classmate TTHE_FUuNDaMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE Teteoduction [Cells oftssue b [organs > TOngan Syelere) § Robert Hook discovered fhe calls Troma bark of a tee (cork) Ta _lotin cell_means litle rome The study of cells is_called c: Se o he ree living cells in _pomd wafer for tbe first tiene Robert Brown in 183] discovered the ouclens in the cell _ : 7 7 Purkinje in it i m for 4 Fluid substooce of the cell Peioplasm is called the living malent of the call. Schleiden and Seb! - lL tke plants_ond_onimals are ampased oP cells and that coll is the basic unit of life. : Virchou Sorther panded_colTheaty Slating that lall_ dhe cells arise 4rom pre existing cells,classmate . Oven eee Est coll :All_cel ls havexfolleain. ; a or_companent, -Cell_mem brane / plas, ws i Nocleos a—membane LNocleo -Cyloplasm \ Cellmembrone Plasma_membrnne IS 9 fiva thin, clasti i i membrane: Tt ig made up of bilayer ob phosphaieida Protein male cules ore intergrated in_thi bilayer The_peosence of He. bility + dhe plosma membrane ubich helps in eodeculgsis (in ann _ Delusion Usmosi Me igion_of ncenirodian_to_o. reigicn of higner _concentratian do a An. acentratian thro. WG LO_semi_permiable _orembnane The_diffusing molecules may_|@ Tt involves the movement be solids, hqside—or_gpses_jokselvent molecu les only. G@-valerHHypertonic solution J Et_the_mediumsucratnain 2g Ihe_call_hos_o Aocoae > Concentradics ortho —the—cell (highly concentrated ion), it is calle, hypectan: Solusbi — Si = ne Tie _cell_csill lose water by ea! hrints Ho raves in hath the direction but Ho leaving the cell is more than it entering 4h “call 2! Hu potonic solulion = {FE the_medivimsurronéing the call has _o_higuen loncestrafion of csotor tan th ighly Ciluted solvlion) it is called bypatoniG solution Tike _cell_will gain water by indosmosis The cell wil) Swell HO moves in both direction but Ho entering the cell is more than it leciving the call. Isolonic Solution Tf the medium surpunding the cell Same _woler concentration as fre cel! then i+ is called isotonic solution there the water_crases___ dhe membrane in both Ihe direction the amount Going this Hh Ome i o net movement of woter“is zero therefore the call Gill dey size) Examples of ciffusinn osmosis Unicellulac fresh woler organisms —and_mos!plosit call Hend_to_gan_water throygh saben Absorbtion of —— osmesi 5later htO.09.h_coals_of plants —is_also_on_Sxomyple— lof__asmosis.. rons. parl of g ases_(9, Ca) odlaacd er_by diffusion — is__importont for_a_life of” o. cell, x | list cut 3 cxamples_of _diffusian and three examplas— foc_osmesis_in_your chily life _cxam ples Diffusion Osmosis. “Chol on board 2} is a non livin ible _membroe ___ Which profects the~ plarit call IT} js made up of a fiberous subslanc® aalled cellulose Fichiong pt cell wolh *l| Provides mechanical sirengia tothe plan{tocel|aes | Sees as + permits lhe plarsl_call_to bscame_dungif |Exdreu queslion | Foor trips gre cul Stom_oa fresh Llengis of _each_strip>_is measured One strip _is Lploced_in_woler ond othere in_differeny a a@ncen|eodion of sugar _solulioy | {he_slrips_iene_measured_ogain. Th ——|shoun_in the fable. Which of the euid p o }Rs.S Which of the following liquids is _uo:tec 2 Jail _length ABer or _hoar Gnm) Pp 2. 