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Addiction-1
Definition of Addiction
It is a behavioral disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to
engage
:Risk factors of Addiction
: Psychological Factor – 1
family history of mental health condition as depression, anxiety, and -
personality disorder
:Environmental factor – 2
history of trauma (physical, emotional, sexual) &history of neglect&
)Poverty & Lack of parental supervision& Peer pressure
:Types of Addiction
Substance Addiction - 1
This is the addiction to substances that are ingested or otherwise put into
.a person’s body
Some common physical addictions include: Alcohol& Tobacco
)&Opioids& Cocaine
Behavioral addiction - 2
Is classified as any time that persons loses control of their actions in order
.to engage in behaviors that result in brief feelings of happiness
That person becomes dependent on the pleasurable feelings that come
because of certain behaviors
Some common behavioral addictions include: Food Addiction&
Internet Addiction& Video Game Addiction& Shopping Addiction
Stages of addiction
-: Initiation/Experimentation -1
During this stage which time the individual tries a substance for the first
.time and experiments it for pleasure or to deal with stress
Regular Use -2
a person continues to experiment with a substance, its use becomes
normalized and grows from periodic to regular use and the pattern varies
based on the person
Tolerance -3
Slowly, the person’s brain adjusts and changes how it responds to the
presence of the drug, then the person will begin taking a higher dose to

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get the same effects as before

Dependence -4
In this stage, the individual takes the drug because they have come to an
.understanding that they need it in some way to continue through life
Addiction -5
Individuals at this stage feel as though they can no longer deal with life
without access to their chosen drug or other addictive behavior
Signs and symptoms of addiction
Physical: - Disturbed sleep pattern ,eating habit & Weight loss or gain
Fatigue, excessive sweating, headache &poor hygiene
:Behavioral
Withdrawal from friends and family& Lack of concentration &Poor
academic performance& Work problems
Psychological symptoms: Irritability and Slurred &speech Mood swings
Loss of interest in usual activities
:Complications
:Some of the potential long-term consequences of addiction include

Getting poor grades 2- Depression-1

Fetal damage 4-Getting an infectious disease, particularly through-3
Lung damage and respiratory illness 6-Suicide trials -5
.Prevention
There are 5 practical addiction prevention tips: through
:Educate youth -1
Educate the youth about the risks of drug and alcohol abuse, People may
begin experimenting with drugs or alcohol at an early age, so educating
.youth is important
:Teach healthy coping skills -2
Teaching how to cope with emotions in healthy ways
Talking to someone you trust or a therapist -
Taking a walk or run outdoors -
Embracing creativity by writing, drawing, painting , playing an -
instrument
Deep breathing techniques -Prayer and meditation -
: Get involved in something care about it -3
o Finding and participating in a passion or something you care deeply
about it, I will keep you busy and less likely to fall into the addiction

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: Stay close to friends and family -4

Having healthy relationships is an important part of maintaining one’s ➢
mental and emotional healthy
: Practice self -care -5
Self-care comes down to treating the mind, body, and spirit well , It ➢
means eating a nutritious diet, getting enough exercise, and taking time to
relax and meditate
Treatment
:Detoxification – 1
Is the first step in treatment involve clearing asubstance from body and ➢
limiting withdrawal reaction and the use of medication according type of
substance abuse
Examples
Alcoholism
person with alcohol addiction use the following drug to reduce
withdrawal symptoms ( Naltrexone , Campral , Disulfiram )
Tobacco
Nicotine replacement therapies have several forms including patch, spray,
gumsand also use of medication to prevent relapsing as Zyban,
varenicline
Counseling and Behavioral Therapy -2
This therapy may occur on a one to one, group or family this decided
according the need of individual and number of sessions gradually
reduced as symptoms improve
Different types of this therapy
:Cognitive-behavioral therapy-1
Which helps people recognize and change ways of thinking that have
.associations with substance use
:Multi-dimensional family therapy-2
Designed to help improve family function around an adolescent or teen
with a substance-related disorder
:Motivational interviewing-3
Which maximizes an individuals willingness to change and make
adjustments to behavior
Rehabilitation programs - 3
Long-term treatment programs can be highly effective and typically focus

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on remaining drug-free and resuming function within social, professional,

.and family responsibilities

: Impact of Addiction on Children (especially in School)

.Low academic level and grades. 2- Lack of respect for teachers-1
Late getting to school in the morning.4-Frequently escaping from -3
.school
.Identify a new and suspicious group of students-5
.Frequent frequency of secluded places in the school-6
: Impact of Addiction on woman
Nervousness and violence 2-Severe depression-1
.it escalates to a suicidal desire when the drug's effect on the body ends
Malformations in the fetus: Exposing the fetus to abnormalities such as-3
small head size and narrow eye opening
Abortion 5-Premature birth-4
Auditory and visual hallucinations: It is caused by a chemical -5
disturbance in the brain
Heart attacks and strokes caused by narrowing of the blood vessels and -6
.the rise in blood pressure caused by the drug
Liver and kidney failure-7
The Role of Society
:Awareness of individuals -1
Educate students through study programs for the prevention of addiction
Banning scenes that promote addiction on television -2
They represent a real danger, as there are young people who imitate these
.things without awareness of the risks
Establish Strict Laws -3
:Advertisement Against Addiction -4
The media has a strong role in confronting the threat of addiction, as
strong symbols of artists and football players can be used to educate
young people
:Building clinics specialized in the treatment of addiction -5
provide a sufficient number of drug addiction treatment clinics and
associated diseases at a free cost, this making it easier for the patient and
his family to take the treatment decision

