement curfews, conduct counseling sessions, and

monitor community behavior while also providing mentorship programs.

Furthermore, the findings revealed that proactive youth programs

implemented by barangay officials significantly reduce the likelihood of

repeated offenses. Initiatives such as educational workshops, skills training,

and sports activities offer constructive alternatives to criminal behavior

while reinforcing the value of accountability. These programs demonstrated

the theme, showing that justice can be firm without being punitive, and that

compassionate guidance fosters long-term behavioral change. According to

Catalano et al. (2012) they highlighted that youth development programs that

combine support, engagement, and structured expectations effectively

reduce delinquent tendencies.

 72

In conclusion, it illustrated the importance of leadership that is both

disciplined and empathetic. Barangay officials who enforce rules while

offering mentorship and rehabilitation create a safe environment where

youth can learn from their mistakes without fear of social alienation.

Sherman and Gottfredson (2015) noted that community interventions that

integrate supervision with compassionate guidance are among the most

effective strategies for preventing youth crime. By leading with firmness

tempered by understanding, barangay officials help young individuals

developed responsibility, make better choices, and contribute to a safer and

more cohesive community.

6. Opportunity for Betterment. This was also focused on the coping

strategy of barangay officials in handling youth offense, the idea that

mistakes and challenges in the lives of youth can be transformed into

opportunities for growth when guided properly. The participants emphasized

that early interventions, mentorship, and community support can help young

offenders recover from past missteps and redirect their lives toward positive

outcomes. Rather than simply punishing wrongdoings, barangay officials

provide counseling, skills training, and educational programs that help the

youth learn from their experiences.

 73

According to Bazemore and Umbreit (1995), The restorative justice

approaches at the local level help rehabilitate youths by addressing

underlying causes rather than solely punishing behavior. The data show that

barangay officials recognized these root causes and view their role as pivotal

in creating supportive environments that foster new beginnings. It becomes

a critical point where interventions can redirect youth towards constructive

behavior. The literature supports that community-based interventions can

significantly alter these trajectories

Moreover, Case and Haines (2020) found that inclusive, community-

driven strategies reduce youth recidivism more effectively than punitive

sanctions. Barangay officials act as mediators between the youths and their

families, using restorative and rehabilitative approaches to help young

offenders recognize their potential. These interventions exemplify how a

“broken path” can be transformed into opportunities for personal and social

development.

Lastly, Hirschi (1969) he highlighted that “strong social bonds and

attachments” act as protective factors against delinquency. Officials reported

that when youths are supported holistically, they are less likely to re-offend

and more likely to engage positively with society. This reinforces the theme
 74

that disrupted paths, when met with community guidance, can lead to new

horizons and life opportunities that would otherwise be inaccessible.

7. Successful Mission to Serve. This theme covered the aspiration of

barangay officials, and it captures the influence of familial legacy in shaping

the dedication and approach of barangay officials in addressing youth-related

issues. It revealed that several officials view their role as a continuation of

their family’s tradition of public service, which motivates them to uphold

high standards of community engagement.

According to Van Wart (2013), The officials’ sense of responsibility

extended beyond administrative duties, it fuels proactive interventions such

as youth mentorship, skills training, and community programs aimed at

preventing delinquency. This familial motivation aligns with findings in

leadership studies, where personal and inherited values strongly influence

commitment to public service.

Moreover, the youths and families are more receptive when officials

embody a long-standing family tradition of service, reinforcing social bonds

that help deter crime. As Putnam (2000) noted social capital derived from

trust, norms, and networks is crucial for community-based initiatives to

succeed. Thus, the officials’ bloodline-driven mission becomes both a

 75

personal motivator and a strategic advantage in fostering sustainable youth

engagement and rehabilitation.

Finally, the theme highlighted how personal history intertwines with

public responsibility. Officials’ dedication is not only a reflection of

individual choice but also a continuation of familial values, demonstrating

how heritage can inspire innovative, compassionate approaches to

addressing social issues among the youth. Their work exemplifies how

legacy can transform personal inspiration into meaningful community

impact.

8. Peaceful Life for Everybody, lifting all to soar. This will also the

aspiration of barangay officials, it emphasized how a foundation of care,

empathy, and commitment enables barangay officials to positively influence

the youth and the community. It revealed that official’s deep sense of

compassion often cultivated through family values or personal experiences

drives them to create programs that empower at-risk youth rather than merely

penalize them.

According to Northouse (2021), the Officials nurturing approach fosters

trust, encouraging youth participation in mentorship programs, skills

training, and community activities designed to redirect their paths positively.

 76

The Research supports that empathetic leadership and community-centered

care enhance youth development and civic engagement

Furthermore, Barangay officials reported that nurturing approaches,

such as mentorship programs, community dialogues, and values education,

help youths develop a sense of responsibility and belonging. By treating

delinquent youth with understanding and structured support rather than

solely punitive measures, officials create pathways for rehabilitation. Studies

indicate that community-based interventions grounded in care and support

reduce youth recidivism and encourage pro-social behavior. As Case &

Haines (2020) This aligned with the theme by showing that foundational love

and care enable officials to guide youth toward constructive choices,

effectively giving them to rise above previous missteps.