24 la 3 ods 1R Ro Ss Is 86 “3S hoper tells FB Be ak pbs || Nucleus a) Ht isa loge _Sperical_camponent_krated inthe Centre —of the —cell_Cexejot_plant coll) hicks i ——}bound_ky a double ky brane ___ | “The_nuclor_envelop® (membrane) separates jh nucleus ftom the cyfeplosm. 7 [The_nucleor_membnone has_panes uahich ollaws theclassmate —— trons okeriols ftom inside the nucleus jo the_oulside _ “The —nvcleor Snvelape encoles_o_liguid substance — which if Called nucleo plosm hich consists of nucleglus anc) Ctomotin material +The _aucleoleus is_called the Eetory of ribosomes becau: they ore rich in . Za Nugleor Merbione ZO eS AM Nuclislus (26S YS \ j TT Cromodin 44 wie bo \ | Z\y —Nucleaplosm oa WU ° (. = age Nuclear por +The cramoli 5 = ore thin otangled mass of fibers present inthe (ell _tshen the coll_is_in_resting siage g ing a hi — divjaS the cromatin fibers condenge to fem a rod Whe stescture called dimosames Nake -IGenes ore the fonctional segments _o& Dva! PFukorgatic.— cell. (oe Qe=9 Differentiote _belween Rakaryolic cell. od ee | TT itegak vkeryslic + Sins _genemally lum = 107*n, seal (i) Se gearly lige (G=100_um) hove a well defined Teor tis or Ounder nuclear _membmne. by a nuclear membrane. They hove small ribasam® “They have lager ribosome. Cheamosomes + iggle “More than one Chromosomes u -||Membrane. boond sll orgonellc are So abs ent. “Membrane baund organelles ore present + Example ~ Bacteria and -Examele ~ plants gnimals_ es ogre nan_ding Zo Pats lois > eebrane Nucleus Evkaryotes =~ Mem pra [tomsoaprel clasmat = bound organell \ Gil: [ — \ tena ~Endoplasmic _Rebiculom ro! nue fn + is a Doid Pied 1 Jan hich almosd fills_op___ Hhe indrage ular Sowity U Ye Gane? ilhin re cel \ ae ter) “WT aornrs io three Fyre: gisterns Cfluid flied _ icles ond tubules) =n a Smooth endoplasmic reticulum CSER) lasmic reticulum CRES) plasma rane and this _pracess is called membrane biggenesig.Smoller \ AS0b= ont iseeas Sub~ onit » hi i O° [ee ser ee SaLysosam €S—are _membrane_-boon Secs Filled sil —aigestive _enzy, mes Casio These _enzyn, 6S—are mode by REP “ffiese—help obese the cell clean by digest any. foreign material cx well_os —corn=_out_cell 2 Durhag dhe disturbance in_cellular mlabdisa Br 7 Omple, when the cell get i the -suc i ctl. Madured mammalian RBC _dees_not_hove_Milochondiaclesemate ate ees! consi eae | howe _ilechondeia. + They require oxygen to perform thei ford; Cine salockoriia is ge-ced in Seon Plosdict Plast Eplaci_cell Cleat a te Gleurg Fo- tevitg & O \ a, wegeloble Green Chlorophs in \ Flowers Phologynthesie, og tt | els Grd H Pigments like 2 2 Goretencids, (xc! | Key points ‘Ifybplasm division is called cy tolinesis___ “[Noctens division is called Koryokinesis Mitosis nad Minis |New cells _are_Lormed__in organism in Ho repair the Tigjuo ee ey tect divisi “ IGaeretes cre_Brmed bythe cell_division cai) —_ measts -IMiosis_§ —used_as_o._mode_of_osexv0|_1eproduction. Meosis_is_used_og—a,_mode-of_sexual_reproduction._Terer membiarce oer, xe) AS)Slody of Tésves in called —Hislelqgy 214 geup—of cells _lbot_are_similaz:_in_staucuee_anc Ld fs eee ee ee = Blood, muscles *|Tissues are organised 4 Sem organs od organs to form organ sgysems -|Fermoctiom of issue bsi9gs—abou{ divisinn of ___ loboost in _molticellolar organisms “hw ae ; Point ot Plant Animal Oiflereare discue. dissue Nodure“of “Dead soppoctive I+ Living Ji TESues issues ore present _|rae campaced ta more 4 prvide Ai tacchanical strength lanimals have active Becous @ plots are |locameation edentive (S darling) +|| RHlern of | -Txe growth _is The growths Jobe geauwth. limited in cerkin | place thraycpout — regions, come issuer ithe body but nal Vide theoyghout Hhroughout the life. heir life.Jion [Tt is simple p&_Tissure__| _ & 0 ‘Porpose of |: Ta is dowards Tic Hissu@ Lationany habit mobility =a lo ‘ganization Basic naturel: Th df fren= | +No such differentia! of tcsue Hinded with merislamaic a: Pecmanant 4issuo. 8 *|Merishmatt -Du5c to its “Tt is absent j dissus. Locti iby »plool animals. They cdo nat Continue to araw how grawib afer J 8 Hhroughact their \ife! reaching maturity. Energy orl + They reqcire bss] «They require ene Mointenance energy. j enemy. Plont Tsups 7 T Menstamanc Permanert— Tessu8 ; Ts: > 4 —_ typical Iteralory Lateral Oe) Tony Fig ie Says oa = 7 33 —s parercky Gyr { CI ; as (Shady menslamoade coll \ 4 Ofler the udee oc £ oss 7 ONS - —o | Merstamotic cell :- a Apical _ — = ierCalery ; "ESE pe aes lateral enstom, Chorecteristi, = tH igo. Livi tissue - |The cel! i i L cellu lose - Hiei oells_comlain_dense_cytoplasms Geiscous)____ “I@lls_may be _spberical_oval_or ony palyganal shape Imade up_of _menslomadic tissueIypes of meristematic dissups Aen : ip isu “|Resent ot growing slips of root ond shost. Root opi which _prolects it from rubbing of ai particles -\The Apical meristems are responsible fr dhe oer nd_toot (height). (This _is_knos ri peels ; Plast: f A rool baie A} a LY “fk Ef eq ZS ‘Pical - mot DP TMENSICM rootIT hey are tSpon sible for the gro.sth_in_lngih in __certoin organs.» . “[eraso tele in_growlh ef leaves ond slongation interned Cerimacy growth). tH les on the Inderal side of stem and mot ond _accurs. clang —the side of lorgiludina) —_ axis. lie helps in increasing the _diomete -(éaidth, girth -|This_is_sscondory Grourlh loteral_meristera Vescolar Cork Tambiorn Carybines xy lens — ork7 > Fomanent Aissue | =O They ore. amposed of calls. which have las4 heim ability 46 divide or Permanently and 'Size_and_fonelion. temporarily or attain o_ permanant shape, as -fTRey are Bemed_by division ond _dffeceriontin icf _meristomic__jiste.. " They ore_of 4 wo types i+ _ *Simple__petmanent tissue Complex permanent issue These issues one _made up_of_Similac types of function “Tnegy ora wpporhve in hed ure The three types ore :~ Porenchyma (living dis we) ‘Gels of dhis tissue hove thin _ cell wall and is_ tmade up of ellulose Cerne 23 _Rod_storagd) The Sac ens —Poeked ith logge —__ Jintercellular Spoce. + Cells of his dissue howe cytoplasm swith srl nucleus and. large—vacvole (storage = it serves os_ressencic_of_slorage)clacemate Qu O “The_nvcleus is pushed bb the periphery. -T4_is_presert_ien all sof} _paris of the _plant and_is_thus_ called universal issue, + Fea _parench mo! have chloroplast anda - be known___as“Chlorenckymo._ 2 which_performs — photo. synthesis le -|Aguotic plant Chydrophytes) like hyrdilla., leg Ole _covlies are ~ preserit in “sone __parenchy ma celle“ which give: buqyoncy Cthe