Govt.

Polytechnic College, Palakkad - 678 551

Project report on

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE SLOPE

SOLAR WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM

Submitted by

Mr. ADHARSH R
Reg. No.: 2101024066

Guided by
Dr. RAJESH V R
Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt. Polytechnic College
Palakkad, Kerala- 678 551

Project Report on

EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR

WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM

Submitted by
ADHARSH R (Reg. No. : 2101024066)

ADITHYA KIRAN B (Reg. No. : 2101024067)

MOHAMMED NIHAL J (Reg. No. : 2101024074)

NAMITH SANKAR (Reg. No. : 2101024075)

RAHUL R (Reg. No. : 2101024076)

SNEHA A (Reg. No. : 2101024077)

VINOD S (Reg. No. : 2101024078)

Guided by
Dr. RAJESH V R

Department of Mechanical Engineering

March 2024
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt. Polytechnic College
Palakkad, Kerala-678 551

Vision
“To be a centre of excellence in the field of mechanical engineering
education for creating engineers capable of contributing to society
through innovation, entrepreneurship and leadership”

Mission
1. Equip students with necessary technological and intellectual capacity to face
the fast changing demands of modern technology.
2. Develop the ideal working attitudes and values in the students and thereby
improving employability with commitment to the society.
3. Maintain the quality of learning facility at par with that of industry.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt. Polytechnic College
Palakkad, Kerala-678 551

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report entitled “EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR DESALINATION SYSTEM” is a bonafide
record of the project submitted by ADHARSH R (Reg. No.: 2101024066)
towards the partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in Mechanical
Engineering from Govt. Polytechnic College, Palakkad under the State Board of
Technical Education, Kerala during the year 2021-24.

Staff in Charge Head of the Department

Internal Examiner External Examiner

[Link] Mechanical Engineering Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. PRADEEP M, HOD in Mechanical Engineering,
Govt. Polytechnic College, for allowing me to do this project and for his constant support and
encouragement in completing this project.

I would like to express my immense gratitude to Dr. RAJESH V R, Lecturer in Mechanical

Engineering, the guide of the project for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and
continued support in collecting information on the topic and making of this report and presentation.

I am grateful to all my friends who gave me a lot of help and support for the successful completion
of the project. Last but not the least I would like to express my humble thanks to the Almighty for
giving a healthy mind to make this project to the extent of my knowledge and capability.

ADHARSH R

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[Link] Mechanical Engineering Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

ABSTRACT

As freshwater scarcity becoming a critical global issue, especially in arid and coastal regions,
sustainable solutions are urgently needed. This project aims to address this challenge by harnessing
solar energy to power a desalination process, providing a reliable and eco-friendly source of
freshwater. The abstract outlines the objectives of the project, which include designing and
constructing a solar desalination unit.

Solar stills are simple, low-cost devices that use solar energy to purify water by distillation. This
study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a double slope solar still in producing clean drinking
water in a remote and arid environment. The double slope solar still was constructed using locally
available materials and tested under varying weather conditions. The results show that the solar
still was able to produce a significant amount of clean drinking water, making it a viable option
for water purification in areas with limited access to clean water sources.

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[Link] Mechanical Engineering Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link]. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Acknowledgement I

Abstract Ii

Table of content Iii

List of Figures Iv

List of Table V

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Literature Review 2

1.2 Objectives 3

1.3 Problem statement 4

2 Solar Still 5

2.1 Working 5

2.2 Working Principle 5

2.3 Types 6

2.4 Components 7

2.5 Applications 8

2.6 Advantages 8

2.7 Disadvantages 9

3 Experimental Setup 10

3.1 Study of Materials 13

3.2 Design and Drawing 16

3.3 Manufacturing Process 17

3.4 Material Specifications and Calculations 19

3.5 Manufacturing Cost 20

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4 Experiments Conducted 21

5 Results and Discussion 23

6 Conclusion 29

Scope for Future work 30

References 31

Appendix 32

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LIST OF FIGURES

[Link]. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.

