Module -4: Linear

Transformation

Contents
 Linear Transformation
 Kernal and range of linear
transformation
 Basic properties of linear
transformation
 Invertible linear transformation
 Matrix of linear transformation
Introduction:
In many branches of mathematics, we use
functions with particular properties. For example,
single variable calculus is largely concerned with
studying functions of one variable that are
differentiable. In linear algebra, this sort of function
that we study is called linear transformation and
the goal of this handout is to explain what a linear
transformation is.

In linear algebra we will study functions where the

input and output are both vectors. Such functions
are often called a linear transformation. Our
functions will often be named as T (for
“Transformation”), and we will write T : R m → Rn to
mean that the inputs of T are vectors in Rm and
outputs of T are vectors in Rn. We will call Rm , the
domain and Rn, then codomain.

Linear Transformation: A linear transformation from

a vector space V to another vector space W is a
mapping T :V → W such that for all u and v in V and for all
scalars c,
I)T ( u+ v )=T ( u ) +T ( v )
II)T ( cu )=cT ( u )

Note: T :V → W is a linear transformation if and only if,

T ( c1 v 1 +c 2 v 2 +…+ c k v k )=c 1 T ( v1 ) + c 2 T ( v 2 ) +… c k T ( v k )
For all v1 , v2 , … , vk in V and scalar c 1 , c2 , ... ,c k
Example 1: Define T : M n × n → M n× n by T ( A )= A
T
. Show that T is
a linear transformation.
Solution:
Given that, T : M n × n → M n× n by T ( A )= AT .
We have to show that T is a linear transformation.
Suppose for A and B in M n ×n and scalar c.
T T T
T ( A+ B )=( A + B ) =A + B =T ( A )+T ( B)
Also T ( cu )=( cu )T =uT c T =c u T
Hence T is a linear transformation.

Example 2: Define S :τ [ a , b ] → R by,

b
S ( f )=∫ f ( x ) dx
a

Show that S is a linear transformation.

Solution:
Let f and g be in τ [ a , b ] then,
b
S ( f + g )=∫ ( f + g )( x ) dx
a
b
¿ ∫ ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx
a
b b
¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ g ( x ) dx
a a
¿ S ( f )+ s ( g )

b
S ( cf ) =∫ ( cf ) ( x ) dx
a
b
¿ ∫ cf ( x ) dx
a
b
¿ c ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
¿ cS (f )
Hence S is a linear transformation.
Example 3: Show that none of the following
transformation is linear.
a) T : M 2 ×2 → R defined by T ( A )=det A
b)T : R → R defined by T ( x )=2 x
c) T : R → R defined by T ( x )=x +1

Solution:
In each case, we give a specific counter example to
show that one of the properties of the linear
transformation fails to hold.
a) Let A=( 10 00)∧B=( 00 01) ,then A+ B=(10 01).
Now T ( A+ B )=det (0 1 )=1
1 0

Again, T ( A )+ T ( B )=detA + detB=0+0=0

Hence T ( A+ B ) ≠ T ( A ) +T (B)
So, T is not a linear transformation.

b) Let x=1∧ y=2 then T ( x + y )=T ( 3 )=23 =8

Now T ( x ) +T ( y )=T ( 1 ) +T ( 2 ) =21+ 22=6
Therefore, T ( A+ B ) ≠ T ( A ) +T (B)
So, T is not an linear transformation.

c) Try yourself

Zero Transformation: For any vector space V, the

transformationT 0 :V → W that maps every vector in V to the
zero vector in W is called a zero transformation.
i.e. T 0 ( v )=0 ∀ v ∈V
Identity Transformation: For any vector space V, the
transformation I :V → V that maps every vector in V to
itself is called the identity transformation.
i.e. I ( v )=v , ∀ v ∈V

Properties of Linear Transformation:

Let T : v → w be a linear transformation then,
a) T ( 0 )=0
b)T (−v )=−T ( v ) , ∀ v ∈ V
c)T ( u−v ) =T ( u )−T ( v ) , ∀ u , v ∈ V

Example: Suppose T is a linear transformation from R

2

to P2 such that []
1 3 []
T 1 =2−3 x + x ∧T 2 =1−x .
2 2
Find 2[ ] [ ].
T −1 ∧T a
b

Solution:

Given that 1 [] 3
2
[]
T 1 =2−3 x + x ∧T 2 =1−x .
2

Let {[ ] [ ]}
B= 1 , 2
1 3

Since B is a basis of R
2
,every vector in R
2
is a span of B,
now solving,

[] [][ ]
c 1 1 +c 2 2 = −1
1 3 2

⇒
[ c +3 c ] [ 2 ]
c +2 c
1

1
= −1
2

⇒ c1 +2 c 2=−1∧c1 +3 c 2=2

Subtracting the equations we get,

−c 2=−3

⇒ c2=3

So c 1=−1−2 c2 =−1−6=−7
Therefore, we get,

[−12]=−7 [ 11]+3[ 23]

[ 2 ] { [ 1 ] [ 3 ]}
⇒ T −1 =T −7 1 +3 2

⇒ T [−1 ]=−7 T [ 1 ]+3 T [ 2 ]

2 1 3

⇒ T [−1 ]=−7 ( 2−3 x + x ) + 3(1−x )

2 2

⇒ T [−1 ]=−11+21 x−10 x

2

Again,
[] [][]
c 1 1 +c 2 2 = a
1 3 b

⇒
[ cc +2+3 cc ]=[ ab]
1

1
2

⇒ c1 +2 c 2=a∧c 1 +3 c 2=b

Subtracting the equations we get,

−c 2=a−b

⇒ c2=b−a

So, c 1=a−2 c 2=a−2 ( b−a )=3 a−2 b

Therefore, we get,

[ ab]=(3 a−2 b)[ 11]+(b−a)[32]

[ b] { [ 1 ] [3 ] }
⇒ T a =T ( 3 a−2b ) 1 + ( b−a ) 2

⇒ T [ a ]=(3 a−2 b)T [ 1 ]+(b−a)T [ 2 ]

b 1 3

⇒ T [ a ]=( 3 a−2 b ) ( 2−3 x+ x ) + ( b−a ) ( 1−x )

2 2

⇒ T [ a ]=5 a−3 b+ (−9 a+ 6 b ) x+ ( 4 a−3 b ) x

2

b
Practice Problem: Suppose T is a linear
transformation from R
2
to P2 such that []
1 [ ]
T 1 =1−2 x∧T 3 =x +2 x
−1
2

. Find [ ] [ ].
T −7 ∧T a
9 b

Ans: T [ 9 ]=5−14 x−8 x ∧T [ b ]= 4 − 4 x + 2 x

−7 a a+3 b a+ 7 b
2 a−b 2

Example 2: Let T :R →R
2 3
be a linear transformation for

[] []
1 3
which []
T 1= 2
0
−1
and []
T 0=0
1
4
. Find [] []
T 5 ∧T a .
2 b

Solution:
Given that, 2
T :R →R
2
be a linear transformation defined
by,

[] []
1 3
0 []
T 1= 2
−1
and []
T 0=0
1
4

Since here {[ ] [ ]} is a standard basis of

B= 1 , 0
0 1
R
2
,

every vector in R
2
is a span of B.

Here, 2 =5[ 5] [ 10]+2[ 01]

[ 2] { [ 0] [ 1] }
⇒ T 5 =T 5 1 +2 0

⇒ T [ 5 ]=5T [ 1 ]+2 T [ 0 ]
2 0 1

[ ] [][ ]
1 3 11

−1
[]
⇒ T 5 =5 2 +2 0 = 10
2
4 3

Again let,

0[] [][]
c 1 1 + c2 0 = a
1 b
 ⇒
[ ][]
c1
=a
c2 b

⇒ c1=a∧c2 =b

So,

[ ab]=a [10 ]+b [01 ]

⇒ T [ a ]=aT [ 1 ]+ bT [ 0 ]
b 0 1

[ ] [][ ]
1 3 a+3 b
[]
⇒ T a =a 2 + b 0 = 2 a
b
−1 4 −a+ 4 b

[][ ]
x
x
Example 3: If 2
T :R →R
3
defined by, T
y
= 2 x− y , then verify
3 x+4 y
that T is a linear transformation or not.
Ans: (Hints: Check whether
2
T ( u+ v )=T ( u ) +T ( v )∧T ( cu )=cT ( u ) , ∀ u , v ∈ R ∧c ∈ R )

Example 4: Let T : P2 → P2 be a linear transformation for

which T ( 1+ x )=1+ x 2 ,T ( x+ x2 ) =x−x 2∧T ( 1+ x 2 )=1+ x + x 2. Find
T ( 4−x+ 3 x 2 ) ∧T ( a+ bx+ c x 2 ) .