abil] ty—to__| Dood) Such type of porenchyma are called oerenchymo. - Thllenchy ‘IGlls of this tissue ore _imegelarly Hickned at the corners of dhe cells due fo pectin deposition and exdtro_cellulgse@ -[Link] Space ore very _itdle. : They offen comloin_o {eu chloreplasts b_cell_posseses a central vacuole and __ o_nucleus with peripheral cytoplasns,__ TRE colls_ore circular in shape, __ : Ftowi 7 _ Flexitbi) i4y. Hollows bending ‘of _variaus powds_of _o-_plant_ii' ke Jon drils_and_stems_af__ climbers without brsaking._It_isolso_feend_in leof_stolk below jhe epidermis.—IStbrenchy enn (ed —4 issue fo >= The cells _of -this_Jissus_ove ded agin ——}hO_ptotplasm. a lille oe eT pe Tig celeb sci and_cselypea. without ong intcacéllu lar Space. The walls of the cell ore highly thickened ef lignin deposition. i thi i cell_covity Orlumen becomes nore lt } Gee | OSd__mechonial fissue _shion protects the plant 3 provide maechanicol toength occurance op location “| Orcorames—er—loretiom Coconut husk ; viens of round vascular bund). hard cove ings of seed, nuts, for crochy ffuils lke guava ck AW Differentiate — belwecn aren [Link]., collenchym Rarenchymaa, 2 Glleachyma. Sclerenchyma_ +l living tissue living Aissuce nan=living +tissue : Fesel pocked____less“spnces _mo_Space infrocellulor 3928) Colrocellplor spe). Crbocellular Sys co) * Noytop i at i plasm not __ Present _present “(Cll wall ig_made op “Cll call is_mnds_call wall is_made 6 oF callelose. up_of pectin of_Idgnin= Thin Irregular Thick =| =~ (en OF) 7 cll yall } (ee walclassmate. =O) ———provides, it i ae }- Provides. strength — dexbility — ‘ = -presedt_+ Nucleus ig °s — "Nucleus ig —Periphe fy—___.___ present absent. Nucleus _j Complex Tissuc_ Differentioks behacen ler, ond_phloen ler Dbloery - ee plate cee le Uulem consists of Ptbem consiats af jove™ fracheic. Syxylem Clements campadan calls bo. a . « phloem fhers. 2 Lh bles 4 \rorsport of Ut bles She tronsposd of - \ vert io With, dhe hele of tocheide olher pacls of dhe Yant _| Ord vessels. Granslacatian) vith tbo help of perforalic sieve | tobes They axe oniduecthnal They are biticecliona| T Onk is em ti sl tn Labi iva seatin ons7 +The cuisemost quer of the plant calls i 7 colisd epidermis Ii is mode op of a single lnuer af call L present in ball, shoot and rol it pmisots 7 oll ports of th plant *iiMost of the Gpidermis above {he ground! are covered with Wwoxy cuticle “he. Cridermed of dhe aerial part of the plant Cllen secretes 9 oxy sobs}anoe which i. uuoler resis dont This projects against water to. mechanical _iajury—dnd—imasion ky fungi ‘|The epidermis is uscol[y thicker in planis living in dry hopitot (csert)classmate “To (PONY —Ceaiding ‘Tre _ovtermost lcansist of G jmenstem called cork, which_aw ded ond —desect plonts the. epidermis bas_o. thick i ubich_is_waler proof. layer of a branch of o Jree ip of oa. strip of econdary com orranged cith mo intercellular spac and with 9. chemical compasilion Suberin oshich i ipa, to gases and ¢ ote y. penetrate) Epidermal celk of Ihage long hair like park that greatly increase t . Mip TERM Por TiGNS COMPLETEwaend - +Milocton dno 5 TY peee Min ERM REWsion FuNDaMENTOL Nir oe dime Plas, I bor} ey Serna ella —~I Shox i Call ome! Ceu wal oa a Perret} teliviby Hiv plage Plant