Finally, the data highlighted the official nurturing efforts extended

beyond the individual youth to the broader community, fostering a culture of

mutual support and civic responsibility. Officials described engaging

families, schools, and local organizations to provided holistic support,

emphasizing that youth transformation depends on collective care. This is

consistent with social capital theory, which asserts that strong networks of

trust and collaboration empower communities to address social challenges

effectively (Putnam, 2000). Through these practices it is realized, as officials

 77

grounded empathy translates into actionable programs that lift youth and the

community toward positive growth.

CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND IMPLICATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of which the themes were drawn

upon, the findings which arose out of the interview process and subsequent

data analysis, and the implications made as an outgrowth of the study.

Summary

This study aimed to know the experiences of barangay official handling

youth related crimes in barangay Mayabon, Zamboaguita, Negros Oriental.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following sub-problems:

1. What are the experiences of the participants as Barangay officials?

2. How do the participants describe their challenges as Barangay

officials?

3. How do the participants cope with their challenges as Barangay

officials?

4. What are the participants' aspirations in life?

This study utilized the qualitative research method employing

phenomenological research design. Likewise, this study was conducted in

Barangay Mayabon, Zamboaguita, Negros Oriental.

 78

There were seven (7) barangay officials as the participants of the study.

four (4) participants were for Focus Group Discussion (FGD) while five (3)

participants were for Individual Interview (IDI). Thus, the participants were

chosen in accordance with the following pre-determined criteria: (1) Must

be an active barangay official for at least one (1) year, (2) Must have

experience handling or responding to youth-related offenses. (3) Must be

willing to share their experiences voluntarily.

As the instrument of the study, Interview Guide (IG) along an informed

consent form were used in the data gathering process. During the data

collecting process, the researchers also armed with an audio recorder

and field notes to contain and preserve the information divulge by the

participants. Both the individuals’ and focus group discussions' verbatim

statement from the participants were treated with confidentiality. It was

decided that Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology method

would be the most suitable for discussing the phenomenon with the

employment of Colaizzi’s (1978) method of data.

In order to get crucial information from the principal participants, the

researchers asked them probing and open-ended questions.

 79

Findings

Significant statements were incorporated to generate fifty-six (56)

formulated core meanings. seventeen (17) cluster themes were identified,

rearranged, and categorized into eight (8) emerging themes as follows:

In the first sub-problem, four themes are drawn, namely: Guiding the

Future Shine, and Youth Rise Above Darkness. The themes were driven from

the experiences of the participants, in which they expressed both happiness

and dissatisfaction as a barangay official.

The second sub-problem presents the themes generated from the

description of challenges as barangay officials, as follows: Tiny Crimes

Makes Endless Strain and Effort Break Endless Pressure Remains.

In the presentation of the third sub-problem, the themes Firm Justice

Guided by Compassion and Opportunity for Betterment. were gleaned from

the coping strategies of the participants as barangay officials.

Lastly, in the fourth sub-problem presentation, the themes Successful

Mission to Serve and Peaceful Life for Everybody shed further light on the

aspirations in life of the participants while being a barangay official.

 80

Implications

Implications for Practice

The based on the results of this study, the following recommendations,

proposals, and methods for implementation that are being presented in light

of the detailed discussion of the primary issues are suggested:

Strengthening Youth Crime Prevention Programs. The barangay

officials must recognize the importance of addressing youth-related crimes

as a growing concern in the community. This includes ensuring proper

guidance, intervention, and support for at-risk youth. Thus, barangay

officials should implement programs that promoted youth engagement such

as educational support, skills training, and recreational activities. They

should also strengthen coordination with parents, schools, and community

organizations to guide the youth toward positive behavior. In this way,

barangay officials can help prevent youth involvement in criminal activities

and promote a safer and more disciplined community;

Enhancement of Local Government Support Programs. The Local

Government Unit (LGU) must recognize its vital role in supporting barangay

officials in addressing youth-related crimes. This includes providing

sufficient resources, policies, and programs that focus on youth development

 81

and crime prevention. Thus, the LGU should strengthen the implementation

of community-based programs such as youth counseling, educational

assistance, and livelihood opportunities. They should also provide

continuous training and seminars for barangay officials to improve their

skills in handling youth-related concerns. In this way, the LGU can empower

barangay officials and ensure a more effective and coordinated approach in

reducing youth-related crimes within the community;

Strengthening Police Support and Youth Protection Initiatives. The

Philippine National Police (PNP) must recognize its important role in

assisting barangay officials in managing youth-related crimes within the

community. This includes ensuring proper enforcement of laws while

promoting the protection and rehabilitation of youth offenders. Thus, the

PNP should intensify community-based policing programs, such as youth

awareness campaigns, crime prevention seminars, and regular coordination

with barangay officials. They should also ensure that police officers are

trained in handling cases involving minors with sensitivity and in accordance

with child protection laws. In this way, the PNP can contribute to a more

effective response to youth-related crimes and help create a safer and more

supportive environment for young individuals;

 82

Policy Strengthening and Capacity Building Support. The Department

of the Interior and Local Government must recognized its vital role in

guiding and supporting barangay officials in addressing youth-related

crimes. This includes developing effective policies, standards, and programs

that focus on youth protection and crime prevention at the barangay level.

