BASIC COMPUTER

MAQSOOD UL HASSAN
Assistant Director
Govt. of Punjab

YOUNG OFFICERS ACADEMY

 Storage Devices
A storage device for a computer enables its user to store and safely access
the data and applications on a computer device.

Types of Storage
Primary Storage:
▪ This is the direct memory which is accessible to the Central Processing
Unit (CPU).

▪ This is also known as the main memory and is volatile. This is

temporary.

▪ As soon as the device turns off or is rebooted, the memory is erased and
It is smaller in size

▪ Primary storage comprises only of Internal memory

▪ Examples of primary storage include RAM, cache memory, etc.

 Storage Devices

Secondary Storage:

▪ This type of storage does not have direct accessibility to the Central
Processing Unit.

▪ The input and output channels are used to connect such storage devices
to the computer, as they are mainly external.

▪ It is non-volatile and larger storage capacity in comparison to primary

storage

▪ This type of storage is permanent until removed by an external factor. It

comprises of both internal and external memory

▪ Examples of secondary storage are USB drives, floppy disks, etc.

 WHAT IS RAM
▪ RAM is a computer’s primary memory. It is a very fast solid state
storage medium that is directly accessible by the CPU.
▪ Any open programs or files on a computer are temporarily stored in
RAM whilst being used.
▪ Being volatile, any data stored in RAM will be lost when power is
removed.
 What is ROM?
▪ ROM is a non-volatile memory chip whose contents cannot be altered.
▪ It is often used to store the start up routines in a computer (e.g. the
BIOS).
▪ Typical applications for ROM is Storing the computer’s start up routine
Memory Units
▪ Bit (Binary Digit), A binary digit is logical 0 and 1
▪ Nibble, A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
▪ Byte, A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit of data.
▪ Kilobyte (KB), 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
▪ Mega byte (MB), 1 MB = 1024 KB
▪ Giga Byte (GB), 1 GB = 1024 MB
▪ Tera Byte (TB), 1 TB = 1024 GB
▪ Peta Byte (PB), 1 PB = 1024 TB
▪ Exa Byte (EB), 1 EB = 1024 PB
▪ Zetta Byte (ZB), 1ZB = 1024 EB
 Types of Storage Devices
1. Magnetic Storage Devices
A magnetic field is created to read the binary language and store the information.
Floppy Disk (800 KB to 2.8 MB, with a standard of 1.44 MB), Hard Drive, Zip
Disk (100 MB, but later versions increased to 250 MB and then 750 MB),

2. Optical Storage Devices

Such devices used lasers and lights to detect and store data.
CD – compact disc (80 minutes of audio, or 650 megabytes (MB) to 700 MB of
data.)
CD-ROM – Compact Disc – Read-Only Memory (up to 700 megabyte (MB) of
data, while a dual-layer disc can hold up to 8.5 gigabyte (GB) of data)
Blu-Ray Disc – Introduced in 2006, It can store up to 25 GB data in a single-
layer disc and 50 GB data in a dual-layer disc
DVD – Digital Versatile Disc (one-layer DVD can hold 4.7 gigabytes of data and
8.5 GB if it's a double-layer disc. A single-layer HD-DVD stores up to 15 GB of
storage capacity, and a dual-layer disk provides up to 30 GB.)
CD-R- Readable Compact Disc (80 minutes of audio or 650 MB of data)
 Types of Storage Devices
3. Flash Memory Devices
USB Drive – a pen drive, this storage device is small in size and is
portable and ranges between storage space of 2 GB to 1 TB. It comprises
an integrated circuit which allows it to store data and also replace it

Memory Card & Memory Stick – Usually attached with smaller

electronic and computerized devices like mobile phones or digital camera,

SD Card – Known as Secure Digital Card,

4. Online Cloud Storage

The term Cloud computing is used to describe the data centers available
for users over the Internet where they can save their databases and files.
This data can easily be accessed over the internet anytime and anywhere.
 What is computer network
▪ Interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share
resources with each other.

