Module 1 Study Guide
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Vince Larry EstiraModule 1 Study Guide
Uploaded by
Vince Larry EstiraSTUDY GUIDE
MODULE 1: Introduction to Power System
Power System Development
The first power network in the U.S.
• The first electric network in the U.S. was established in 1882 at New York City by Thomas
Edison
• The power was generated by dc generators and distributed by underground cables
• Because of high I2R loss at low voltage, the energy could only be delivered short distance
from the power station
• High loss and short deliver distance are the shortage of the dc power network
• Transformer was invented in 1885 by William Stanley: be able to change voltage
• Induction motor was invented in 1888 by Nikola Tesla: replace dc motor and can produce
ac power
• AC system can produce more power at higher voltage than dc system because ac generator
is lack of commutators
• First single-phase ac in the US was generated by two 300 Hp waterwheel turbine at 4 kV
• First three-phase ac was generated at 2.3 kV in 1893
Development of HVDC
• DC transmission line has advantage in transferring more power for the same ac line due to
no reactance, asynchronous link between two ac systems
• High voltage dc (HVDC) was first built in 1970
Interconnection
• Utility networks are interconnected together to form power grid or power pool
• Fewer generators are required as a reserve
• Energy generation and transmission more economical and reliable
Competitive industry (1882-1920)
• 1887-1893 there were 24 power companies in Chicago area
Monopoly (1900-1920)
• A wave of merger, acquisition and consolidation produced a few local monopolies
Regulation (1920-1990)
• Sam Insull proposed the concept of regulated monopoly citing the industry as a natural
monopoly
• 1907 Wisconsin and New York established state utility commissions
• 1935 Federal Power Commission was established
History of Philippine Power Industry
January 17, 1895 - streetlights were turned by La Electricista for the first time in Manila.
March 24, 1903 - the Municipal Board passed Ordinance No. 44, granting to Swift what
became the original basic franchise of MERALCO.
1904 - Swift was able to purchase both the Tranvia company and La Electricista sometime
in 1904. Thus, Meralco started its electric service to Manila by taking over
operation of La Electricista system.
April 10, 1905 - Meralco’s street railway system was formally inaugurated.
1919 - Meralco changed its official name to Manila Electric Company.
1945 – Meralco was rehabilitated because its operation was interrupted during World War
II
1960 - a group of Filipino investors led by Eugenio Lopez Sr. bought Meralco
from the American investors.
1962 - Meralco changed its ownership from American to Filipino.
Late 1980 – late 1990 – Power shortage
1990 - the Philippines enacted the Build-Operate-Transfer Law to resolve the power
shortage. The government first decided to allow IPPs to enter the power generation
sector that had been monopolized by the state-run power authority, the NPC.
2001 – Electric Power Industry Reform Act (RA 9136),Energy Regulatory Commission
(ERC), Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM)
2003 - the Philippine government separated the power transmission sector of NPC and
established the transmission authority TransCo.
2006 – Philippine Wholesale Spot Electricity Market (WESM) in Luzon
2007 - the government sold a 25-year business right for the power transmission lines of
TransCo to a private company through a public tender.
2010 - WESMs were opened in Visayas
June 2013 - In the retail sector, the EPIRA started to liberalize the retail market
April 2016 - the ERC introduced the Retail Competition and Open Access to enable large
consumers to freely select their power supplier company and thus promote competition in
the retail market.
June 2017 - customers with 750 kW or higher were able to select their power supplier.
RA 9136: Electric Power Industry Reform Act
Objectives of RA 9136:
• To ensure and accelerate the total electrification of the country;
• To ensure the quality, reliability, security and affordability of the supply of electric power.
• To ensure transparent and reasonable prices of electricity in a regime of free and fair
competition and full public accountability to achieve greater operational and economic
efficiency and enhance the competitiveness of Philippine products in the global market;
• To enhance the inflow of private capital and broaden the ownership base of the power
generation, transmission and distribution sectors;
• To ensure fair and non-discriminatory treatment of public and private sector entities inthe
process of restructuring the electric power industry.
• To protect the public interest as it is affected by the rates and services of electric utilities
and other providers of electric power;
• To assure socially and environmentally compatible energy sources and infrastructure;
• To promote the utilization of indigenous and new and renewable energy resources in power
generation in order to reduce dependence on imported energy;
• To provide for an orderly and transparent privatization of the assets and liabilities of the
National Power Corporation (NPC)
• To establish a strong and purely independent regulatory body and system to ensure
consumer protection and enhance the competitive operation of the electricity market; and
• To encourage the efficient use of energy and other modalities of demand side management.
POWER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION
Single-line diagram
In power engineering, a single-line diagram, also sometimes called one-line diagram, is a
simplified notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram
has its largest application in power flow studies.
Impedance diagram
The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified equivalent
circuits. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
Reactance diagram
The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the
various components of power system are represented by their reactances. The reactance
diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are
neglected.
Per-unit system
In the power systems analysis, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as
fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities
expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer
to the other.