Thus, the Department of the Interior and Local Government should enhance

its training programs, provide clear guidelines, and monitor the

implementation of youth-related initiatives in communities. They should

also promote coordination among barangays, local government units, and

law enforcement agencies to ensure a unified approach. In this way, the

Department of the Interior and Local Government can strengthened the

capacity of barangay officials and improved the overall management of

youth-related crimes;

Promoting Community Involvement and Responsibility. The

community must recognize its important role in supporting barangay

officials in addressing youth-related crimes. This includes being actively

involved in guiding the youth and promoting positive values within the

neighborhood. Thus, community members should participate in barangay

programs, report suspicious activities, and help in monitoring the behavior

of young individuals. They should also encourage open communication,

 83

cooperation, and support among families, schools, and local leaders. In this

way, the community can contribute to the prevention of youth-related crimes

and help create a safer and more disciplined environment for everyone;

Strengthening School-Based Intervention Programs. Schools must

recognize their significant role in shaping the behavior and discipline of the

youth to help prevent involvement in crimes. This includes providing proper

guidance, values formation, and early intervention for at-risk students. Thus,

schools should strengthen counseling services, implement awareness

programs on the effects of crime, and promote extracurricular activities that

engage students in positive ways. They should also coordinate with barangay

officials and parents to monitor and support students’ behavior. In this way,

schools can help reduce youth-related crimes and contribute to the

development of responsible individuals;

Strengthening Youth-Focused Programs and Advocacy. The National

Youth Commission must recognize its important role in supporting barangay

officials in preventing and addressing youth-related crimes. This includes

promoting programs that develop leadership, skills, and positive values

among the youth. Thus, the National Youth Commission should provide

guidance, training, and resources for youth activities and interventions that
 84

engaged at-risk youth in productive and safe ways. They should also

coordinate with barangay officials, schools, and the community to ensured

that youth programs are inclusive, accessible, and responsive to the needs of

the youth. In this way, the Commission on the Youth can help empower

young individuals while assisting barangay officials in reducing youth-

related crimes in the community;

Enhancing Researcher Awareness and Contribution. The researchers

must recognized the importance of this study in providing insights into how

barangay officials handle youth-related crimes. This includes understanding

the challenges, gaps, and possible improvements in current practices. Thus,

the researchers should use the findings to promote awareness, recommend

practical solutions, and contribute to the improvement of community-based

crime prevention strategies. In this way, the researchers can help in

developing more effective approaches in addressing youth-related crimes

and the researchers would deliver the findings to all the sectors in the

government and non-governmental organizations listed in this study; and

Encouraging Further Studies and Continuous Inquiry. Future

researchers must recognized the need to further explore issues related to

youth involvement in crimes and the effectiveness of barangay interventions.

 85

This includes examining other factors such as family background, peer

influence, and socio-economic conditions. Thus, future researchers should

conducted more in-depth and wider studies using different methods and

larger samples to validate and expand the findings of this research. In this

way, future researchers can contribute to the continuous improvement of

policies and programs aimed at reducing youth-related crimes.

Implications for Future Studies

The researchers recommended by carrying out comprehensive research

on the following phenomenological topics:

Lived Experiences of Parents in Preventing Youth Involvement in

Crime. This study may focus on the experiences of parents whose children

were involved or at risk of involvement in youth-related crimes. It may

explore how parental guidance, family relationships, discipline, and

communication affect the behavior of the youth. Understanding the

experiences of parents can help identify effective parenting practices and

family interventions that may contribute to the prevention of juvenile

delinquency within the community.

 86

Lived Experiences of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Officials in

Implementing Youth Programs. This study may explored the experiences of

SK officials in conducting youth-centered activities and crime prevention

programs within the barangay. The study may focus on their experiences in

encouraging youth participation, addressing behavioral issues, and

promoting leadership and discipline among young people. In this way, their

lived experiences may help improve youth empowerment initiatives and

strengthen community engagement.

Lived Experiences of Barangay tanods in Handling Youth-related

Crimes. Another recommended study may investigated the experiences of

police officers or barangay tanods in managing and responding to youth-

related crimes. The study may explored the challenges they encounter, the

strategies they use in dealing with minors, and their perceptions regarding

community cooperation and rehabilitation efforts. Their lived experiences

may contribute to the improvement of policies, law enforcement practices,

and youth protection programs.

 87

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APPENDIX A

TRANSMITTAL LETTER