‡f±i

2 2 2
†f±i 𝐴 Gi gvb 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧

(ii) 𝐴+𝐵 = (Ax+Bx)𝑖+(Ay+By)𝑗+(Az+Bz)𝑘

(iii) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = (Ax-Bx)𝑖+(Ay-By)𝑗+(Az-Bz)𝑘
 ‡f±i

2 2 2
†f±i 𝐴 Gi gvb 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧

𝐴(1,0,2) Ges 𝐵(2,5,0) `yBwU we›`y n‡j-

𝑖. 𝐴 we›`yi Ae¯’vb ‡f±i
𝑖𝑖. 𝐴𝐵
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝐴𝐵
 ‡f±i
⟹ jwä, R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos ∝
−1 Qsin∝
⟹ jwäi w`K, θ = tan [P Gi mv‡_ Drcbœ †KvY]
P+Qcos∝
⟹ e„nËg jwä = P + Q
⟹ ÿz`ªZg jwä = P − Q

 20N I 40N gv‡bi `ywU ej ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 60° †Kv‡Y wµqvkxj

n‡j jwäi gvb I w`K KZ?
`ywU †f±i ivwki e„nËi jwä 14 GKK Ges ¶z`ªZi jwä 2 GKK|
o
ivwk `ywU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ 90 †Kv‡Y GKwU KYvi Dci wµqv Kij|
jwäi gvb wbY©q Ki|
 ‡f±i
−1 Qsin∝
⟹ jwäi w`K, θ = tan [P Gi mv‡_ Drcbœ †KvY]
P+Qcos∝

−1 −1
4ms ‡e‡M †`Š‡o hvevi mgq GKRb †jvK 6 ms †e‡M j¤^fv‡e
cwZZ e„wói m¤§yLxb n‡jv| e„wó n‡Z iÿv †c‡Z n‡j Zv‡K KZ †Kv‡Y
Ejø‡¤^i mv‡_ QvZv ai‡Z n‡e?
 ‡f±i

GKK †f±i :GKwU †f±i‡K Zvi gvb w`‡q fvM Ki‡j GKK †f±i cvIqv hvq| †hgb:-
𝐴= Ax𝑖+Ay𝑗+Az𝑘 GKwU †f±i Ges 𝐴 eivei GKK †f±i 𝑎 n‡j

𝐴 Ax 𝑖+Ay 𝑗+Az 𝑘
𝑎= = .
𝐴 2 2 2
𝐴𝑥 +𝐴𝑦 +𝐴𝑧
Note:- ‡Kv‡bv †f±‡ii GKK †f±i ev H †f±i eivei mgvšÍivj GKK †f±i, G `ywU
K_vi A_© GKB|

 U = 4i + 5j − 3k Ges V = −i − 5j − k n‡j U Ges V Gi jwä †f±‡ii

mgvšÍivj GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
 ‡f±i
𝐴 I 𝐵 Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY 𝜃 n‡j,
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ABcos𝜃 = AxBx+AyBy+AzBz

Note:- ‡¯‹jvi ¸Y‡bi †ÿ‡Î,

𝑖. 𝑗 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 𝑘. 𝑖 =0 [‡h‡nZz 𝜃 = 90°]
𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘 . 𝑘 =1 [‡h‡nZz 𝜃 = 0°]

𝑗 × 𝑖 𝑘 = KZ?
 ‡f±i
`ywU †f±‡ii ga¨eZ©x †KvY 𝜃 n‡j, 𝐴. 𝐵 = ABcos𝜃
𝐴.𝐵
⟹𝜃= cos -1
𝐴𝐵

P = 2i + j − 3k Ges Q = 3i − 2j + k;
P Ges Q Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY KZ?
 ‡f±i

𝐴= Ax𝑖+Ay𝑗+Az𝑘 ‡f±iwU x ev y ev z A‡ÿi

m‡½ 𝜃 †KvY •Zwi Ki‡j,

𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘 †f±iwU 𝑍 − A‡ÿi mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv n‡jv-

 ‡f±i
Awf‡ÿc:-
𝑎.𝑏
(i) 𝑎 ‡f±‡ii Dci 𝑏 †f±‡ii Awf‡ÿc, bcos𝜃 =
𝑎
𝑎.𝑏
(ii) 𝑏 ‡f±‡ii Dci 𝑎 †f±‡ii Awf‡ÿc, acos𝜃 =
𝑏
a = 2i + j − 2k ‡f±i eivei b = 5i − 3j + 2k †f±‡ii j¤^ Awf‡ÿc wbY©q Ki|
 ‡f±i
𝑥 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘 , 𝑦 = 5𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑚𝑘 `yBwU †f±i|

𝑥 ‡f±‡ii Dci 𝑦 †f±‡ii Awf‡ÿc 3 n‡j 𝑚 Gi gvb KZ?