os! Cellslss)* Stain ving | L foreicly 89- Metnlyner bie fF Sey Becking Sofronin CR Reon ay Baty a= Sos Strockure _" Vitchow OM function. Ditter — rater eu Dts —fo T connor bony 5 oe fon waar merece : —————— Membrang - Diffusion \ ow NN & Osmosis ar lips “tebig p cortohyaate terse} TextbS——__Usmesis — Ho-mo Ste SF m0ObO.Pepe Oo mi * Prokars "nucleus ao -nucleoia 79 mrembrarn| orgonclie morse _ ] pees scnadounrows 7 cr b vesicle [ + nuclevs, noclesplasma Saying 7 Ss ee ° ee] * Chmrnsn Ec a mob aeR ¢ diegensis KER ER rics 1S Cela Wiging ‘acu ole Soop cel borage— pt Colommar— ed LL os ISS = bosémont Eq- sk cel Gregbore ' be [eb eld UTI Eg mucous, ‘ol lopcan J be Simple Sie ed Calviok J Zs BRS) a Is are + Composed of one or more foyer of cells cabich helps in covering or pmiection “1Cells are dightly packed ond forms a _canfinu shest wilh less or no inbracell ular Spaces. “They bows the ability to _tspair the chmaged 4! ee _ inave classmate pete They leon a dolemie nan aallular called bosem ent Dem brome which coniains a special iGtma of matrix prolein called Hagen — + This membrane provid Glaslic—suppart—and Ssparales__\he epithelium trom jhe under Any substance: ent ins i _oving jhe body rust cmss_atleas} ene layer of epitheliun,as_a ___| Iresult the _permiabilidy of Abe cells plays. impotlant_rols_in_regeldling the exch age —o® _malerik “They ro Slaltened + lexhemely dbin -[Patygoral in ape _Giregutor) + |Locedinn => buccal _cavid lood_vessels, alveci! lof long 5 skin (Gleoditied 4 " cee ne _filteration[There ae dant es of shea Led Spc iy ore_keratonozied__ond__non-_kerotonozied a >| Duboidol_epithilium +||Descriptionclassmate Date —) TE Smali_iniesline, = Iroc _lining — lapse lining of of respinato fy “Hunction ——————___ Descripling Ik consist fells that bear pair lice chructur (Cilic on ide erlermal gurtace “The cells in it may $e _cubsidal or columnar im__shope. Cilia. helps in movement of sobelance. Le Kidney Jubules troche. ; Ballo pi she. Function Ir helps in moavemerit cf substance. Glnnculor Epilbifium — | Deseripiior Holl, Slender cells eshich invaginale Ge 213 inward) ds form catory cell called gpble} of Locodina ing_cl_inlesline and cher glands like _salivacy glo gastric gland el cS) Fonction Ceerelion of macus and _clher secretion:> clascrate / Whet_—ore the function of Chie ancl microyi : pPecSect_on the surface oP epithe him P ct of cu bsle,oe dancmate Qs calles_og a pock ing lisse Lf Function _ = se fa ILjs_os Pperlive and packing —lissoe — 7 ——}}Proades sheng dis and claslicily _ a Beles in_tepairi —fissves—afler —an—ingory-————— Hconnects_skin“ andthe under lying us: =| i Fig! pose tissue 1 Noy Nek AAS lhe Hh bos mony oval_shapedZal_cells_also_called —_ [The fol _glbule in jhe cell pushes tbo __ puclec Jo__the periphery They hove jelly [ke moltix with white collagen Hhers [Fine dions: nsulalien, Shock —obsor bing —and provid ing — orth. — ‘Acts os _o fait resermier endo (Cer) Cine bev As) They ore _sirang non_elastic while fibers with [join ketal _muscles__-lo bones. «Frey have fibre blast cells ‘They hove _greal [Link] lout _limiled_Slexibidy casyellow ibers ——| fib te hah eibilly the ore yell “HH has Sbroblast ce | In_ex ces Fluid Cranbclive bse ue ‘= Ul Blond “We of “HF is produced