2.1 Single Slope Solar Still 7

2.2 Double Slope Solar Still 7

2.3 Multi-effect Solar Still 8

3.1 Experimental Setup 11

3.2 Plywood 14

3.3 Glass 14

3.4 G.I Sheet 15

3.5 Thermocol 15

3.6 Silicone 16

3.7 CPVC Pipe Fittings 16

3.8 Pebble Stones 17

3.9 Design and Drawing 17

3.10 Carpentry 18

3.11 Sheet Metal 18

3.12 Glass Cutting 18

3.13 Glass Bonding 19

3.14 Drilling 19

3.15 Plumbing 19

3.16 Painting 20

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar desalination refers to the process of removing salt and other impurities from saline
water using solar energy. The study focuses on the design, construction, and performance
evaluation of a double slope solar still, a sustainable solution for water purification. Utilising
renewable solar energy, this device offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective
method to produce clean drinking water, especially in regions lacking conventional water
treatment infrastructure.

A solar still utilises the greenhouse effect to produce fresh water from seawater or
contaminated water. In the context of a solar still, the greenhouse effect refers to the process
by which solar radiation enters the still through its transparent cover, heating up the interior.
This trapped heat raises the temperature inside the still, promoting evaporation of water from
the surface of the contaminated or saline water within. As the water evaporates, it leaves
behind impurities and salt. The cover then acts as a barrier, preventing the escaped heat from
dissipating into the surroundings, thereby maintaining a warm environment conducive to the
condensation of water vapour on the cooler inner surface of the cover. This condensed water
then drips down into a collection trough as purified fresh water, ready for use. Thus, the
greenhouse effect plays a crucial role in driving the evaporation and condensation processes
within a solar still, facilitating the production of clean water from contaminated sources.

The double slope solar still features a basin containing contaminated water, covered by two
inclined transparent surfaces that enhance solar radiation absorption and maximise
condensation area. Through this project, we aim to explore the efficiency of this design in
various climatic conditions, optimise its performance, and assess its potential to address water
scarcity challenges. By integrating practical engineering with renewable energy principles,
the project demonstrates a viable approach to sustainable water resource management.

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1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

El-Agouz et al. (2014) investigated the thermal performance of a double slope solar
still with various materials and configurations. They found that using black dye in the
water increased the evaporation rate, thus improving the efficiency by about 20%.

Kabeel and Abdelgaied (2016) explored the use of phase change materials (PCMs)
in the system. The incorporation of PCMs helped in maintaining a higher water
temperature during non-sunny hours, which resulted in a 15% increase in daily
freshwater output.

Tiwari et al. (2013) experimented with different angles of the double slope glass
cover and found that a 30° angle yielded the best results in terms of condensation and
water yield.

Kalidasa Murugavel et al. (2010) added external reflectors to the system, which
enhanced the solar radiation received by the still, leading to a 25% increase in
distillate productivity.

Madhlopa and Johnstone (2013) used a combination of galvanised iron and

aluminium for the basin, which improved thermal conductivity and reduced heat
losses. This structural modification resulted in a 10-12% increase in efficiency.

Murugavel et al. (2010) investigated the use of nanofluids in the basin water. The
experimental results showed that nanofluids significantly increased the heat
absorption capability of the water, thereby improving the evaporation rate.

Dwivedi and Tiwari (2011) analysed the performance of double slope solar stills
under different climatic conditions. They found that the system’s performance varied
significantly with changes in solar intensity, ambient temperature, and wind speed,
indicating the need for site-specific design optimization.

Velmurugan et al. (2008) compared double slope stills with single slope stills and
found that double slope systems produced 15-20% more distilled water under
identical conditions.

Arunkumar et al. (2012) compared the performance of double slope solar stills with
and without wick materials. The use of wick materials (e.g., jute cloth) in the basin
significantly enhanced water evaporation and condensation, leading to a 30% increase
in water production.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. Provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of freshwater in areas

where traditional water sources are limited or contaminated.

2. Reduce dependence on fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources for
desalination processes.

3. Improve water security and resilience to climate change by harnessing the abundant
and renewable energy of the sun for desalination.

4. Increase access to clean drinking water for communities in remote or arid regions.

5. Reduce the cost of desalination by utilising solar energy, which is free and abundant
in many parts of the world.

6. Minimise the environmental impact of desalination processes by using solar energy

instead of fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants.

7. Improve water quality by removing contaminants, such as salts, bacteria, and heavy
metals, through the distillation process.