Solution:
Given that, T : P2 → P2 be a linear transformation for which
T ( 1+ x )=1+ x 2 ,T ( x+ x2 ) =x−x 2∧T ( 1+ x 2 )=1+ x + x 2.

Since here,
B= {1+ x , x+ x 2 , 1+ x 2 }

Is a basis of P 2. So, every vector in P2 is a span of B.

Let,
4−x +3 x 2=c 1 (1+ x ) +c 2 ( x+ x2 ) + c3 (1+ x 2 )
Now comparing the coefficients of each power of x we
get,
c 1 +c 3=4 …(1)

c 1 +c 2=−1 …(2)

c 2 +c 3=3 … (3)

Subtracting 1st and 3rd equation we get,

c 1−c 2=1 … (4)

Adding 2nd and 4th equation we get,

2 c 1=0 ⇒ c 1=0

Form equation (4) we get,

c 2=c1−1=−1

Form equation (1) we get,

c 3=4−c 1=4

So,
4−x +3 x 2=0. ( 1+ x )−1. ( x+ x 2 ) + 4.(1+ x 2)

⇒ T ( 4−x +3 x ) =T { 0. ( 1+ x )−1. ( x + x ) +4. ( 1+ x ) }

2 2 2

⇒ T ( 4−x +3 x 2)=0.T ( 1+ x )−1.T ( x+ x2 ) + 4.T (1+ x 2)

⇒ T ( 4−x +3 x2 ) =−1 ( x−x 2 )+ 4 ( 1+ x + x 2 )=4+3 x +5 x 2

Again,
a+ bx+ c x 2=c 1 ( 1+ x )+ c2 ( x + x 2) + c 3 (1+ x2 )

Now comparing the coefficients of each power of x we

get,
c 1 +c 3=a …(1)

c 1 +c 2=b … (2)

c 2 +c 3=c …(3)

Subtracting 1st and 3rd equation we get,

 c 1−c 2=a−c … (4)

Adding 2nd and 4th equation we get,

1
2 c 1=a+ b−c ⇒ c 1= (a+b−c )
2

Form equation (4) we get,

1 1
c 2=c1−a+c= ( a+b−c )−a+ c= ( b+ c−a )
2 2

Form equation (1) we get,

1 1
c 3=a−c1=a− ( a+b−c )= ( c +a−b )
2 2

So,
1 1 1
a+ bx+ c x = ( a+ b−c ) . ( 1+ x )+ ( b+c−a ) . ( x + x ) + ( c +a−b ) .(1+ x )
2 2 2
2 2 2

⇒ T (a+ bx+ c x 2)=T {12 ( a+b−c ) .( 1+ x ) + 12 ( b+ c−a ) . ( x + x )+ 12 ( c+ a−b ) .(1+ x )}

2 2

1 1 1
⇒ T (a+ bx+ c x )= ( a+b−c ) .T ( 1+ x )+ ( b +c−a ) . T ( x + x ) + ( c +a−b ) . T (1+ x )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
⇒ T (a+ bx+ c x )= ( a+b−c ) .(1+ x )+ ( b+ c−a ) . ( x−x ) + ( c +a−b ) .(1+ x + x )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
⇒ T ( a+bx +c x )= ( a+ b−c+ c+ a−b ) + ( b+c−a+c +a−b ) x + ( a+b−c +a−b−c +c +a−b ) x
2 2
2 2 2
1
⇒ T ( a+bx +c x )=a+ cx + ( 3 a−b−c ) x
2 2
2

Practice Problem: Let T : M 2 ×2 → R be a linear

transformation for which T
[ 10 01 ]=1 , T [10 10]=2 ,T [ 11 10]=3∧T [11 11]=4
.

Find T
[ ] [ ]
1 3
4 2
∧T
a b
c d
.
Composition of Linear Transformation:
If T :U → V and S :V →W are linear transformations, then the
composition of S with T is the mapping S ∘T , defined by
( S ∘T ) (u )=S ( T ( u ) ) where u ∈U .