hy hone tooo) Binorl 1 — Is ] Plosmo., Gls ! Hepa Ri t “ociga onion 1yles I ee \ Groner Agrarvlatcy fee ak Tymphaggios” [ epee Bose phils nckons of Le “It trons por 4 putieats and vito tissues and caries exer tory _praducts, ‘The Rec of o. blood helps in Jans port ofclassmate Date Lblood “Gnd issue. ot picks, up. St molecules ard trata ——— = bodies, against germs Canligen, —[Plotelels bete in clallsn 2 } 2a || Blood help in hemoaregtlatian, mainline waler pa Abele: ped olen ph—balance. been: tit iso colourte: liquid whch_is filtered at p ian Exchange of goss ond nutrients — bolacen tha [Nae {Lymph is_less in proteine bot plosma,_i | Prod jen Skelete | tissue “= Bical tissue 7 | Cartilags Hid|ine —Yelou___uile foedroy le matak fibers fibersFos mot _skelelal tissue ct Ps: the_f, ; eounck die sppotks ithe body ty nchors —_{hrs_muscles- ond supports line main organs of the bad “| Cactilog@e _smocthong, Sur! a 1 also present in He nase, ear, fmohea_lor ay ond _verlebroe Di Hecentiching _belseen bone ond corhlege — Bene Cectilage Matrix lIIF is mode of co and | It is mode of prafeins f. Land sugars © Pexigtt im eg Joss flexible. | moye Prexible . Fonctionll 1 Gems o Some work, lt smacthens hone _a.thees co opport gan. ond “Vand } lacaicd in nase, lke a " onct I ri ene ee SpineGordiac muscleLordi mc muscle Soosih Skeletal Gori Unsinatd * vais a Inolontory se Bese y Striated B ~ Net -Bronchat Mol€iple nucleus =e Not Branched Skelaied Sepsis make Allecked 4o_honesll Tris, Tracks, inteshine,| WallS_ of Jie in Lciol muscles it iSIstemack, aal blodder, [heart only. Hoched 6 olher [alls of hallow intermall tissue including skinjboll Voluntary lovaluntary Incluniary ; - Slaalod u Mulhnuclear ( ne nucleas Ore ncles.s Ceeripher, ) Glinccica | Spe shag Bond Not Bromhed Aci Gronchel | Bronehied Enaclivn|(entros t ikl 4 a i con’} 1mQin con_gst fatigue Lath chythen at cont racled tr long —_______}-da_nal_gol fe Lime and_gels a. fatigue —— + oeINer vous “hssue [Lis highly specialized in_slimpblion _and_dransmition- — jo mpulsestopidly from _one_place to —anohor 7 Pie within the bedy.— Se _ ‘Brain, spinal_ard_ond_perves_ore_com posed cir, — __ Ihenous tissue _eabic has_highly spectaised_calls called nerve cells or neath Od}. yton,cell bi It canking 6 “capital nucleus Sean eec en rae nissl's_gtonules/ whish—halp_in tha synthesis of __| proleing ond _#Gtno_dmnsmiters_ They are. teh rienced ota con, they pichyp impulses Ccheainal_mpotens)— Axon. Single, long cylindrical slruclure—uillb_oniform, diameler + |It_ hos uglien_Elrctores altho Jormina|_end lealled ners @nding—oroacn_ferminal called ____ Gynoptic_knobs)=¢: 10, HIE it is_sureunded_by 9 sheath_called _Mialiin heath ther ae Ee See top). This_shealh is indcopled_oil_iniervals calles! _ (ahveet_ond_thait_point_is_alled_ronveer_po int.classmate, . / the_oxcns_has easenad! connective issug —— [sell allsd Shun cel 7 / f aS pyeleus X y nucle ne f es eA X a Xi Ton kor { Nene .~ Bndr Lee 7 ~ i Vy PE a ee. Crop ee Ly, - lhPRovemene. IN, — oop, RESOURCES _ a Ly improwmen| Ptop—varicly manage msst ——_______.. LCrop_producton 2 Gop: C7 | Some_kind of _plonis grown Hivated! in loge Scales_i crop an called Types of Srp BASED ow SEASON i - [ronson Crop) = Time 4o Gel Ep - Paddy Robi=[uinler top] = Noy march Fg.