UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

No. 27 /B-8/Acad-II, Dated: 16 / 02 / 2000

NOTIFICATION

The Vice-Chancellor is pleased to approve the new Syllabus/Courses of the Subject

of [Link]. Botany for implementation from the Annual Examination 2001 and onward.

The admission to [Link]. (Part-I) class for the year 2001 will be based on the attached
syllabus.

Ss/xxx xxx xxx

Deputy Registrar (Acad),
University of Peshawar.
No. 661 – 80 /B-8/Acad-II,
Copy to: -
1. The Dean, Faculty of Sciences, University of Peshawar.
2. The Chairman, Department of Botany with reference to his letter No.724/Bot: dated
22.12.1990.
3. All Principals of Constituent/Affiliated Colleges, University of Peshawar.
4. The Controller of Examinations B.A/[Link]., University of Peshawar.
5. P.S. to Vice-Chancellor, University of Peshawar.
6. P.S. to Registrar, University of Peshawar.

Ss/xxx xxx xxx

Deputy Registrar (Acad),
University of Peshawar.

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 NEW SYLLABUS FOR [Link]. BOTANY

OBJECTIVES:

1. To reinforce the belief that life owes it s existence to Almighty Allah who orders us to
think and ponder on that entire He created.
2. To expose students to the challenges and prospects in Plant Science through detailed
studies of various aspects of plant life.
3. To highlight the complexities of life in relation to plants and to emphasize the important
role of plants in nature.
4. To understand the relevance of studies in Plant Sciences to the requirements of Pakistan as
an agricultural country.
5. To inculcate and stimulate interest in plant sciences.
6. To motivate the students to adopt careers in plant sciences.
7. To understand changes in the environmental conditions with special reference to Pakistan.

SCHEME OF STUDIES:

The Board recommended following four papers for [Link]. Botany Students. This scheme
will result in better understanding of the subject by the students.

Papers with Break up Marks

Paper A: Morphology of Plants 50
Practical I: 25
Paper B: Anatomy, Embryology and Taxonomy of 50
Angiosperms
Practical II: 25
Paper C: Physiology and Ecology 50
Practical III: 25

Paper D: Cytology, Genetics and Evolution 50

Practical IV: 25

Practicals:

There shall be four practical classes, each of 3 hours duration in a week. Each practical will
be examined separately.

Theory Papers:

Ten questions will be set for each of these papers. The students will attempt five questions.
To discourage selective teaching by the teachers and selective study by the students, each
of these papers have been sub divided in to following sections:

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Paper A: Morphology of Plants

Section a: Bacteria and Viruses: Two questions are to be set and one is to be attempted.
Section b: Fungi, Algae & Lichen etc. Four questions are to be set and two have to be
attempted.
Section c: Pteredophyta, Bryophyte & Gymnosperms: Four questions are to be set and two
have to be attempted.

Paper B: Anatomy, Embryology & Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Section a. Three questions are to be set from anatomy and one from Embryology. The
students will attempt two questions.
Section b. Taxonomy: Six questions are to be set and students will attempt three questions
from this section.

Paper C: Cytology, Genetics & Evolution

Section a: Three questions from Cytology and one question from Evolution are to be set. The
student will attempt two questions.

Section b: Genetics: Six questions are to be set and the students will attempt three
questions from this section.

Paper D: Physiology and Ecology

The students will attempt at least two questions from each section.

Section a: Physiology: Five questions are to be set.

Section b: Ecology: Five questions are to be set.

IMPLEMENTATION:

This Syllabus will be implemented from the session 1999 for [Link]. part I students. Who
will be examined in 2000? The Part II syllabus will be applicable from 2000 to [Link]. part II
students and they will be examined in 2001.

DETALAIED CONTENTS OF COURSES:

PAPER A: MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS

Note: Paper is to be set as per following sections.

Section a: Bacteria and Viruses: Two questions are to be set and one is to be attempted.
Section b: Fungi, Algae & Lichen etc.: Four questions are to be set and students will have to
attempt two questions.

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Section c: Pteredophyta, Bryophyte & Gymnosperms: Four questions are to be set and two
must to be attempted by the students.

CONTENTS

Introduction, Definition, scope and classification of the plant kingdom.

1. Viruses:
i) Their structure and biochemical nature.
ii) Introduction to viral diseases: Tobacco
Mosaic virus disease (TMV).

2. Bacteria:
i) General structure, classification and biological importance (Role of Bacteria
(Rhizobium) in Rhizosphere, Nodulation).
ii) Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Cycling
iii) General economic importance of bacteria.