 ‡f±i
Dcvsk:-
𝑎.𝑏
(i) 𝑎 ‡f±‡ii w`K eivei 𝑏 †f±‡ii Dcvsk = ∙ 𝑎
𝑎
𝑎.𝑏
(ii) 𝑏 ‡f±‡ii w`K eivei 𝑎 †f±‡ii Dcvsk = ∙𝑏
𝑏

𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘 ‡f±‡ii w`K eivei 𝑏 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 +

3𝑘 Gi AskK KZ?
 ‡f±i
GKwU jb †ivjvi †Vjv ev Uvbvi mgq Zzwg Gi nvZ‡j
Avbyfywg‡Ki mv‡_ 30° †Kv‡Y 19.6N ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Qv|
GUv Uvbv A‡cÿvK…Z mnR KviY Gi IRb ZLb K‡g‡QÑ

‡Vjvi †ÿ‡Î †gvU IRb = w + F sinθ

Uvbvi †ÿ‡Î †gvU IRb = w − F sinθ
 ‡f±i
(i) mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû eivei wµqvkxj †f±i 𝐴 I 𝐵 n‡j,

mvgvšÍwi‡Ki ‡ÿÎdj = 𝐴 × 𝐵 eM© GKK

1
(ii) mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY© eivei wµqvkxj n‡j, †ÿÎdj = 𝐴×𝐵
2
1
(iii) wÎf~‡Ri `yBwU mwbœwnZ evû n‡j, ‡ÿÎdj = 𝐴×𝐵
2

(iv) AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi `yBwU mwbœwnZ evû n‡j, ‡ÿÎdj = 𝐴 × 𝐵

 A = 3i + 5j Ges B = 5i + 3j; A Ges B Øviv GKwU

i¤^‡mi `yB mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`©wkZ n‡j i¤^mwUi †¶Îdj KZ?
 ‡f±i

𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
(i) `ywU †f±i mgvšÍivj nIqvi kZ©, 𝐴 × 𝐵 =0. A_©vr, = = .
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
(ii) `ywU †f±i ci¯úi j¤^ nIqvi kZ©, 𝐴. 𝐵 =0. A_©¨vr, AxBx+AyBy+AzBz =0 .

 ‡f±iØq 𝐯𝟏 = 4𝐢 − 3λ𝐣 + 5𝐤 I 𝐯𝟐 = 3λ𝐢 + 5𝐣 − 6𝐤 ci¯úi j¤^ n‡j λ Gi gvb KZ?

 𝑘 Gi gvb KZ n‡j 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 𝑘𝑗 I 𝑏 = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 †f±i `y‡Uv ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e?

 ‡f±i
 a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡j A I B ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e?
†hLv‡b A = 5i + 2j + 3k I B = 15i + aj + 9k
′
[SUST 08 − 09; 07 − 08; 05 − 06]
 ‡f±i

b`x I †bŠKv
me©wb¤œ mgq me©wb¤œ `~i‡Z
b`x cvivcv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq t d d
u u 2 − v 2
†Kv‡Y ∝ 90°
v
cos ∝= −
𝑢

jwä †e‡Mi u 2 + v 2 u 2 − v 2
 ‡f±i
−1 −1
GKwU b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 5 kmh | GKwU †bŠKv‡K N›Uvq 10 kmh
†e‡M †mªv‡Zi †e‡Mi mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y Pvjv‡j Aci cv‡oi wVK †mvRvmywR
†cŠQv‡bv hvq?

−1
‡¯ªv‡Zi b`x‡Z ‡¯ªv‡Zi AbyK~‡j GKwU †bŠKvi †eM 18ms Ges cÖwZKy‡j
−1
†eM 6 ms | ‡mªv‡Zi mv‡Z KZ †Kv‡Y †bŠKv Pvjv‡j Aci cv‡o wVK
†mvRvmywR †cŠuQv‡e?

−1
GKwU b`x 400m cÖk¯Í| H b`x‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 6 kmh | GKRb gvwS
−1
10 kmh †e‡M †bŠKv Pvjbv K‡i hvÎv we›`y †_‡K wVK wecixZ cv‡k¦©
†cŠuQ‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e?
 ‡f±i

δ δ δ
⟹ ‡MÖwW‡q›U, grad ϕ = i + j + k ϕ , †hLv‡b ϕ GKwU †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ
δx δy δz

δ δ δ
⟹WvBfvi‡RÝ, div. v = i + j + k . v1 i + v2 j + v3 k
δx δy δz

δ δ δ
⟹ Kvj©, curl. v = i + j + k × v1 i + v2 j + v3 k
δx δy δz

⟹ div . v = 0 n‡j †f±iwU †Pv½vK…wZ ev mwjbqWvj|

⟹ curl. v = 0 n‡j †f±iwU AN~Y©bkxj I msiÿYkxj|
 ‡f±i

𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎. 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏 n‡j 𝐵𝐴 KZ?

 ‡f±i
 𝑂𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘, 𝑂𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘 n‡j
𝐴𝐵 KZ?
 ‡f±i
𝑎 Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘, 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 Ges
𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑎𝑘 mgZjxq n‡e|
 ‡f±i
𝑃 I 𝑄 ej؇qi jw× 𝑅 , 𝑃 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 Ges 𝑅 = 3𝑗 − 3𝑖 n‡j 𝑄 KZ