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Domestic Violence-2
- :Definition of domestic violence
Is a pattern of abusive behavior that is used by one partner to gain or
,maintain control over another intimate partner which causes physical
.psychological or sexual harm to those in that relationship
- :Risk factors contributing to domestic violence
- :Individual risk factors. Includes -1
low level of education, young age.& Witnessing or experiencing
).violence as a child. &Harmful use of alcohol and drugs
- :Relationship factors: includes -2
Unhealthy family relationships and interactions. & Marital instability-
).divorces or separations. &Marital conflict-fights etc
- :Community factors: includes -3
).Poverty and associated factors. & Lack of institutions
- :Societal factors: includes -4
Traditional gender norms (e.g., women should stay at home, not
.enter at workplace
-:Legal and political factors -5
Lesser legal status of women either by written law or by practice.& Low
).level of legal literacy among women
- :Types/forms of domestic violence
:Physical Abuse: - Acts of physical abuse include -1
,Hitting, biting, slapping, pushing, choking, pulling hair, drowning •
.burning, threatening with a weapon
Withholding of physical needs including interruption of sleep or •
.meals, food, transportation, or help if sick or injured
- :Emotional Abuse -2
Humiliating the victim in private or in front of others •
.Ignoring the victim's feelings. Blaming the victim for all problems •
.Threatening to take the children away from the victim •
- :Sexual Abuse -3

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.Sexually assaulting a partner * Uncomfortable or unwanted touch •

Forcing the victim to participate in any form of unwanted sexual •
.activity
Social Abuse: -used to isolate the victim from others in the -4
.community, include: - Forbidding the victim to see friends or family
.Monitoring the victim's mail or phone calls •
- :Financial Abuse -5
Forcing the victim to turn over income to the abuser •
Refusing to let the victim work •
- :Consequences of domestic violence
Immediate injuries such as fractures and hemorrhage, and longterm *
.physical conditions (e.g., Chronic pain)
.Mental illnesses, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder*
*Sexual and reproductive health problems, such as sexually
.transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortion
.Substance abuse
,Death for both women and their children (from neglect, injury*
.suicide
*.lower productivity and lower income, employment
-:Role Of Nurse in Responding to Domestic Violence
Primmary intervention -1
Providing the safe environment and stable relationships between -1
.children and their parents
conducting parents and child programs to reduce aggressive and -2
.violent behavior
Comprehensive preventive education programs offered to children -3
.and adolescents in school system
Secondary intervention -4
Assessment for violence should be routine in annual and new client -1
.visits for prenatal or other health-related care
When a client verbalizes that she is in a violent relationship nurses -2
.Reassure the woman that she is not alone -3
.Assure confidentiality though the information must be documented -4
Educate the client on her options, such as a personal protection -5
order, the resources available, that the violence will be repetitive
Develop a safety plan that may be utilized by the client for a -6

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.quick escape"
Tertiary intervention -3
by the HCP involves accepting the women's decision for action or for •
lack of action (Often the woman will remain because of financial,
educational, family, or religious constraints.), remaining supportive to the
family, and continuing to listen and to pursue alternative problem-solving
method

‫مهمة‬Communication-3

Definition
Communication is a two-way process. It is not just giving information
or signaling someone; it also involves the comprehension of the
.information or the signal by the receiver
Purpose of communication
Flow of Information .1
,Information flow is the exchange of information among people
processes, and systems within an organization. Having strong
information flows in place makes it possible to overcome
.challenges
Coordination .2
All personnel in an organization’s efforts should be coordinated for
the achievement of organizational goals through effective
.communication
Learning Management Skills .3
It enables supervisors and other supervisory personnel to acquire
.managerial skills by observing others’ experiences
Developing Good Human Relations .4
.Communication enables them to better comprehend one another
Encouraged the Ideas of Subordinates .5
This method allows employees to connect with one another on a
personal level and provides input about their ideas for
.breakthroughs, this will help them develop creative thinking
Importance of Effective Communication Among Healthcare
- :Professionals
.Increase patient safety.2-Enhance team Satisfaction and Efficiency -1
.Reduced Casualties. 4- Enhance good Quality Patient Care-3

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.Establish Organized Medical Record Management-5

Importance of Effective Communication between Healthcare
- :Professionals and Patients
.Increase Patient Satisfaction. 2- Enhance Transparency-1
.Enhance& increase rates of Regular Follow-Up-3
.Provide Informed Recommendations-4
‫مهمة‬Communication Process
The communication process refers to sharing information verbally or
nonverbally between the sender and receiver. Verbal communication
means communication through spoken words. Nonverbal communication
refers to nonverbal cues such as tone of voice, facial expression,
movement, body language, eye contact, nonverbal communication, and so
.more
Components of communication process
- :Context in Communication-1
refers to setting and situation of communication in which the interaction
happens or takes place, may be physical, historical, psychological, social,
.chronological, or cultural
- :Sender in Communication-2
sender is a person who sends a message to the receiver. The sender is
also known as the encoder of the message. The sender initiates the
.communication process
- :Encoding in Communication-3
Encoding means transforming abstract opinions and ideas into
.symbols such as words, pictures, signs, and marks
- :Message in Communication-4
,The message refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinions
thoughts, attitudes, and views the sender wants to deliver to the
.receiver. may convey through verbal and nonverbal cues
- :Channel in Communication Channel-5
Is the way or tool of transmitting the message. It is also known as a
medium in communication that conveys the message from sender to
.receiver
- :Decoding in Communication-6
Decoding is “the process of” translating an encoded symbol into ordinary
understandable language in this process, the receiver converts the