Example 1: Let 2
T : R → P 1∧S :P 1 → P 2 be linear
transformations defined by b[]
T a =a+ ( a+b ) x∧S ( p ( x ) )=xp ( x ).

Find

[ ]
I ¿ ( S ∘T ) 3
−2

II ¿ ( S ∘ T ) [ a ].
b

Solution:

I) [ ] ( ([ ]))=S (3+( 3−2) x )=S ( 3+ x )=x ( 3+ x ) =3 x + x

( S ∘T ) 3 =S T 3
−2 −2
2

II)( S ∘T ) [ b ]=S (T [ b ]) ¿ S ( a+ ( a+b ) x )

a a

¿ x ( a+ ( a+ b ) x )

¿ ax + ( a+ b ) x 2

Example 2: If T :U → V ∧S :V →W are linear transformation

then S ∘T :U → W is a linear transformation.
Solution:
Let u∧v ∈U and c be any scalar then,
( S ∘T ) (u+ v )=S (T ( u+ v ))

¿ S ( T ( u )+T ( v ) )

¿ S ( T ( u )) + S ( T ( v ) )

¿ ( S ∘T ) (u )+(S ∘T )(v )
Hence, ( S ∘T ) (u+ v )= ( S ∘ T ) ( u ) +(S ∘ T )(v) .

Again,
( S ∘T ) ( cu )=c (S ∘ T )(u)

Hence S ∘T is a linear transformation.

Example: Define linear transformation 2 2
S : R → M 2 ×2∧T :R → R
2

, by [][
S a=
b
a+b
0
b
a−b d ] [][
−d ]
∧T c = 2c +d . Compute ( S ∘T ¿ 2 ∧(S ∘T ) x .Can
1 y [] []
you
x
[]
compute ( T ∘ S ) y ? If so compute it.

Solution:
Given that, 2
S : R → M 2 ×2∧T :R → R
2 2
, by

[][
S a=
b
a+b
0
b
a−b d ] [][
∧T c = 2c +d
−d ].
[ ] ( [ ])
( S ∘T ) 2 =S T 2
1 1

¿S 5
([−1])
¿
[ 40 −16 ]
Again,

[ ] ( [ ])
( S ∘T ) x =S T x
y y

([ − y ])
¿ S 2x+ y

¿
[20x 2 x+− y2 y ]
Also,

[ ] ( [ ])
( T ∘ S ) x =T S x
y y

¿T
[ x +0 y x−y y ]
 T
[ x+0 y y
x− y ] is not defined.
So, we cannot compute
T
[ x+0 y y
x− y ]

Inverse of a linear transformation:

A linear transformation T :V → W is invertible if there is a
linear transformationT :W → V such that T ' ∘T =I V ∧T ∘T ' =I W . In
this case, T ' is called an inverse T .

Example 1: Verify that the mapping 2 '

T : R → P 1∧T : P1 → R
2

defined by []
T a =a+ ( a+b ) x and T ( c+ dx )= c
b d−c [ ] are inverse.
Solution:

[b ] ( [ b ])
( T ' ∘T ) a =T T a

'
¿T ¿

¿ [ a+b−a
a
]
¿ a
b []
Again,
( T ∘ T ' ) ( c +dx )=T ( T ' ( c +dx ) )

¿T
([ d −cc ])
¿ c +( c+ ( d−c ) )x

¿ c +dx

Hence, we get, T ' ∘T =I R ∧T ∘ T ' =I P .

2
1
So T ∧T ' are inverses of each other.

Example 2: Verify that S and T are inverses,

2
S:R → R [][ ]
defined by S x = 4 x+ y
y 3 x+ y

And T : R → R defined by T [ y ]=[−3 x + 4 y ]

2 x x− y

Solution:
Given that,
2
S:R → R [][ ]
defined by S x = 4 x+ y
y 3 x+ y

And T : R → R defined by T [ y ]=[−3 x + 4 y ].