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As of 2022, India accounts for 18% of the world's population and is the world's most
populous country. But India have only about 4% of the world's water resources .Water
scarcity is indeed a significant issue in India, affecting millions of people across the country.
Several factors contribute to this problem, including population growth, unsustainable
agricultural practices, industrial pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and climate change.
Rapid urbanisation has also strained water resources, leading to increased demand and
competition for water.

Water scarcity in coastal areas presents a unique challenge due to the saline nature of
seawater and its unsuitability for most freshwater needs. Coastal regions often face water
scarcity due to a variety of factors, including over-extraction of groundwater, saltwater
intrusion into freshwater aquifers, pollution of coastal water sources, and inadequate
infrastructure for desalination of water [Link] world's need for drinkable water is
increasing with a growing population. Therefore it is very important to ensure pure drinking
water for everyone.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

2. SOLAR STILL

A solar still is a device that harnesses solar energy to desalinate saline or brackish water,
producing fresh, potable water. It mimics the natural water cycle, using evaporation and
condensation to separate impurities from water.

2.1 WORKING

1. Evaporation: Solar radiation heats the water inside the still, causing it to evaporate. The
heat energy breaks the bonds of water molecules, transforming them from liquid to vapor.

2. Condensation: The water vapor rises and comes into contact with a cooler surface (usually
the inner surface of a transparent cover), where it condenses back into liquid form.

3. Collection: The condensed fresh water drips down into a collection channel, which directs
it to a storage container.

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Solar still works on the principle of Greenhouse Effect. The greenhouse effect in a solar still
refers to the trapping of heat within the still's enclosure, similar to how a greenhouse traps
heat.

1. Transparent Cover: The solar still typically has a transparent cover made of glass. This
cover allows sunlight to enter the still, heating up the interior.

2. Absorption of Solar Radiation: Sunlight enters the still and is absorbed by the water and
the dark surfaces inside, such as the bottom of the still. This absorption of solar radiation
increases the temperature inside the still.

3. Trapping Heat: The transparent cover prevents the heated air and water vapour inside the
still from escaping easily. This trapped heat creates a warmer environment compared to the
surroundings, enhancing the evaporation process.

4. Condensation and Collection: As water evaporates from the surface of the water inside
the still, it rises and encounters the cooler surface of the transparent cover. This causes
condensation, where the water vapour turns back into liquid water. The condensed water then
drips down into a collection container.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

The greenhouse effect in the solar still helps to maintain a warmer environment inside, which
promotes efficient evaporation and condensation processes, leading to increased water
production. However, if the heat is not properly managed, it can also lead to overheating and
reduced efficiency.

2.3 TYPES:

1. Single Slope Solar Still:

Fig 2.1

Design: Consists of a single sloped transparent cover over a basin of saline water.
Advantages: Simple and easy to construct.
Disadvantages: Lower efficiency compared to more advanced designs due to limited
surface area for condensation.

2. Double Slope Solar Still:

Fig 2.2

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

Design: Consists of two inclined transparent covers, one on each side of the basin.
Advantages: Higher efficiency as it captures more sunlight throughout the day and
has a larger condensation surface.
Disadvantages: Slightly more complex and costly than single slope stills.

3. Multi-Effect Solar Still:

Fig 2.3

Design: Utilises multiple stages (effects) for evaporation and condensation, each stage
reusing the heat from the previous stage.
Advantages: Significantly higher efficiency and water output.
Disadvantages: More complex and expensive to build and maintain.

2.4 COMPONENTS OF SOLAR STILL

Basin: Holds the saline or brackish water to be evaporated.

Transparent Cover: Typically made of glass, it allows sunlight to enter and traps
heat .
Condensation Surface: The inner surface of the transparent cover where water
vapour condenses.
Collection Channel: Collects the distilled water and channels it to a storage
container.
Insulation: Reduces heat loss from the basin and improves efficiency.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

2.5 APPLICATIONS

Drinking Water Production: Provides potable water in remote and arid regions.
Agricultural Use: Supplies fresh water for irrigation in the areas with scarce
freshwater resources.
Disaster Relief: Offers a portable and independent water source during natural
disasters.
Small-Scale Industrial Use: Used in industries requiring pure water, such as
pharmaceuticals and electronics

Solar stills offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution for water desalination, particularly
in areas with abundant sunlight and limited access to freshwater. While they face challenges
in efficiency and scalability, ongoing research and technological advancements are enhancing
their viability and performance. Solar stills represent a critical component in the portfolio of
renewable water treatment technologies, contributing to water security and sustainability.