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.symbols into thoughts received from the sender

- :Receiver in Communication-7
,A receiver is a person for whom the message is targeted. Therefore
the receiver is the audience of the communication process that decodes
.the message to perceive the meaning
- :Feedback in Communication -8
refers to the response of the receiver or audience. Feedback may be
verbal or non-verbal or written form and also in the form of memos,
.reports, etc

-:Noise in Communication-9
Noise refers to the communication barrier or obstacles to effective
.communication
‫ مهمة‬- :Types of Communication
.Based on the means of delivering the message -1
.Based on the purpose of communication -2
.Based on the levels of communication -3
.Based on the pattern of communication -4
- :Based on the means of delivering the message .1
- :A. Verbal Communication
- :B. Nonverbal Communication
- :C. Written Communication
- :D. Visual Communication
- :E. Listening
- :Based on the purpose of communication .2
- :A. Formal Communication
.:a) Vertical Communication: b) Horizontal Communication
:c) Diagonal Communication:. d) Upward Communication
:e) Downward Communication
B. Informal Communication
:a) Single Chain: b) Gossip Chain: c) Cluster Chain
C. Therapeutic communication: takes place between a health care
personnel & a patient, with the purpose of modifying the patient
behavior. This is accomplished with repeated interaction using certain
& essential attribute such as trust, empathy, tenderness, concern
.non-judgmental attitude

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- :Based on the levels of communication .3

A .Intrapersonal communication B. Interpersonal communication
C. Transpersonal communication D. Small-group communication
E. public communication F. Organizational communication
- :Based on the pattern of communication .4
.a) One-way communication b) Two-way communication
c) One-to-one communication d) One-to-many communication
e) Many-to-one communication
The 7 Cs of communication
There is a guideline that one can follow to implement the habit of
effective communication. The 7 Cs of communication are 7 attributes
.that need to keep in mind while communicating the message
Clear :Convey message in an easy-to-understand manner. Use short ).1
.simple sentences while speaking or writing
.Concise :means to be to the point without using a lot of words ).2
.Being concise saves the time and adds value to the message
.Concrete :messages are clear and usually supported with facts ).3
.A concrete message is solid and specific
Correct :Make sure all facts and figures are accurate with no ).4
.grammatical errors
Consideration is simply keeping in mind the audience's requirements ).5
,and views while formulating message. Consider their level of education
.Complete :message gives the user all the data that is clear, detailed ).6
Courteous Always be friendly and honest. Respect the speaker while ).7
.communicate. feedbacks should be conveyed in a constructive manner
Principles of Effective Communication
Principle of clarity in ideas: - It should be clear in the mind of the .1
.sender as to what he wants to say
Principle of Appropriate Language: - Communication should always .2
.be in simple language. Ideas should be clear and devoid of any doubt
Principle of Attention: - The purpose of communication is that the .3
receiver should understand the massage. This is possible only when the
.receiver takes interest in the message and listens to it attentively
Principle of Consistency: - The communication system should .4
maintain consistency in the objectives of the enterprise, its procedures,
.and processes

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Principle of Adequacy: - The information sent to the receiver should .5

be sufficient and complete in every respect. Information more than the
.need or less than the need is harmful
Principle of Proper Time: -The messages should reach the receiver .6
.whenever are needed
Principle of Feedback: - It is essential for the sender of the message .7
that he should know about the success of the message. It means that he
.should see whether the receiver has understood the message or not
Principle of Integration: Communication should be able to introduce .8
all the employees in the enterprise with its objectives so that all the
.employees move unitedly towards the goal
Principle of Consultation: -The suggestions of all the persons .9
.concerned should be invited while making plans for communication
Principle of Flexibility: - Communication system should be able to .10
.absorb the changes in the organization
Principle of Economy: - Communication system should not be .11
unnecessarily costly. As far as possible unnecessary messages should be
reduced to the minimum to make communication economical
Principle of Proper Medium: - To make communication effective it .12
is necessary to have clarity ofideas, consistency and completeness and a
.proper choice of medium
‫مهمة‬- :Barriers to effective communication
Language Barriers: - when communicating in the same language, the .1
terminology, a lot of abbreviations used in a message may act as a barrier
.if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s)
Psychological Barriers: - The psychological state of the .2
communicators will influence how the message is sent, received and
.perceived
Physiological Barriers: - Physiological barriers may result from the .3
.receiver’s physical state
Perceptual Barriers: - Perceptual barriers are the mental blocks that .4
we create because of the perceptions of certain people, situations or
.events
.Physical Barriers: - Distance between the sender and receiver(s) .5
Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more
communication channels are available and less technology is

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required. Appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical

.barriers
Systematic Barriers: - Barriers in structures and organizations where .6
there are inefficient or inappropriate information systems and
.communication channels
Cultural Barriers: -Are a result of living in an ever-shrinking world. .7
Different cultures, whether are a societal culture of a race or simply the
work culture of a company, can hinder developed communication if two
.different cultures clash