2 x x− y

Now,

[ ] [ [ ]]
S ∘T x =S T x
y y

¿ S [ x− y ]
−3 x +4 y

[
¿ 4 ( x− y ) + (−3 x +4 y )
3 ( x − y )+ (−3 x+ 4 y ) ]
[]
¿ x
y

Also,

[ ] [ [ ]]
T ∘ S x =T S x
y y

[
¿T 4 x+ y
3 x+ y ]
¿
[ 4 x+ y−3 x− y
−3 ( 4 x+ y )+ 4 ( 3 x + y ) ]
[]
¿ x
y
Example 3: Let S : P1 → P1 defined by S ( a+ bx ) =(−4 a+b )+ 2 ax

b
And T : P1 → P1 defined by T ( a+bx )= + ( a+2 b ) x .
2

Solution:
Given that,
S : P1 → P1 defined by S ( a+ bx ) =(−4 a+b )+ 2 ax

b
And T : P1 → P1 defined by T ( a+bx )= + ( a+2 b ) x .
2

Now,
( S ∘T ) ( a+bx )=S ( T ( a+bx ) )

¿S
[ b
2
+ ( a+2 b ) x
]
( b
2
b
¿ −4. + a+2 b +2. x
2 )
¿ a+ bx

And
( T ∘ S ) ( a+bx )=T ( S ( a+bx ) )

¿ T [ (−4 a+b)+2 ax ]
2a
¿ + ( (−4 a+b ) +2 ( 2 a ) ) x
2
¿ a+ bx

Hence, we get,
( S ∘T ) ( a+bx )=I P ∧( T ∘ S )( a+bx )=I P
1 1

Hence S and T are inverse of each other.

Assignment:
I) Let T : P1 → P1 be a linear transformation for which
T ( 1 ) =3−2 x ,T ( x )=4 x−x 2∧T ( x 2) =2+2 x2
Find
 a)T ( 6+ x−4 x2 )
b)T (a+ bx+ c x 2)

II) Define linear transformation S : P1 → P2 and T : P2 → P2

by S ( a+ bx ) =a+ ( a+b ) x +2 b x 2∧T ( a+ bx+ c x 2 )=b +2 cx . Compute
( S ∘T ) ( 3+2 x −x2 ) ∧( S ∘T ) ( a+bx +c x2 ) . Can you compute
(T ∘ S )(a+bx ) ? If so compute it.

Definition: Let T :V → W be linear transformation

from a vector space V to W. We will say V as
domain of T and W as a codomain of T.

Kernel of a Linear Transformation: Let V and

W be vector spaces. Let T :V → W be a linear
transformation. The set of all vectors v ∈ V for
which Tv=0 is a subspace of V. It is called the
kernel of T and denoted by Ker (T ),
i.e. Ker (T )= {T ( v )=0 :v ∈V }

Range of Linear Transformation: Let V and W

be vector spaces and let T :V → W be a linear
transformation. The set of all vectors w ∈ W such
that w=Tv for some v ∈ V is called range of T. It is a
subspace of W and is denoted by range (T ).
i.e., range ( T ) ={ w=T ( v ) : v ∈ V }

Example 1: Find the kernel and range of the

differential operator D : P3 → P2 defined by D ( p ( x ) ) = p' ( x ) .
Solution:
Given that,
D : P3 → P2 defined by D ( p ( x ) ) = p' ( x ) .
Since p(x ) is in P3 i.e., a+ bx+ c x 2 +d x3.
∴ D ( a+bx +c x 2+ d x 3 )=0+b+2 cx +3 d x 2
2
¿ b+ 2cx +3 d x
Now we have,
Ker ( D )={ a+ bx+ c x 2 +d x3 : b+ 2cx +3 d x 2=0 }
Now, b+ 2cx +3 d x =0 if and only if b=c=d=0.
2

Hence,
Ker ( D )={ a+ bx+ c x 2 +d x3 :b=c=d=0 }
¿ { a : a∈ R }

In other words, the kernel of D is the set of

constant polynomials.
Now the range of D is all of P2.
Since every polynomial in P2 is the image under D
(i.e., derivative) of some polynomial in P3 if
a+ bx+ c x ∈ P2.
2

2
(
b 2 c 3
∴ a+bx + c x =D ax+ x + x .
2 3 )
Example: Let S : P1 → R be the linear transformation
defined by,
1
S ( p ( x )) =∫ p ( x ) dx
0

Find the kernel and range of S.

Solution:
Given that, S : P1 → R be the linear transformation
defined by,
1
S ( p ( x )) =∫ p ( x ) dx
0

Let p ( x )=a+ bx ∈ P1 .

