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tomanish.sharma78Emmanuel Mission Senior Secondary School
Session: 2021-22
Class: IV
Subject: Mathematics
Unit – 6
Factors and Multiples
Factors are the numbers you multiply to get another number. Factors of a number divide the
number completely.
Properties of factors –
1. 1 is a factor of every number. It is also the smallest factor of a number.
Example: 1 is a factor of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
2. Every number (other than 1) has at least two factors 1 and the number itself.
Example: 2 has 2 factors, 1 and 2, whereas 6 has 4 factors, 1, 2, 3 and 6.
3. The factor of a number is less than or equal to the number.
4. A number is its own largest factor.
Example: 15 is the largest factor of 15.
5. A number has limited number of factors.
Example: 6 has 4 factors, 1, 2, 3 and 6. It has no more factors.
Finding factors –
We can find the factor of a number by two methods:
1. Buy Multiplication
Find the factors of 24.
24 × 1 = 24
12 × 2 = 24
8 × 3 = 24
6 × 4 = 24
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are all the factors of 24.
2. By Division
24 ÷ 1 = 24
24 ÷ 2 = 12
24 ÷ 3 = 8
24 ÷ 4 = 6
24 ÷ 6 = 4
24 ÷ 8 = 3
24 ÷ 12 = 2
24 ÷ 24 = 1
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are all the factors of 24.
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1. Is 3 a factor of 54?
Solution:
1 8
3 5 4
- 3
2 4
- 2 4
0 0
Yes, 3 is a factor of 54, as it divides 54 without a remainder.
2. Find the factors of 48.
48 × 1 = 48
24 × 2 = 48
16 × 3 = 48
12 × 4 = 48
8 × 6 = 48
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 are all the factors of 48.
Common factors:
The numbers which are common among the factors of two or more numbers are called the
common factors.
1. Find the common factors of 12 and 32.
Solution:
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Factors of 32 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
So, the common factors of 12 and 32 are 1, 2 and 4.
Multiples
A multiple of a number is the product of a given number and some other counting
numbers.
Properties of Multiples :
Every number is a multiple of 1.
Every number is a multiple of itself.
Every multiple of a counting number is either greater than or equal to the number.
The first and the smallest multiple of a number is the number itself.
There are infinite multiple of a number. So, the largest multiple of a number cannot be
determined.
Even and odd numbers
A number which is a multiple of 2 is even number.
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 are some of the even numbers.
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Odd number
A number which is not a multiple of 2 is a odd number.
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are some of the odd numbers.
Common multiples
The numbers which are common among the multiples of two or more numbers are called
common multiples. Find the common multiples of 6 and 8.
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, …
Multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, …
Common multiples of 6 and 8 are 24, 48, …
1. Write the first five multiples of 7.
Solution: The first five multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35.
Natural numbers –
The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called natural numbers.
Whole number –
The natural numbers along with 0, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called whole numbers.
Prime numbers –
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1, which has only two different factors,
namely, 1 and the number itself.
Composite numbers –
Numbers that have more than two factors are called composite numbers.
2 is the only even prime number.
1 is neither prime nor composite.
2 is the smallest prime number.
Prime factorization –
1. Factor tree method –
Find the prime factors of 36, using the factor tree method.
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2. Division method –
Find the prime factors of 24, using the division method.
Divisibility rules –
1. Divisibility by 2 –
A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is an even number.
For example, 4, 16, 24 are all divisible by 2.
2. Divisibility by 3 –
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
For example, 36
3+6=9
9 is divisible by 3 so, 36 is divisible by 3.
3. Divisibility by 5 –
A number is divisible by 5 if the digit at its ones place (last digit) is 0 or 5.
For example, 10, 15, 45 are all divisible by 5.
4. Divisibility by 6 –
A number will be divisible by 6 if it's one’s digit is an even number and the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3.
For example, 24 and 36
5. Divisibility by 9 –
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
For example, 54 and 477
6. Divisibility by 10 –
A number is divisible by 10 if the digit at its ones place (last digit) is 0.
For example, 30 and 50
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