2.6 ADVANTAGES

1. Higher efficiency: Solar stills with a double slope design can achieve higher
efficiency in converting solar energy into distilled water. The dual slope design allows
for better utilisation of the available sunlight throughout the day.

2. Increased water production: The double slope design can help increase the water
production capacity of the solar still by maximising the surface area exposed to
sunlight. This results in higher water output compared to other types of solar stills.

3. Improved heat absorption: The double slope design allows for better heat
absorption from the sun, leading to faster evaporation of water and higher distillation
rates. This can be especially advantageous in areas with limited sunlight or during
cooler weather conditions.

4. Reduced heat loss: The dual slope configuration helps to minimise heat loss by
providing better insulation and retaining heat within the still. This can improve the
overall energy efficiency of the system and increase the yield of distilled water.

5. Versatility: Solar stills with a double slope design can be adapted to different
geographical locations and climates, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications. They can be easily scaled up or down depending on the water demand
and available space.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

6. Durability: The design of a double slope solar still is relatively simple and robust,
making it durable and long-lasting with minimal maintenance requirements. This can
make it a cost-effective solution for long-term water purification needs.

2.7 DISADVANTAGES

1. Dependence on sunlight: Solar stills rely on sunlight to function, which means that
they are not effective in cloudy or rainy weather conditions. This can limit their
usability in certain regions or during certain times of the year.

2. Maintenance requirements: Solar stills require regular maintenance to ensure they

are functioning properly. This can include cleaning the still, replacing parts, and
ensuring that the system is operating efficiently.

3. Increased Heat Loss: Double slope solar stills may experience higher heat loss
compared to single slope solar stills due to the larger surface area exposed to the
surrounding environment. This can reduce the overall efficiency of the distillation
process and result in lower water production rates.

4. Limited Scalability: Double slope solar stills may not be easily scalable for larger
water production capacities due to their design constraints. Scaling up the system to
meet higher water demand requirements may pose challenges in terms of cost, space,
and operational complexity.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Fig 3.1

Setting up an experimental double slope solar still for desalination involves several key steps.
Here is a detailed outline :

Components Required:

1. Solar Still Structure:

Transparent cover (glass or clear plastic)

Base basin (usually black to absorb more heat)
Insulating material
Sealing materials

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

2. Additional Equipment:

Thermocouples or Thermometers
Water supply (saline water source)
Collection channels and storage containers for distilled water
Measuring devices (graduated cylinders or flow meters)

Steps to Construct the Solar Still:

1. Design and Construction:

Frame: Construct a sturdy frame to support the still. The frame can be made of wood,
metal, or other suitable materials.
Basin: Create a basin where the saline water will be placed. The basin should be
blackened to enhance heat absorption.
Cover: Attach the transparent cover at an angle (usually between 15° to 30°) on both
sides of the basin to create the double slope. Ensure the cover is sealed properly to
prevent vapour loss.
Insulation: Insulate the sides and bottom of the basin to minimize heat loss. Common
insulating material used is thermocol.

2. Water Supply and Collection:

Inlet: Set up an inlet system to introduce saline water into the basin.
Condensation Channels: Install condensation channels beneath the transparent cover
to collect condensed water. These should be angled to guide water into storage
containers.
Outlet: Ensure there are outlets to collect the distilled water.

3. Measurement Setup:

Temperature Sensors: Place thermocouples or thermometers at different points:

inside the basin, on the cover surface, and in the ambient environment.
Solar Radiation Meter: Position a solar radiation meter to measure the incident solar
energy.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

Experimental Procedure:

1. Preparation:

Fill the basin with a known quantity of saline water.

Ensure the measurement devices are properly calibrated and positioned.

2. Operation:

Start the experiment in the morning to utilise maximum solar energy throughout the
day.
Record temperature, humidity, and solar radiation readings at regular intervals (e.g.,
every hour).