3. Fungi:
General structure, occurrence, reproduction and classification, life cycle, economic
importance and methods of control of pathogenic form (Smuts and Rusts).
i) Mastigomycotina: Albugo
ii) Ascomycotina: Penicillium, Yeast.
iii) Basidomycotina: Ustilago, Agaricus and Puccinia.
iv) Deuteormomycotina: Alternaria.

4. Algae:
General structure, occurrence, reproduction and classification:
i) Cyanophyta: General account with special emphasis on nitrogen fixation and soil
building, life cycle of Nostoc.
ii) Chlorophyta: General account, economic importance, and life cycle of Volvox &
Oedogonium.
iii) Charophyta: Chara
iv) Xanthophyta: General account and life cycle of Vaucheria.
v) Bacillariophyta: General account, economic importance and life cycle of
Pinnularia.
vi) Phaeophyta: General account, economic importance, and life cycle of Ectocarpus.
vii) Rhodophyta: General account, economic importance, and life cycle of
Batrachospermum.

5. Lichens:
General account & structure.

6. Bryophyta (Atracheophyta)
General account, reproduction, classification, affinities and ecological importance with
special reference to the life cycle of Ricia, Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria.

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7. Pteridophyta
a) Psilopsida: General account, structure and life history of Psilotum and its
affinities.
b) Lycopsida: General account, structure and life history of Selaginella and its
affinities.
c) Sphenopsida: General account, structure and life history of Equisetum.
d) Pteropsida: Filicinae (Ferns), General account: structure and life history of
Adiantum and Marsilea.

8. Gymnospermae:
General account with reference to structure and life history of Cycas & Pinus and their
affinities.

PRACTICALS:

1. Bacterial culture and staining, Identification of Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria.
2. Study of the morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory
paper.
3. Identification of prepared slides of various types mentioned.

Books Recommended:

1. Smith, G.M. Cryptogrammic Botany. Vol I & II. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Mclean, R.C. & Ivemey Cook. Text Book of Theoretical Botany. Longman Green & Co.
3. Bold, H.C. Morphology of Plants. Sec. ed. Harper & Row, N.Y.
4. Webster, J.W. 1980. An Introduction to Fungi. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
5. Cronquist, S. Basic Botany.
6. Pandey,B.P. 1993. A Text book of Botany. [Link] & Co., New Delhi, India.
7. Parihar. Introduction to Bryphyta.

PAPER B: ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY & TAXANOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Note: Paper is to be set as per following sections.

Section a. Three questions are to be set from anatomy and one from Embryology. He
students will attempt two questions.
Section b. Taxonomy: Six questions are to be set and students will attempt three questions.

A. Anatomy
1. Scope of plant anatomy
2. Cell wall: gross structure and chemical composition.
3. Apical meristems: types of meristems, structure of root and shoot apical
meristems.

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 4. Tissue and Tissue System. Concept, structure and function of the following
tissues: parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma.
5. Vascular Cambium. Secondary growth in a dicot stems. A brief account of
periderm.
6. Primary structure of a dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf.

B. Embryology
General Introduction. Embryology of a typical angiosperm e.g. (Capsella bursa-pastoris
Bth.& H).

C. Taxonomy
1. Binomial nomenclature
2. Systems of Classification. (Engler & Prantle's and Bentham & Hooker's systems).
3. Study, distribution, diagnostic characters, introduction to the relevant terminology
and economic importance of the following families.
i) Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium)
ii) Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus)
iii) Brassicaceae (Brassica)
iv) Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia)
v) Mimosaceae (Acacia, Albizia)
vi) Fabaceae (Pisum, Lathyrus)
vii) Cesalpinaceae (Cassia)
viii) Rutaceae (Citrus, Murrya)
ix) Malvaceae (Malva, Althea, Alcea)
x) Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita, Lagenaria, Luffa)
xi) Solanaceae (Solanum, Withania, Petunia)
xii) Asteraceae (Sunflower, Eclipta, Taraxacum)
xiii) Liliaceae (Alium, Asphodelus, Aloe, sparagus)
xiv) Poaceae (Triticum, Avena, Cynodon)

PRACTICALS:

1. Cutting, staining and mounting of cross sections of sunflower and corn root and stem.
Study of cross section of a bifacial leaf.
2. Technical description of common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned in
theory syllabus.
3. Field trips shall be undertaken to study and collect wild local plants. Students shall
submit 40 properly preserved and mounted and fully identified Plants at the time of
examination.