Teenage pregnancy-4
:Definition of Teenage pregnancy
Is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20, according to the WHO
Incidence: Approximately 12 million girls aged 15–19 years and at least
777,000girls under 15 years give birth each year in developing regions
- :Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
Lack of information about sexual and reproductive health and rights -1
Family, community, and social pressure to marry -2
Sexual violence 4- Lack of education or dropping out of school -3
Child, early and forced marriage, which can be both a cause and a -5
consequence
Effect of teenage pregnancy on mother
Teens are at a higher risk for pregnancy-related high blood pressure .1
(preeclampsia) . Preeclampsia can also harm the kidneys or even be fatal
.for mother or baby
.Pregnant teens also have a higher chance of becoming anemic .2
Many pregnant teens drop out of school, and some never complete .3
their education. That means a lot of mothers who get pregnant as
.teenagers live in poverty
Women who first got pregnant as teens are more likely to have .4
. more than one child woman
Get pregnant as a teen, mother might feel frightened and worried .5

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about telling her family and friends

- :Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on Father
Fathering a child as a teenager can be a frightening and life changing .1
event. Teen fathers don’t have to worry about the health implications of
pregnancy and childbirth, but they could face similar difficulties staying
in school and earning living. Arrest or legal action against teens that are
sexually active can have devastating effects. A young man may be
required to register as a sex offender if he has reached the legal age (age
.18) and his partner has not
Teen mothers are more likely Trusted Source to give birth .2
.to premature babies
Sometimes, these babies lack complete development in their .3
.bodies and brains
Premature babies also tend to be underweighted. Underweight .4
babies might have trouble breathing and feeding as infants. As
adults, underweight babies are more susceptible to diseases such as
.diabetes and heart disease
Low birth weight also affects brain development. Children who .5
were born underweight have been observed to have learning
.difficulties
,In addition to having an increased risk of being underweight .6
infants born to teenage mothers are also at a higher risk of infant
.mortality
Consequences of teenage pregnancy
Health problems for mother and her fetus due to uncompleted .1
.biological development
Unwanted pregnancy. 3. Born into poverty. (Social problems) .2
.Exposed to inadequate parenting. 5. Abortion .4
Less likely to complete high school .6
Sense of guilt, anxiety, and fears about the future .7
.Emotional Crisis: as does not want the baby .8
.Attempting to self-abort the baby or a suicide attempt .9
Prevention of adolescent pregnancy
Adolescents must be given clear pathways to college or jobs that give .1
.them hope and a reason to stay in school and avoid pregnancy
,Public and private-sector partners including parents, schools, media .2

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health care providers, and religious institutions must work together to

develop comprehensive
.Strategies For Prevention of Teen Pregnancy
.Start sex education early in school .1
Education programs should focus upon teaching adolescents about .2
their bodies and normal functions
Providing detailed information about contraceptives .3
Health education to teenagers about consequences of pregnancy .4
Parent-child closeness 6. Parental supervision .5
WHO Guidelines of Teenage Pregnancy
Preventing early marriage; preventing early pregnancy through .1
,sexuality education
Increasing education opportunities and economic and social .2
support programs
;Increasing the use of contraception 4. Reducing coerced sex .3
Preventing unsafe abortion and increasing the use of prenatal .5
.care childbirth and postpartum care
In each of these areas, World Health Organization recommends .6
.directions for future research
Social Work Intervention Programmers
Family Life or Sex Education Programs is the most common approach -1
to preventing pregnancy strategies for improving communication
.between parents and their adolescent children
Abstinence and Delayed Sexual Initiation: Some of these initiatives -2
focus on attitudes about early sex and behavioral intentions; others target
communication with parents and peers regarding values supportive of
abstinent
Family Planning Services: to provide access to contraception and -3
reproductive health services, to reduce specific barriers to contraceptive
care, and to provide teens with the skills needed for consistent and
.effective use of contraception
School-Based and School-Linked Clinic Services: developed -4
specifically as a means for serving youth populations. Locating clinic
.services within schools, on school grounds, or linking sex education
Mentoring and Role Modeling Programmes :is that role models or -5
mentors can positively influence adolescents' life goals, as well as their

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expectations and aspirations for the future; this may be particularly

.true for teens who lack models of well educated
Providing an incentive for teens to avoid risky behaviors that may -6
interfere with those goals. Initiatives To Promote Self-Esteem This
component consists of weekly two hour workshops using music, dance,
role-playing, and dramatization to explore issues ranging from conflict
.resolution to presenting one's self for a job interview
Culturally Based Initiatives Another component of pregnancy -7
prevention programmer includes culturally based strategies that address
the cultural or normative factors that influence values and attitudes about
.sex and childbearing
Community-Based Pregnancy Prevention Initiatives: The program -8
focuses on improving knowledge and understanding of sexuality issues
among adults and youth, and promoting communication between adults
.and youth about sexuality issues
.Methodology Descriptive research method was used for the study -9

Nursing role of teenage pregnancy

,educating and counseling youth about sexuality -1
reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases, and contraception
.work with children before they become sexually active -2
Develop, implement, and evaluate community-based -3
Nurses can promote sex education programs that use peer -4
counselors to improve adolescents' sexual decision-making and general
.living skills
Nurses should be active participants in school boards, parent teacher -5
associations, religious and youth organizations, and national and local
.teen pregnancy prevention coalitions