3. Data Collection:

Measure the amount of distilled water collected in the storage containers at regular
intervals.
Record the temperature variations inside the still, outlet water collecting container,
and in the ambient environment.
Note the humidity levels inside the still.

4. Analysis:

Plot the required graphs using the collected data.

Analyse the variations occurred due to the climatic conditions.

Safety Considerations:

Handle glass and other sharp materials with care.

Regularly check and maintain the setup to avoid leaks or other malfunctions.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

3.1 STUDY OF MATERIALS

PLYWOOD

Fig 3.2

Plywood is readily available in various sizes and thicknesses, making it a cost-effective

material for building solar stills. It is widely used in construction and is relatively inexpensive
compared to other materials.

Plywood has some insulating properties that can help maintain heat within the solar still. This
can be beneficial for enhancing the efficiency of the distillation process by keeping the
temperature inside the still at optimal levels.

GLASS

Fig 3.3

The glass used in a solar still is a critical component that plays a significant role in the
overall efficiency and effectiveness of the system.

The primary function of the glass in a solar still is to allow sunlight to pass through and heat
up the water or other liquid inside the still. The glass must be transparent to ensure
maximum sunlight absorption and heat transfer.

The glass also acts as an insulating barrier, trapping the heat generated inside the still and
preventing it from escaping. This helps maintain a higher temperature within the still,
promoting faster evaporation and distillation of the liquid.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

The optical properties of the glass, such as its refractive index and light transmission
characteristics, can impact the overall efficiency of the solar still. High-quality glass with
optimal optical properties can enhance sunlight absorption and heat retention within the
system.

GI SHEET

Fig 3.4

GI sheet, which stands for Galvanised Iron sheet, is often used for water collection in solar
stills because of its durability, corrosion resistance, and [Link] sheets are coated
with a layer of zinc to protect the underlying iron from rust and corrosion. This makes them
ideal for use in humid and wet conditions, such as those found in solar stills where water
condensation [Link] sheets are cost-effective compared to other materials like stainless
steel or aluminium. This makes them a practical choice for water collection components in
solar stills, especially for projects with budget [Link] sheets are relatively easy to cut,
shape, and install, making them suitable for fabrication into customised shapes and sizes to fit
different solar still designs.

THERMOCOL

Fig 3.5

Thermocol, also known as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, is used in solar stills for
insulation [Link] has excellent thermal insulation properties, which help to
reduce heat loss in the solar still. By placing a layer of thermocol around the sides and bottom
of the still, it helps to maintain a higher temperature inside the still, promoting better
condensation of water vapour.

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SILICONE

Fig 3.6

Silicone is commonly used as an adhesive for bonding glass due to its strong adhesion
properties, flexibility, and resistance to moisture and temperature changes. Silicone adhesives
create a durable bond between glass surfaces, making them suitable for various applications
such as sealing windows, attaching glass panels, and fixing glass in automotive and
construction industries. They provide a reliable and long-lasting solution for bonding glass
substrates together.

CPVC PIPE FITTINGS

Fig 3.7

CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe fittings can indeed be used in solar still systems
for water distribution and collection. Solar stills are devices that use solar energy to evaporate
water and then condense the vapour back into liquid form for collection. CPVC pipes and
fittings are commonly used in plumbing systems due to their durability, resistance to
corrosion, and ability to withstand high temperatures, making them suitable for use in solar
still systems.

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PEBBLE STONES

Fig 3.8

Using pebbles as a heat absorbent in a solar still can be an effective way to enhance its
performance. When placed at the bottom of the still, pebbles can absorb solar energy during
the day, retaining heat and gradually releasing it at night, thus helping to maintain a stable
temperature inside the still. This can improve the efficiency of the solar still by preventing
rapid temperature fluctuations and maximising the condensation of water vapour, resulting in
increased water production. Additionally, pebbles can also help distribute heat more evenly
throughout the still, further optimising its operation.

3.2 DESIGN AND DRAWING

Fig 3.9

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

3.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

CARPENTRY

Fig 3.10

Carpentry work for a solar still involves constructing the framework to support the glass
cover over the still's basin. This typically includes creating a sturdy base and frame to hold
the transparent material at an angle, allowing condensation to collect and flow into a
container. Precision and attention to detail are crucial to ensure proper alignment and
effective solar energy absorption.