▪ These networked devices use a system of rules, called communications

protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies
Types of computer networks
▪ Computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network
is mainly of four types:
▪ Personal Area Networking (PAN)
▪ The smallest computer network
▪ Devices may be connected through Bluetooth or other infra-red enables
devices
▪ It has a connectivity range of up to 10 metres, It covers an area of up to
30 feet
 What is computer network
▪ Local Area Network (LAN)
Systems connected in a small network like in a building or a
small office, It is inexpensive.
Two or more personal computers can be connected through wires
or cables acting as nodes.
▪ MetropolitanArea Network (MAN)
A network that can be connected within a city, for example, cable TV
Connection.
▪ Wide Area NetWork (WAN)
A network which covers over a country or a larger range of people.
Telephonic lines are also connected through WAN, Internet is the biggest
WAN in the world.
 Network topologies
➢ Physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in network
➢ Nodes usually include devices such as switches, routers and software
with switch and router features.
Types of network topologies
There are 06 types
1. Bus topology
➢ bus topology is a network setup where each computer and network
device is connected to a single cable or backbone.
2. Star topology
➢ every host is connected to a central hub
3. Tree topology
➢ In a tree topology, there is one central node (the “trunk”), and each
node is connected to the central node through a single path. Nodes can
be thought of as branches coming off of the trunk.
 Network topologies
4. Ring topology
➢ Ring topology refers to a specific kind of network setup in which
devices are connected in a ring and pass information to or from each
other according to their adjacent proximity in the ring structure.

5. Mesh topology
➢ A mesh network is a network in which devices --or nodes --are linked
together, branching off other devices or nodes.

6. Hybrid topology
➢ A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more
differing network topologies. These topologies can include a mix of bus
topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree
topology.
 What is Internet
▪ The first development was the introduction of host-to-host network
interactions. This was first observed in ARPANET in 1969. It was
developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the
Department of Defense, U.S.
▪ Global system of interconnected computers, using a standardized
Internet Protocol Suite for communication and sharing information is
called the Internet.
▪ ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. This helps in providing
direct access for using the internet from your office or home, connected
through landlines. With the introduction of Wi-fi and broadband,
connecting to the Internet has become wireless.
▪ IPADDRESS : Internet Protocol address is a numerical identification
code assigned for any device connected to a network. It acts as an
identification interface for Internet users.
 How Internet works?
▪ Computers connect to each other and to the Internet via wires, cables,
radio waves, and other types of networking infrastructure. All data
sent over the Internet is translated into pulses of light or electricity,
also called " bits," and then interpreted by the receiving computer. The
wires, cables, and radio waves conduct these bits at the speed of light.
The more bits that can pass over these wires and cables at once, the
faster the Internet works.
 WEB BROWSERS
Interface between user and web server.
WorldWideWeb / Nexus: first web browser ever, Launched in
1. 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee
Mosaic: It was launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen and
2. others at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Internet Explorer. It was launched in 1995 by Microsoft
3. Mozilla Firefox. It was introduced in 2002 and was developed by
4. Mozilla Foundation
5. Google Chrome. It was launched in 2008 by Google
6. Safari. Safari is a web browser developed by Apple January 7, 2003
only for Apple OS
7. Opera. April 10, 1995 by Opera.
Computer Languages
C-Language, Java Language, SQL (Structured Query Language), HTML
(Hyper Text Markup Language), Visual Basics, Forton, AGOL,
PYTHON, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), BASIC,
C++.
 Virus and Antivirus
Virus is a kind of malware that infects files and then
spreads through a device whenever the file or program is run.

Examples:
Code Red, Klez, Sobig, Mydoom, Sasser, Zeus, Stuxnet.

Antivirus software or anti-virus software is a computer

program used to prevent, detect, and remove the virus.

Examples:
Avast, AVG Antivirus Business Edition, Bitdefender Total
Security, Kaspersky, McAfee, Malwarebytes, Norton, SecureMac.
 Search Engines

A software program that helps people find the information they are
looking for online using keywords or phrases
Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Yandex, DuckDuckGo, Baidu, [Link],
Naver, Ecosia, AOL, Internet Archive
 Microsoft Windows (latest Windows 11 Oct 05, 2021)
Developer Microsoft
Initial Release 20th November 1985
Marketing Target Personal Computing
Languages Available in 138 languages
Official Website [Link]

Windows 1.0 released on November 20, 1985

Windows 2.0 released on December 9, 1987
Windows 3.0 released in 1990
Window 95 first complete Operating System, released on August 15, 1995
Windows 98 released on May 15, 1998
Windows 2000 released on February 17, 2000.
Windows XP released on October 25, 2001
Windows Vista released on January 30, 2007
Windows 7 released on October 22, 2009
Windows 8 on October 26, 2012
Windows 10 on July 29, 2015
Thank You

YOUNG OFFICERS ACADEMY