= cheat 3) Zaid <= (summer crop}: April te Tine = Ea - Mango, all melon Stik Basso oN _NuTeITioN | Cereal) Crops = Most jy corbob ydrales Eg=paddly _milist taheot fe. Pulses -Rich_in protein Eg-gram, bean ete Dl = Richi 9-foundaul | mustard. ee a Gpices— For flovour and _colout.£9- block pepper, turmeei c_, Bay IeofEri >| Vegetables and fi iuids = Rich — WH, 9-= aro fibic: fy: flax reli S, Aibce. —crops.~ To oblain_| ————hemph ete. Lgor Eg Sugar Cong rs loot 4 ames toot elo. i —in_minerals ond vilan, applet. Note :- sh crops -_GPfeo, leo, rubbereto. Fodder crops ~ For animals Fo ~Stcon- grass, Berseen olomeriod= It is the duration of mlb ta influences plonts in their growth Srmation of storage oxgan: and ling of - leaf. Trop voriely improvement WG —On_improvemenl of crops by, incaeporatiing. é trails in relation Jo {heit_econamic _ use | a Variely or slain’ con re scled by breadiog- Variety by hanging ics_in_orde 4a produce the ~ desired jeigaalie hn odes jal ed ee a oat[Tateduclion Cater ond fog, _|Ste > inloduceg —Selechion ea Chasse she bes —__C9p ond ) breed _ heey in large quality — hy brid isttiony ee c cog 7 SiSerent genus orent Species Bel-roen—taso Yoridies of somx SPOS [ro tog behsesn thirs_genetically di coith Assicalble chorectors i; scuted hy bm ation Recombinant DNA technology, Afo his methon oo gene with desirabke rit! interlaced ial dhe genetic maker of anothor red oe nana em ee seganie a pidduc ralleel —gaeatnlly meshed 2 CGnc)-A fed fed top aed fy coo = Fo= 7 colon __grn'es a. rae gene that rolecks |he crop from 1h@ insect Pest Aw¥iSome pf the eee improv err ent Sisproved gualily— a 1 ar = —Oil_gualdy i I< i Golly in_buik and vegeiseey Mt pokey + Py in pls Uesicobl 2 ios Ta C;.Crepping—pottems GU Nuln’er Though plon! er of lelem@nls_ From dhe _envirchmert,anly 16 of {hewn ove Burd to bs_sssential _for_plosst_nutviticg—— Gnd_ore known _Bsential_Nofntents ____—~ iw| Oe - oe po jource Nubients _ Aire Corbon, Oxygen [1 | Wwoler hy rogen, oxygen Soil )_Mecrnulrionis 2 = Nilrag @n, phos phor o6 potassium: ave mognesium, sulehy wT i) Micronulienls © iran; — mongonese . boron Fic@, copper, molybdern chlorine Macro avtrienks are required in large guonti}y and hence called pinoy —nobients. —______ “[Mcronulicots oo required in less_quantity ond. mosily involved in formation of en ymes- he nutri ents con be sepplied ia the loim of ponure ond ferklizers Momure T T Foren Yard , Compost ial Monure CFYM) Cert @mpesiing) Grimol wost)Compas} | Tisadv onlnoes of ~Mnnuting - + Relecse@s minerals slo ——+Belky—ond_net_eogy. 4 —fehondls “Unssluble in uoter ae —— Ee Gonct_bo sired beyond ong lo _lina manthe | WAdvooinoes of mono “Wncreas es soil fertility the_homss improves soil lexlute —Increa ator balding capocily of Sandy scil_and pievenis aS loggiag—in Cloy 2c sai). lows cast and con bs mode easil; ‘lRegycles the Rrm esasle v = Pole ct wr _enviranment Fert lizerc: “I Gommerciolt shich provides nultient, especially NPk to the plonis . Mos\y 1 i Nitogen Eeltaes - Polassiuno fellas (Mean satel Sot nan, Phospote, r\ilizers = Aiseainey Alesis Complex ferlilizers= NPk - NiO phasphale, Urea, Aaromaniiim phosthatt) Ac ontpges pf_feriilizecs: *| Smoll_omaunls is Chay — Soluble in