[ ]
1 1
b 2 b
S ( a+ bx ) =∫ ( a+bx ) dx= a+ x =a+
0 2 0 2
 ∴S ¿

Now,
Ker ( S )={ p ( x ) ∈ P1 : S ( p ( x ) ¿¿ 0 }
¿ { a+bx ∈ P1 : S ( a+ bx )=0 }

{ b
¿ a+bx ∈ P1 :a+ =0
2 }
{
¿ a+bx ∈ P1 :a=
−b
2 }
Hence,
Ker ( S )= {−b2 + bx}
Geometrically, Ker (S) consists of all those linear
polynomials whose graphs have the property
that the area between the line and the x-axis is
equally distributed above and below the axis on
the interval [ 0 , 1 ]. (See the figure)

1 X
X’ 2
−b
2

Y’

−b
If y=
2
+bx , then
1 1

∫ ydx =∫ ( −b
2
+bx ) dx
0 0
 [ ]
1
−b x2
¿ x+ b . =0
2 2 0

The range of S is R, since every real number can be

obtained as the image under S of some polynomial in P1
.
For example, if ‘a’ is an arbitrary real number, then
1

∫ adx=[ ax ] 0=a
1

∴ S ( a )=a

Example 3: Let T : M 2 ×2 → M 2 ×2 be the linear transformation

defined by T ( A )= AT . Find the kernel and range of T.
Solution:
Given T : M 2 ×2 → M 2 ×2 be the linear transformation defined by
T ( A )= A
T
.
We have,
Ker (T )= { A ∈ M 2 ×2 :T ( A ) =0 }

¿ { A ∈ M 2× 2 : A T =0 }

But if A =0 then A=( A T ) =0T =0.

T T

It shows that, Ker (T )= { 0 }.

Also, for any matrix A ∈ M 2 ×2 , we have,

T T
A=( A ) =T ( A )
T
(Since A ∈ M 2× 2)
T

Hence, range ( T ) =M 2 × 2.

Practice Problem: Let T : P1 → P1 defined by T ( ax+ b )=2 bx−a is

linear. Describe its kernel and range.

Matrix of Linear Transformation

Theorem 1:Let V and W be two finite-dimensional
vector spaces with bases B and C respectively, where
B= { v 1 , v 2 , … , v 3 } . If T :V → W is a linear transformation, then the
m ×n matrix A, defined by

[
A= [ T ( v 1 ) ]c [ T ( v 2 ) ]c … [ T ( v n ) ]c ]
Satisfies
A [ v ]B =[ T ( v ) ] c ∀ v ∈V

The matrix A is called the matrix of T with respect to

the bases B and C.

Note: The matrix of a linear transformation T with

respect to bases B and C is sometimes denoted by [ T ]C ← B
(Note that the direction of the arrow right to left) (not
left to right as for T :V → W )

Example 1: Let T : P2 → P2 be the linear transformation

defined by T ( p ( x ) )= p (2 x−1).
a) Find the matrix of T with respect to the E={1 , x , x2 } .
b) Compute T (3+2 x−x 2) indirectly using part (a).
Solution:
a) Given that T : P2 → P2 defined by,
T ( p ( x ) )= p ( 2 x−1 )

Now T ( 1 ) =1, T ( x )=2 x−1 , T ( x 2 )=( 2 x−1 ) =1−4 x + 4 x 2

2

So, the coordinate vectors are,

[] [] []
1 −1 1
[ T ( 1 ) ]E 0 [
= , T ( x ) ]E 2
= ∧ [ T ( x
2
) ] E = −4
0 0 4

[
∴ [ T ] E= [ T ( 1 ) ] E [ T ( x ) ] E [ T ( x 2 ) ] E ]
 [ ]
1 −1 1
¿ 0 2 −4
0 0 4

b) We apply theorem 1 as follows:

The coordinate vector of p ( x )=3+2 x−x 2 with respect to
E.

[]
3
[ p ( x ) ]E = 2
−1
By theorem 1,
[ T ( 3+2 x −x2 ) ]=¿
¿ [ T ]E [ p ( x ) ] E

[ ][ ]
1 −1 1 3
¿ 0 2 −4 2
0 0 4 −1

[]
0
¿ 8
−4

It follows that,
T ( 3+ 2 x−x 2 ) =0.1+8. x−4. x 2=8 x−4 x2 .