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Social media-5
:Definition of social media
Social media is an internet-based form of communication. That allow
. users to have conversations, share information and create web content
:Ethical principles of nurses for using social media
Nurses observe ethically prescribed professional patient-nurse -1
.boundaries
Nurse understands that patients, colleagues, organizations, and -2
.employers may view postings
Nurses take advantage of privacy settings and seek to separate -3
.personal and professional information online
Nurses participate in developing organizational policies governing -4
.online conduct
:Advantages of using social media for nurses
provides healthcare professionals with applications to share health -1
..information and health practice issues
It provides opportunities for healthcare practitioners to discussion -2
with colleagues and peers and keep pace with at latest healthcare
.developments even were separated by a long distance
Social media can be an agent of providing clinical education to-3
.health care professionals
Social media is a useful tool for collaboration-4
.Nurses use social media websites to access to online courses-5
Nurses use social media to connect patients and provide health care -6
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.education
:Disadvantages of using social media in healthcare
.Security Risks. 2-False Information-1
.Lack of Control from the Healthcare Professional-3
.Time-consuming. 5-The Danger of Self-Diagnosis-4
:How to overcome disadvantage of social media
.Spend less time on social platforms)1
. ...Don't scroll first thing in the morning or before bed)2
. ...Turn off notifications and only check social media at certain times )3
. ...Be mindful of social media habits)4
.Set limits on the amount of time spend on social media)5
. ...Know when it's time to stop scrolling )6
Use social media to connect with people who inspire you, share similar)7
.interests
.Use alarm to remind for logging out)8
Make busy In some physical activity or any creative task so will not)9
.have reason to use social media
.Stop posting each and every thing on social media )10
:Social Media Rules for Nurses
.Always present in a professional, respectable manner-1
Always maintain professional boundaries with patients-2
.Access social media on own time using own devices-3
.Never share confidential information -4
.Never, ever publish anything that identifies patients-5
.Seize the opportunity to educate and inform-6
Effect of social media in upgrading healthcare
.Patient Education.1
Social media can improve patients’ access to health care information ➢
.and other educational resources
Physicians are using social media to promote patient health care ➢
education. They tweet, make blog posts, record videos, and participate
.in disease-specific discussion forums focused on patient education
:Patient Care .2
Worldwide numerous developments and projects in using social media ➢
to enhance health care for patients and communities .used effectively in
.communication with patients and patient monitoring
A chat line available for newly discharged patients used safely and ➢
discreetly

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communicate with a member of nursing staff to confirm discharge

,instructions
.enquire about symptoms experiencing might indicate a complication
The nurse can monitor a patient’s wound dressing technique or method ➢
of
.administering medication via a video
Patients referred to social media groups offer support and information ➢
for
individuals with specific long-term conditions. A group created by health
care
.institution for patients with specific long-term conditions
A number of mobile-based online applications, which interact with ➢
,social media
.developed for monitoring and assessing patient information
such application, for teenage diabetics, prompts users to ➢
.enter blood glucose data
Effect of social media in upgrading nursing
: Nursing education-1
Online groups can be used very effectively to create interactive and ➢
.self-directed learning opportunities
Instead of the information being presented to students by teacher, ➢
classroom
.sessions can be used for clarification, group discussions, and role plays
share interesting content related to studies and inform of special ➢
.lectures, test timetables
Students form study support groups through it exchange questions and ➢
.explanations
:Personal development and support .2
Nurses join of countless nursing groups and pages on Facebook and ➢
.other social media
Social media serve to share information on developments, issues in ➢
.nursing, health care , network nurses locally or worldwide
Wide sharing of content major advantages of social media for ➢
.professional development
Social media permit nurses read articles and research that improve ➢
.nursing practice

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Basic human needs-6

Definition of Need
Need is a necessity or requirement
Definition of Basic Human Needs
According to Abraham Maslow (psychologist) basic human needs is
defined as a hierarchy, progression from simple physical needs to more
.complex emotional needs
Importance of identifying the patient`s needs
.Nursing care should be based on the needs of patient -1
Nurse should determine the patient`s needs through her continuous -2
assessment and should develop plan of care, to satisfy attain the highest
possible degree of comfort, and fulfillment of the
.individual`s essential needs
Identify nature and quality of the resources available to meet those-3
.needs
Classification of Needs
There are many classifications of human needs; the most common
classification is done by Abraham Maslow "Maslow`s hierarchy of
basic human needs" is a theory that nurses can use to understand the
relationships among basic human needs when providing care. According
;to this theory, certain human needs are most basic than others
Self –actualization (achieving one`s full potential, including creative -1
activities)

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Esteem needs (prestige & feeling of accomplishment) -2

love & belonging(intimate relationships & friends) -3
Safety needs (security & safety)-4
physiological needs (Food, water, rest & warmth)-5
Maslow's hierarchy of basic human needs
It is important to remember that persons need to*
Give as well as to receive affection •
Share their joys, sorrows and anxieties •
Esteem and self-esteem needs .1
- :Maslow classified the need for esteem into two categories *
The desire for a sense of internal worth .1
The desire for the prestige that can only be confirmed by other .2
people
People who value themselves highly*
Develop feelings of confidence, worth, strength, capability and •
adequacy
They feel that they are useful and important in the world •
Lack of self-esteem produces*
Feeling of inferiority, inadequacy, weakness and hopelessness •
Their feeling of self-dislike leads to frustration and a sense of failure •
Self-actualization needs .2
This need is for self-fulfillment. It is a growth need which includes the*
.need to attain one`s highest potential to achieve one`s ambition in life
Maslow describe it as a person`s need to be and do that which the
.person was born to do
Maslow considered healthy people, those who are free to concern *
.mainly with satisfying their needs for continual growth and fulfillment
.:Nursing relationship to basic needs
Nursing also involves helping people to avoid risks or threats to-1
.their basic human needs
Nursing will be helping others to prevent complications before-2
.they begin
Many situations will arise in which nurse will assist clients to meet -3
.their needs
Nurse may feed an infant, provide full range of motion for a person -4
who has had a stroke, give a tube feeding to a person who cannot
swallow, bathe a person who is in a full body cast, or play with a
.child
Nurse may encourage the recovering person to attend to personal-5