Books Recommended:

1. Esau, K. Introduction to Anatomy of Seed Plants.

2. Fahn. Plant Anatomy.
3. Lowson and Sahni. 1972. A Text book of Botany. University Tutorial Press, London.
4. Zahur, M.S. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore.

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 [Link]. PART - II

PAPER C: CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Section a: Cytology & Evolution: Three questions from Cytology and one question from
Evolution are to be set. The student will attempt two questions.

Section b: Genetics: Six questions are to be set and the students will attempt three.

1. Cytology
A. The ultra structure of plant cell with a brief description and functions of the
following organelles.
i) Cell wall ii) Plasmalemma iii) Mitochondria
iv) Plastids v) Ribosomes vi) Dictyosomes
vii) Cytoplasm viii) Vacuole ix) Nucleus
x) Endoplasmic reticulum.

B. Reproduction in somatic and embryogenic cells, with details of different phases

(Mitosis & Meiosis).

C. Chromosome morphology and karyotype analysis

[Link] aberrations.
i) Changes in the number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy and Euploidy.
ii) Changes in the structure of chromosomes, deficiency, duplication,
inversion and translocation.
PRACTICALS:

1. Study of cell structure using compound microscope.

2. Measurement of size of cell.
3. Fixation and staining of plant material.
4. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear method.

II. GENETICS:

A. Introduction, scope and brief history of genetics. Mandelian inheritance; Laws of

segregation and independent assortment, backcross, testcross, dominance and incomplete
dominance.
B. Sex linked inheritance, sex linkage in Drosophila and man (colour blindness); XO, XY;
WZ mechanism, sex limited and sex linked characters sex determination.
C. Linkage and crossing over: definition, linkage groups, construction of linkage maps, and
detection of linkage.

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D. Molecular genetics: Chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA); DNA replication.
Nature of gene, genetic code, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, regulation of
gene expression.
E. Principles of genetic engineering and biotechnology genetic engineering techniques.
F. Application of genetic in plant improvement: Induction of genetic variability, physical
and chemical mutagens, selection, hybridization and plant breeding techniques,
establishment of varieties, release of new varieties.
G. Evolution: the concept of evolution, causes of variability, gene mutation and
recombination, selection and hybridization.

PRACTICALS:

1. Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic material.

2. Identification of DNA in plant material (Feulgen staining).
3. Study of Chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome number.
4. Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila.
5. Smear preparation techniques to study mitosis and meiosis.

Books Recommended:

1. Norman V. Rothwell. 1979. Understanding Genetics. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press,
Inc., London.
2. Burke, R.P. & H. Richardson. 1980. Introduction to Modern Genetics. John Wiley and
Sons, N.Y.
3. Laura Livingston Mays. 1980. Genetics. 2nd Ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, U.S.A.
4. Strickerger, M.V. 1988. Genetics. Macmillan Press Ltd, London
5. Sinha, U. and S. Sinha. 1988. Plant Breeding and Evolution.
6. Verma and Agarwal, 1986. Text Book of Cytology. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
7. Dyonsager, V.R. 1986. Cytology and Genetics. Talar and McGraw Hill Publication Co.,
Ltd., New Delhi.

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 PAPER D: PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

The students will attempt at least two questions from each section.

Section a: Physiology: Five questions are to be set.

Section b: Ecology: Five questions are to be set.

A. Physiology:

1. Types and properties of solutions. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Methods of

expressing concentration of solutions. Acids, bases and salts. pH. Definition of buffers
and their role in biological systems. Colloidal systems, their nature, properties and
biological significance.
2. Diffusion, imbibitions, Osmosis and osmotic quantities (Osmotic potential, pressure
potential, water potential) absorption, translocation and transpiration. Factors affecting
transpiration.
3. Mineral uptake: Soil as a source of minerals. Passive and active absorption. Essential
mineral elements, their role and deficiency symptoms with emphasis on Ca, N, K, and P.
4. Enzymes: definition, nature, properties and classification.
5. Photosynthesis: Measurement factors affecting this process; concept of limiting factors;
absorption and action spectra. Mechanism (dark fixation of Co2 and
photophosphorylation) on the basis of two pigment system concept. Products of
photosynthesis. Brief introduction to biological compound (Carbohydrate, lipid and
protein).
6. Respiration: definition and mechanism. Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration). Krebs cycles.
Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory substrates and
respiratory quotients.
7. Nitrogen Metabolism: Protein synthesis. Nitrification, denitrification, and
ammonification. Biological nitrogen fixation.
8. Growth: Definition; role of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins in controlling growth.
Introduction to plant tissue culture.
9. Photoperiodism: Definition, historical background, short day, long day and day neutral
plants. Night interruption experiments. Hormonal concept in photoperiodism, role of
phytochromes.
10. Dormancy: Definition and causes of dormancy; methods of breaking dormancy.
11. Verbalization: Annual and biennial forms-Hormonal concept and phasic development
theory.
12. Plant Movements: Tropic Movements: Phototropism, geotropism and their mechanism;
Nastic and Tactic movements.