[ Directly method: T ( 3+ 2 x−x 2 ) =3+2 ( 2 x−1 ) −( 2 x−1 )2=8 x−4 x 2 ]

Example 2: Let D : P3 → P2 be the differential operator

D ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x ). Let B= {1 , x , x 2 , x 3 }∧C= { 1 , x , x 2 }be bases for P3∧P2
'

respectively.
a) Find the matrix A of D with respect to B and C.
b) Find the matrix A ' of D with respect to B' ∧C , where
B' ={ 1 , x , x 2 , x 3 }
c) Using part (a) compute D ( 5−x +2 x 2 )∧D ( a+ bx+ c x 2+ d x 3 )to
verify theorem 1.
Solution:
Given that, D : P3 → P2 be the differential operator
D ( p ( x) )= p ( x )
'

Let p ( x )=a+ bx+ c x + d x ∈ P3 .

2 3
So,
∴ D ( a+bx +c x 2+ d x 3 )=b+2 cx +3 d x 2

a) Since the images of the basis B under D are,

D ( 1 )=0 , D ( x )=1 , D ( x 2 )=2 x∧D ( x 3 )=3 x 2
Therefore, the coordinate vectors with respect to C
are

[] [] [] []
0 1 0 0
[ D ( 1 ) ] C = 0 , [ D ( x ) ] C = 0 , [ D ( x 2 ) ] = 2 ∧ [ D ( x 3 ) ]C = 0
0 0 0 3
[
A=[ D ]C ← B = [ D ( 1 ) ] C [ D ( x ) ] C [ D ( x 2 ) ]C [ D ( x 3 ) ]C ]

[ ]
0100
¿ 0 0 20
0003
b) Since the basis B' is just B in the reverse order, we
see that
[
A=[ D ]C ← B = [ D ( x3 ) ]C [ D ( x 2 ) ]C [ D ( x ) ]C [ D (1 ) ]C
' ]

[ ]
0010
¿ 0200
3000
c) First, we compute D ( 5−x +2 x 3 )=−1+6 x 2.
Directly, getting the coordinate vector,
¿
On other hand,

[]
5
[ 5−x+2 x ]B= −1 2

0
2

[ ][ ]
0 1 00 5
A [ 5−x +2 x ]B= 0 0 2 0 −1
2
So, 0
0 0 03
2

[]
−1
¿ 0 =[ D ( 5−x +2 x ) ]C
3

6
Example 3 : Let T :R →R
3 2
be the linear transformation

[][
x
defined by T y = x−2 y
z
x + y −3 z ] and let B={e , e , e } and C={e , e } be
1 2 3 2 1

bases for 3
R ∧R
3
respectively. Find the matrix T with

[]
1
respect to B and C and verify theorem (1) for v= 3 .
−2

Solution: T :R →R
3 2
be the linear transformation defined
by,

[][
x
T y = x−2 y
z
x + y −3 z ]
First, we compute

[] [ ]
T ( e1 ) = 1 , T ( e 2 )= −2 ,T ( e 3 )= 0
1 1 −3 [ ]
Next, we need their coordinate vectors with respect to
C.

Since[ 11]=e +e , [−21]=e −2 e ,[−30 ]=−3 . e + 0.e .

1 2 2 1 2 1

We have [ T ( e ) ] =[ 1 ] , [ T ( e ) ] =[−2 ]∧[ T ( e ) ] =[ 0 ]

1 1 −3
1 C 2 C 3 C

∴The matrix of T with respect to B and C is

[
A=[ T ] C ← B= [ T ( e 1 ) ]c [ T ( e 2 ) ]c [ T ( e 3 ) ]c ]
¿
[11 1 −3
−2 0 ]
To verify theorem (1) for v, we first compute,

[ ][
1
T ( v )=T 3 = −5
−2
10 ]
Then,

[]
1
[ v ]B = 3
−2
And

[ 10 ] [−510 ]
[ T ( v ) ]C= −5 =

][ ][
1
Also [
A [ v ]B =
1 1 −3
1 −2 0 3 =
−2
−5 ]
10 = T ( v )
[ ]C

Hence it is verified.