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care, visit with someone who is lonely or frightened, or arrange for

a social worker or a member of the clergy to visit. Illness may modify a
.person’s perception of his or her needs
As a result, the client’s “need priority” may differ from what you-6
.would expect
Illness or injury may present a block or obstacle to the meeting of-7
.needs
.Nursing tries to help remove those obstacles-8
Meeting needs is a process; it is never static. In addition, needs are -9
.interrelated and some needs depend on others

Emotional stability-7
:Definition of Emotion
Emotion can be defined as a complex pattern of changes , including
physiological arousal , feelings , cognitive processes , and behavioral
reactions , made in response to a situation perceived to be personally
significant ,It is Intense feeling that are directed at someone or something
Basic emotion
Joy: is the sense of contentment and happiness. It comes from feeling a-1
.state of well-being
Fear: Fear is the sense of feeling scared due to threats and danger. It-2
comes from things that have yet to happen but could; therefore it‘s based
.on the future
Anger: Anger is the feeling of rage and frustration in the body and-3
comes out when there is an unfair threat appears. It is an emotion that
.occurs after an event
:Disgust-4
is the feeling of repulsiveness and need for rejection of things that
could contaminate you. It comes from anything that seems
.unpleasant through smell, touch, or sight
.Sadness: is the feeling of loss, sorrow, disappointment, and/or grief-5

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Types of Emotions
Positive Emotions: that lead one to feel good about oneself will-1
– . lead to an emotionally happy and satisfied result. Ex: - Hopeful
Confident– Peaceful
Negative Emotions: sap one's energy and undermine his effectiveness. -2
.In the negative emotional state, we find the lack of desire to do anything

:Factors Affecting on Emotion

*Personality * Culture
Biological Sex and Gender *Power*
Social Conventions * Social Roles*
Fear of Disclosure * Emotional Contagion*
:Definition of Emotional Stability
Emotional stability refers to a person's ability to remain stable and -
balanced. Individuals with high emotional stability are also characterized
.as being free of negative emotions
:Importance of Emotional Stability
:Greater ability to focus-1
you can maintain your focus no matter how difficult or challenging -
.things may become
You prevent your emotions from controlling you therefore you-
.stay in control
You can think and analyze the situation better, allowing you to-
.come up with a solution
:Confidence-2
.Rejections and criticisms are an inevitable part of life -
No matter what you do, you can’t please everybody. Still, it -
doesn’t mean that you can’t feel down or get hurt when you do
receive them. However, when you’re emotionally stable, you feel
.more secure about yourself
Despite the pain, you won’t allow it to stop you from reaching -
.your goals. You have the confidence to move forward
:Have a positive outlook-3
Having emotional stability can prevent you from drowning in -
negative thoughts, and instead, have a positive outlook and
.hope for the situation
,A hope that whatever you’re experiencing right now shall pass -
and a positive outlook that you can overcome the challenge that
.you’re currently facing
:Keep you healthy-4
Healthy is crucial. When you are emotionally stable, you lessen the •
risk of your emotions wreaking havoc to your physical and mental
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heal
:Practices that Enhance Emotional Stability
:Mental visualization .1
This is a method of grounding yourself in which you visualize a -
scene that is totally different from the one playing out in your
.life
If you find yourself caught in an argument, you can begin to -
.visualize a scene that is calm and where you feel in full control
:Physical grounding .2
Physical grounding is the process where you focus your senses -
and become aware of your surroundings especially focusing on
.sounds and engaging in social activities
:Perform some self-soothing .3
This is where you mentally tell yourself something positive and -
.uplifting things
:Meditation .4
meditation is a helpful way to ground yourself and become -
mentally stable
:Perform breathing exercises .5
.Simply breathe in deeply and count one -
.Hold your breath and count two -
.Proceed to exhale and count three -
Repeat the practice again with all your focus held on your -
.breathing activity
If any thoughts of danger come to mind, dismiss them -
.immediately and continue to breathe
:Sit in stillness .6
Simply take the time to sit in a position or place where you are -
.completely still
Switch off your phone and sit in a spot where there is no noise -
.or bothersome company
Take the time to be alone and focus on yourself with no thought -
.in mind
Spending some time in this position can help you to calm down -
.and become emotionally stable
:Walk directly upon the earth .7
.Getting in touch with mother Earth -
.Take off shoes and have a stroll on the grass and dirt -
Relish in feeling the dust between toes and the blades of grass -
.under feet
.In doing this energy is balanced out naturally -
.Take a hot bath in a tub .8
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:Engage in a hobby .9
.Each of us has an activity which we enjoy to do -
.It can be a high-skill or simple task -
.Hobbies are a perfect way to restore emotional balance -
:Listen to music .10
.Listen to some music that relaxes you -
Let it play and focus on every note with no other thought in -
.your mind
.Gradually, you will relax and find emotional stability -
:Relationship Between Emotional Stability and Patient Safety
Emotional stability enhances patient safety. It‘s been observed that -1
emotionally stabile individuals perform well in risky tasks involving low
.control over outcomes
emotional stability influences the work of nurses when dealing with -2
.crises or emergencies
Emotionally stable nurses can deal calmly with these without letting -3
negative personal emotions interfere with their rational decision‐making,
.thus protecting patient safety
Among nurses working as a team and cooperating to handle emergent-4
and complex patient problems, emotionally stable nurses can help
resolve most emergent and complex patient problems within their work
.units, thus enhancing patient safety