B. Ecology:
1. Ecology: definition, scope and applications.
2. Species and population: level of organizations (organism, population, community,
ecosystem and biosphere - definitions only).
3. Ecological factors: Effect of Water, Temperature, Wind and light on the growth and
distribution of plants and communities.

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4. Plant succession and Climax Concept (Hydrosere and Xerosere).
5. Ecosystem: concept of an ecosystem (Pond, forest and grassland as examples of aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystems).
6. Ecological Energetic: Efficiency pyramids, food chains and food web, tropic levels.
7. Biogeochemical cycles of Phosphorus and Nitrogen.
8. Soil: Definition of soil. Parent material. Weathering processes leading to soil formation.
Soil texture and its classification. Soil micro organisms and their importance. Soil organic
matter and its importance. Water logging and salinity, its causes, reclamation of salted
sills. Soil erosion (Water and wind erosion, methods of control and conservation of
eroded soils).
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, its classification: Air pollution and water pollution
(Only major pollutants and their effect of plants).
10. Major vegetation types of Pakistan (Tropical, subtropical, Temperate, sub alpine and
Alpine types).

PRACTICALS:

A. Physiology
1. Preparation of solutions of specific normality of acids/bases, salts, sugars, molal/molar
solutions and their standardization.
2. Determination of uptake of water by swelling seeds when placed in sodium chloride
solution of different concentration.
3. Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye methods.
4. Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells lose their semi permeability.
5. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration of a
leafy shoot by means of a photometer.
6. Test for sugars (Reducing and non-reducing :) glucose, sucrose, maltose, cactus.
7. Chemical tests for the following cell constituents:
i) Starch ii) Cellulose iii) Lingnin iv) Proteins.
8. Extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of component pigments on a
paper chromatogram. Study of absorption spectra using spectra photometer.
9. Comparison of the effects of green, red and blue-colored light on the amount of oxygen
evolved by a photosynthesizing plant.
10. Oxygen estimation in photosynthesis by Windler's method.
11. Extraction of amylase from germinating wheat seeds and study of its effect on starch
breakdown.
12. Measurement of carbon dioxide evolution during respiration of germinating seeds by the
titration method.
13. Determination of the total acidity in Bryophyllum leaves kept in dark and light.
14. Determination of leaf area index.
15. Estimation of Soil pH by paper indicator methods.
16. Measurement of Growth by leaf area increase method.
17. Study of different stages of seed germination.

B. Ecology
1. Determination of soil organic matter contents.

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2. Test for the presence of nitrates in a soil sample.
3. Soil texture determination by hydrometer method.
4. Determination of soil carbonate by acid neutralization method.
5. Measurement of local vegetation types by Quadrat and Line Intercept methods.
6. Study of pond, grassland and forest ecosystems.
7. Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in tap water.
8. Determination of the chloride contents of irrigation water.

Books Recommended:

1. Akhtar, M.A. Introductory Plant Physiology. Qureshi Brothers, Urdu bazaar, Lahore.
2. Meyer & Anderson. Plant Physiology, McGraw - Hill Book Co. Inc., N.Y.
3. Bonner and Galston. Principles of Physiology. Freeman Press
4. Bidwel, R.G.S. Plant Physiology. Macmillan Press, London and New York.
5. Ilahi, I. 1991. Plant Growth. University Grants Commission Press, Islamabad.
6. Conn, E.E. & Stump. 1987. Outlines of Biochemistry.
7. Oosting, H.J. 1956. The Study of Plan Communities. W.H. Freeman, Francisco.
8. Odum, E. P. 1983. Basic Ecology. W.B. Saunders & Co. Philadelphia International Ed.
9. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders & Co. Philadelphia.
10. Daubemire, R.F. Plant and Environment. Text Book of Auto ecology. John Wiley, New
York.
11. Hussain, F. 1989. Filed and Laboratory Manual for Plant Ecology. University Grants
Commission Press, Islamabad.
12. Hussain, F. & I. Ilahi. 1991. Ecology and Vegetation of Lesser Himalayas (Pakistan).
Jadoon Press, Peshawar.

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