ober+||Gompocl —and easy lo_handl e || Avaitabk an ID sodveanibges of +toriilin _—1|Malst_pellulion_batms _agualic onimals. +IHormful to microbe *|| Nolueol_specntic Ihraughoul_Ihe year 2 Reav i) Ly “Onl hart etm bene lt ‘ILC honges lhe pole of soil - acidic -alkaline ARE= WNT PAS THON f E COMPLET Drgonic Forming < ty o- forming ysler wilh minimal or no vse of chemicals and guith Oo moximurm inpul_of Orgonic_manures, recycled farm wasies, uss cf Bia ogenis ik — i preparodion of Bia~ fertilisers, neem os Rio peslicid wilh heallhy cropping patterns lnrigadim 2 of_supplyigg—ualer lo the cmps by means of resernoics wells ela. is known as irrigation - ogee { .} tery fe. und = call a Avgmeniclon I if = | welt ; aes Tain -waler Weise Gr . River soods Z : 1ELSysieny—howesting Seager boting erat ree“{o_ supply _ttyeragen and _Oxyg@n —_ +I[To_pronde sufficient -moiShure férlhe_geurinalion hsigplion is requnec) for following Purpose i. ——$__ of cps. - et ry * || For proper_grow'lh_a rd_Clongalicn of tosis. +Te_absorbputrients. ——. + “tltigalicn helps in_teplacemen| of _cuoler that [Udo bst though on spiration Dopping Ax a [There om different way Of growing crops in onder, doi on ths fem tb @ piece of log. Mixed Cttpping =I is_the_melhad of growing 2fmore Tops Simo] + field /pece of ard. Fy~ uhoct \qawn wheal + peckid tReclaces tiste of failure . Sroun uly sunflouer lnlercropping~ It js the method of _gaxsin Bfmare crops on the sane field in a_aefinike 9 “|Fx- A_fou rows of wheat followed by a OD Feu crows of gram ele. in Crop—tolalion~ The groving of _alferent cro ono piece of land in o- pre= planned SUCCESSIOh _iS_kno un, QS__crop_tolalian Crop_prolecti r Ine _prolection of crops from Sti i i fects uped a disease ee vnnorled ais OTN rer 78 pg-M5 + Cyperusual borers, Fe = Segar cane _ “2) sls /Inecels_ _ ec iceS ——— —thewiag Jalon Aphids gy, locus _ Plant ——Giasshoppe stm borers cle hye Msthods—te_senleal_pesls,/ inaccky a Chemica Bolagicn| Insechicides Fungicides. x= Australian ody Herbicides -bitd _heotles L Giton fielg Methods pf rem, ning weeds Chemical Mechanical Biolagical. -94-pD Ex Khurpi Fishes cals Ad eozin Uecd; icl_ingsel ndecigeto.s = Red Sed 6S \ Eon Srociets acd Erco ae Cemtrates = ail ca| ke= Rowghage= fiber: Concentrates -_prolicas pS ——Pesice_premium _£ hygeine _—5 Pater Gua PouuTRy Foenin S eooully nq i - | | Trdgens CO8ens Broilety Bree a a1 S en rohic Roar] oe “Witonin AG K Cross breed , Hf “28,7 ) Sistem on tO Rearing pf fishes Fa-promphicty [ |bcehdstunds | Cap tore ES, Clve7inen J reo duck oS Rice COP Rsk Foire FeShoatee feeds = Gy “ i <= C)ewlace= Cala Brockishwote Gj) micild ~ Rous Pinks A cit =e & Skell Malls is \ bet \ Poblems Jiced ri ite wf MB Soh Same a mar 5 ei all The Hawes problensSolul ion, } ——Haimronal. stimulation. —____ @ricurmer = yy = p———Rearing oP Honey bes Honey bee : Apis Geren Iedico = Indian hea Ags “Chisale =the rack hee Apis flame = the [ilo beg Apis mallifen. = An ttalan t variety A. mellifers - in do in ae 2 ho Yisldl_o ney ; Tasi eS 2, Ae iece eal ae Porgy a Ms SO Yeecuneey | APS cen ABS Tolle j Tica, => Ads dasala Ft pic Flora | Apis weltffe ro. th i merce | production of honey os tney slay in a beshive for _ I a—bnger period of Jime E j ene att Th Gest WW .