Occupational stress-8
Definition:
Occupational stress refers to the ongoing or progressing stress an
employee experiences due to the responsibilities, conditions, environment
, or other pressures of the workplace.
The causes of occupational stress:
1. Career concern. 2. Role ambiguity.
3. Rotating work shift. 4. Role conflict.
5. Occupational demand. 6. Discrimination.
7. Lack of participation in decision making (autonomy).
8. Work overload. 9. Poor working condition.
10. Lack of group cohesiveness.
11. Interpersonal and inter group conflict.
12. Organizational changes. 13. Lack of social support.
14. Job insecurity. 15. Lack of resources and equipment.
Sources of Occupational stress:
1- Individual Sources (Factors)

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A. Family issues:
- Family stress
- marriages that are ending with issues with children.
- Death of loved ones.
- Birth of unhealthy child (mentally retarded children or with congenital
anomalies)
B. Financial Issues:
- Inability to pay bills or unexpected new demands on a person’s cash
flow might also be an issue that disturbs an employee time at work.
- Insufficient earnings, loss of job, retirement.
C. Individual Personality:
- Individual personality might actually contributes to his or her stress.
- Pessimism, submissive, aggressive, loner.
2- Organizational Sources ( Factors) :
A. Task or Role Demands:
- These are factors related to a person’s role at work, including the
design of person’s job or working conditions .
- Change of job, promotions, roles conflicts.
B. Interpersonal Demands:
- Lack of support from bosses and colleagues.
- Lack of cooperation in the work field.
C. Organizational structure:
- This refers to the level of differentiation within an organization.
- The degree of rules and regulation and where the decisions are made.
D. Organization leadership:
- This refers to the organization’s style of leadership particularly the
managerial style of its senior executives.
- Leader can create an environment of tension, fear and anxiety and can
exert unrealistic pressure and control.
E. Organizational life stage:
- Organization goes through a cycle of stages (birth, growth, maturity,
decline) for employees, these stages tend to be filled with heavy
workloads and level of uncertainty about the future.
3- Environmental factors :-
A. Economic environment
- The economy may be in a downturn, creating uncertainty for job
futures and bank accounts.
B. Political environment
- There may be political unrest or change creating stress.
C. Technology
- Technology can cause stress as new developments are constantly
making employee skills obsolete and workers fear they will be
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replaced by a machine that can do the same.

Signs & Symptoms of Occupational Stress

1- Emotional symptoms Physical Symptoms

- Anxiety - Headache
- Irritability - Fatigue & dizziness
- Sadness or depression. - Muscular tension
3- Behavioral symptoms
2- Cognitive symptoms
- Overeating or under
- Memory problems
eating.
- Lack of concentration
- Social withdrawal.
- Difficulty in making
- Sleeping too much or
decision
little.
:Types of stress at work
:Time Stress-1
This is the most common type of stress at work. You usually -
experience this when you think there’s not enough time for you to
finish a task. Panic sets in and you struggle to finish as many things
.as you can
:Anticipatory Stress-2
This stress is associated with the feeling of anticipating the future a -
little too much. You anticipate so much that uncertainties of what
.could happen in the future overwhelm you
:Situational Stress-3
Situational stress happens when everything starts to go out of your -
.control. It appears suddenly and you will have no clue on what to do
It is the time when you think that everything is going smoothly but
.suddenly, in a blink of an eye, everything goes downhill
:Encounter Stress -4
This stress involves the feeling of being overwhelmed by meeting -
new or too many people. All of us can be overwhelmed by a lot of
.people, whether we are introverts or extroverts
:Factors that influence the occupational stress tolerance
.Natural of stress situation. 2) Duration of exposure to stress )1
.Knowledge and experience. 4) Attitude and outlook )3
.Ability to deal with your emotion )5
:Coping with occupational stress
Coping refers to the thoughts and actions we use to deal with a
.threatening situation
: Healthy Ways to Cope with Stress (positive coping)
:Track the stressors -1

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Keep a journal for a week or two to identify which situations create -

