Dear students,
For the grammar section of the B2 Final Exam, please study the notes
below carefully.
1. Passive Voice with Modals
Structure:
modal + be + V3
Examples:
Suitcases must not be left unattended.
Phones should be turned off during the exam.
This homework must be finished today.
Common modals:
must, should, can, could, may, might
Be careful:
❌ must not be leaved
✅ must not be left
2. Indirect Questions / Embedded Questions
We use indirect questions to sound more polite.
Direct question:
Does the subway run on Sundays?
Indirect question:
I was wondering if the subway runs on Sundays.
Structure:
I was wondering + if/whether + subject + verb
Important: In indirect questions, we do not use question word order.
❌ I was wondering does the subway run on Sundays.
✅ I was wondering if the subway runs on Sundays.
3. Tag Questions
Tag questions are short questions at the end of a sentence.
If the sentence is positive, the tag is negative.
If the sentence is negative, the tag is positive.
Examples:
They won the match, didn’t they?
She is a teacher, isn’t she?
You don’t like coffee, do you?
Pay attention to the tense of the main sentence.
4. Relative Clauses
Relative clauses give extra information about a noun.
For people: who / that
For things: which / that
Examples:
She is doing training that will improve her stamina.
This is the teacher who helped me.
I watched a movie that was very interesting.
In the exam, choose the option that gives correct and meaningful extra
information.
5. Giving Opinions / Suggestions
Useful phrases:
I think we should...
Don’t you think...?
Maybe we should...
Why don’t we...?
Example:
Don’t you think it will be really crowded right now?
Be careful:
❌ Aren’t you think...?
✅ Don’t you think...?
6. Time Clauses
Some common time expressions:
as soon as, when, after, before, until
Example:
The allergic reaction got better as soon as she took some
medicine.
I will call you when I arrive.
She felt better after she rested.
Be careful with full sentence structure:
✅ as soon as + subject + verb
7. Past Modals
Past modals are used to talk about possibilities or guesses about the past.
Structure:
modal + have + V3
Examples:
Amelia Earhart might have crashed her plane.
Someone could have carved the stones.
He must have forgotten the meeting.
Meanings:
must have + V3 = strong guess
might/may/could have + V3 = possibility
couldn’t have + V3 = impossible in the past
Example:
The farmer could not have made all the stones by himself.
8. Noun Clauses with Wh- Words
A noun clause acts like a noun in the sentence.
Structure:
wh-word + subject + verb
Examples:
Historians do not know where the tomb is located.
How that civilization disappeared is still a mystery.
I don’t know what he said.
Be careful: Do not use question order.
❌ where is the tomb located
✅ where the tomb is located
9. Could Have / Would Have / Should Have
Structure:
could / would / should + have + V3
Examples:
I would have taken the class if it had not been full.
He could have gone to medical school, but he chose music.
You should have studied more for the exam.
Meanings:
could have = past possibility
would have = imagined result in the past
should have = regret / advice about the past
10. Future in the Past
We use future in the past when someone talked or thought about a future
event from a past point of view.
Structure:
was/were going to + V1
Examples:
The professor told the students that he was going to return the
exams on Monday.
Nora thought that she was going to major in science, but she
changed her mind.
11. Conditionals / Sentence Matching
Be careful with meaning when matching sentence halves.
Examples:
I might buy the new phone if it is not too expensive.
It will rain tomorrow, so we should go to the park another day.
People may live on Mars one day, but it will be very hard to go
there.
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Dear students,
For the writing section, please revise how to write a problem and
solution paragraph/essay.
1. Start with a clear introduction.
Introduce the topic in 1–2 sentences.
Example:
Many people face different problems when they try to live a
healthier lifestyle.
2. Explain the problem clearly.
Do not just name the problem. Explain why it is a problem.
Useful phrases:
One common problem is...
Another difficulty is...
Many people struggle with...
This can be a problem because...
Example:
One common problem is lack of time. Many people are busy with
school, work, or family responsibilities, so they cannot exercise
regularly.
3. Give an example.
Examples make your writing stronger.
Useful phrases:
For example, ...
For instance, ...
In my experience, ...
Some people may...
Example:
For example, a student may want to go to the gym, but after a long
school day, they may feel too tired.
4. Suggest a solution.
After explaining the problem, write what people can do to solve it.
Useful phrases:
One possible solution is...
To solve this problem, people should...
It is important to...
Another useful solution is...
Example:
One possible solution is to make a simple weekly plan. People can
start with short walks or easy home exercises.
5. Explain the result of the solution.
Say why your solution is helpful.
Useful phrases:
As a result, ...
This can help people...
In this way, ...
Therefore, ...
Example:
As a result, people can become more active without feeling too
much pressure.
6. Add your personal experience or opinion.
This makes your writing more natural and complete.
Useful phrases:
In my opinion, ...
In my experience, ...
I believe that...
Personally, I think...
Example:
In my opinion, small changes are more effective than trying to
change everything at once.
7. Use a clear structure.
You can follow this order:
Introduction
Introduce the topic.
Problem 1
Explain the first problem and give an example.
Problem 2
Explain another problem if necessary.
Solutions
Suggest possible solutions.
Conclusion / Personal opinion
Finish with your opinion or experience.
Useful connectors:
Firstly,
Secondly,
Also,
However,
Because,
For example,
Therefore,
As a result,
In conclusion,