.the most stress and how you respond to them
:Develop healthy responses -2
Instead of attempting to fight stress with fast food or alcohol, do your -
best to make healthy choices when you feel the tension rise. Exercise
.is a great stressbuster
:Establish boundaries -3
Establish some work-life boundaries for yourself. That might mean -
making a rule not to check email from home in the evening, or not
.answering the phone during dinner
:Learn how to relax Techniques -4
.such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, and mindfulness -
:Talk to the supervisor -5
Employee health has been linked to productivity at work, so your
boss has an incentive to create a work environment that promotes
employee well-being. Start by having an open conversation with your
.supervisor
:Get some support -6
Accepting help from trusted friends and family members can improve
.your ability to manage stress
:Unhealthy ways of coping with stress (negative coping)
These coping strategies may temporarily reduce stress, but they
:cause more damage in the long run
.Smoking • Drinking too much •
.Zoning out for hours in front of the TV or computer •
.Withdrawing from friends, family, and activities •
.Using pills or drugs to relax. • Sleeping too much •
.Filling up every minute of the day to avoid facing problems •
:Occupational Stress Management: Stress management strategies
:Individual level.1
:A. Change Thinking
Re-framing- is a technique to change the way to looking at things in -
.order to feel better about them
Positive thinking - Focus on the strengths Learn from the stress -
.Look for opportunities Seek out the positive -make a change.
:B. Change the Behavior
Be Assertive Lack of assertiveness often shows low self -esteem -
.and low self-confidence
Get Organized Poor organization is one of the most common causes -
.of stress. . Organization will help avoid personal and professional chaos
Time Management -
Ventilation A problem shared is a problem halved’ Develop a support -
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network through friends or colleagues to talk with. It’s not always

.events that are stressful but how we perceive them
Diversion and Distraction •Take time out •Calm down •Think -
.logically
:C. Change Your Lifestyle
.Diet: Healthy eating habits reduce caffeine (Stimulant) and Salt -
.Smoking: Stop or at-least consumption to bare minimum -
Exercise: Improves blood circulation •Improves self-image Increases -
social contact
Sleep: Good stress reducer •Difficult to cope when tired •Wake -
.refreshed after night’s sleep
Alternatives :Counseling & psychotherapy •Relaxation •Meditation -
.Massage•
:Organizational level .2
Ensure that the workload is in line with workers’ capabilities and •
.resources
Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for •
.workers to use their skills
.Clearly define workers’ roles and responsibilities •
Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions •
.affecting their jobs
Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career •
.development and future employment prospects
.Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers •
Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and •
.responsibilities outside the job
preparation for a stress prevention program should include the •
:following
.Building general awareness about job stress -

Self-image confidence-9
Self-image:
the idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself. Or It is the way
a person feels about personality, achievements and value to
society. Is influenced by self-esteem and body image.
Factors that affect one’s self-image: Peers
➢ Friends ➢ Mentors
➢ Parents ➢ Teachers
➢ Media ➢ Television
➢ Movies ➢ Successes
➢ Failures

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Causes of poor self-image:

1. Negative environment. 2. Unfair or unnecessary comparison.
3. Lack of self-awareness. 4. Negative self-talk.
5. Unrealistic expectation
Steps to build a positive self-image:
1. Take inventory: Make a list of all strengths and weaknesses.
2. Set goals. 3. Associate with people of high moral character.
4. Accept responsibility. 5. Give positive auto suggestions
Self-confidence: A feeling of trust in one’s abilities, qualities and
judgment.& Belief that the individual his ability to do something. Self-
confidence is a key to unlocking your unlimited potential.
Differences between self-esteem and self –confident:
Self-confident Self-esteem
Your view on you’re an ability to
Your opinion of yourself and
accomplish something, how you
your worth, how you feel Definition
feel about your abilities to Handel
about yourself as a person
certain situations and tasks
self-confident is a cognitive or
descriptive component of oneself self-confident is a
abilities (e.g., "I am able to be a cognitive or descriptive
fast runner"), self-esteem is component of oneself Example
evaluative and opinionated (e.g., "I abilities (e.g., "I am able
feel good about being a fast to be a fast runner"),
runner").
Confidence Self-esteem
to trust oneself To value oneself
an outward projection an inward projection
built on achievements built on personal worth
interpersonal intrapersonal

Types of self-confidence
1-Low self-confidence: Governing behavior based on what other people
think.
2-Optimal self-confidence: Make decisions with absolute confidence.
3-Over confidence: A condition of over – approximating one’s capacity.
How to develop self -confidence
1. Goal setting 2. Analysis
3. Creation 4. Action
5. Evaluation
Advantages of Self- confidence

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1. A greater sense of self-worth.

2. Greater enjoyment in life and in activities.
3. Freedom from self-doubt.
4. Freedom from fear and anxiety and from social anxiety and less stress.
5. More energy and motivation to act.
6. Greater success.
Basic needs that form our identity
1-Need to feel loved & accepted: a sense of belonging.
2-Need to feel valued & acceptable: a sense of worthiness.
3-Need to feel adequate: A sense of competence.
How to build self -confidence
1- Recognize insecurities:
-Whatever is making individual feel unworthy, ashamed, or inferior,
identify it, give it a name, and write it down..
2- Talk to friends and loved ones: Get to the root, speak to someone to
let it out and make it easier
3- Bounce back from mistakes: That no one is perfect. Even the most
confident people have insecurities.
4- Identify successes: Everyone is good at something, so discover the
things at which person excel, then focus on talents.
5- Be Thankful: A lot of times, at root of insecurity and lack of
confidence is a feeling of not having enough of something, whether it’s
emotional validation, good luck, money..
6- Be positive: Avoid self–pity, or the pity and sympathy of others.
Never allow others to make person feel inferior …Persons can only do so
if individual let them.
7- Accept complaints gracefully: Don’t roll eyes and as “yeah, right “or
shrug it off. Take it to heart and respond positively (thank you and a
smile works well).
8- Look at the mirror and smile:.
9- Avoid perfectionism: Perfectionism paralyzes person
from accomplishing the goals.

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