SHEET METAL

Fig 3.11

Sheet metal work for a basin in a solar still involves shaping and soldering metal sheets to
create a watertight container that will hold the saltwater or contaminated water to be
desalinated or purified through solar distillation. The basin needs to be durable,
corrosion-resistant, and designed to efficiently collect and channel condensation. Proper
drainage and sealing are essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the solar
still

GLASS CUTTING

Fig 3.12

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

Cutting glass panels: Use glass cutters or cutting machines to cut the glass panels to the
required dimensions for the sloped surfaces of the solar [Link] cutting: Ensure
accurate measurements and clean cuts to fit the glass panels properly onto the frame without
gaps or overlaps.

GLASS BONDING

Fig 3.13

Adhering glass panels: Use suitable glass adhesives or bonding agents to attach the glass
panels to the frame [Link] adhesive: Apply the adhesive evenly along the edges
of the glass panels or onto the frame, following the manufacturer's instructions for proper
application and [Link] surfaces: Press the glass panels firmly onto the frame,
ensuring good contact between the adhesive and the surfaces being bonded.

DRILLING

Fig 3.14

Making holes for assembly: Drill holes in the metal components to allow for fastening and
assembly. These holes may be used for screws, bolts, or other fasteners to join different parts
of the solar still together securely.

PLUMBING

Fig 3.15

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

The plumbing of a solar still is a critical aspect of its design, facilitating the flow of water
through the system for purification or [Link] plumbing design is essential to
ensure efficient water flow, effective heat transfer, and maximum purification or distillation
efficiency in a solar still.

PAINTING

Fig 3.16

Painting is a process that involves the application of varnish or paint on different types of
surfaces. These can include walls, industrial equipment, and more. Usually, this process
involves specialised resources such as computer software, specialised painting machines, and
skilled staff. The use of these specialised resources is vital for various reasons. It helps
determine the quality and longevity of the paint. Thus, choosing the right service provider is
crucial in ensuring the results of each project.

3.4 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Wooden frame
Plywood - 1600 mm X 1200 mm X 18 mm

GI Sheet
Net size - 1250 mm X 750 mm X 0.8 mm
Tray size - 950 mm X 450 mm X 15 mm

CPVC Pipe
Length - 2500 mm
Diameter - 18 mm

Thermocol
Size - 1000 mm X 500 mm X 25 mm

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3.5 MANUFACTURING COST

SL NO. MATERIALS AMOUNT

1 PLYWOOD 1530

2 INSULATION 400

3 GLASS 1000

4 PIPE FITTING 1001

5 GI TRAY 1500

6 CONTAINERS 420

7 THERMOCOUPLE 360

8 ADHESIVE AND PAINT 850

9 MISCELLANEOUS 1939

TOTAL AMOUNT 9000

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4. EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED

The primary aim of this experiment is to investigate the performance of a double slope solar
still in terms of water yield and quality. The study focuses on understanding the impact of
different operational parameters including water temperature and condensation surface
temperature on the distillation process.

OBSERVATION :
Sl Date Day Time Atmospheric Water Temp. Vacuum Yield
No Temp. inside the Temp. inside
Still the Still

- - - - °C °C °C ml

Without Pebble Stones

1 18/03/24 1 10:30 am 31 32.3 34.9

12:30 pm 36 48.8 53.2

503
03:30 pm 35 57.7 64.9

19/03/24 10:30 am 30 46.2 56.8

2 21/03/24 2 10:00 am 29 27.3 34

12:30 pm 34 48.7 54.6

467
03:30 pm 32 54 62.8

22/03/24 10:00 am 30 42.3 51.1

3 22/03/24 3 10:30 am 31 30 38.7

12:30 pm 35 46.6 50.7

481
03:30 pm 34 58.3 63.9

23/03/24 10:30 am 31 44.7 55.3

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With Pebble Stones

4 26/03/24 4 09:30 am 27 29.1 30.7

12:30 pm 36 46.3 57.2

611
3:30 pm 34 63.5 69.7

27/03/24 09:30 am 29 52.9 59.5

5 27/03/24 5 10:00 am 32 33.1 34.3

12:30 pm 37 48.9 59.1

694
03:30 pm 36 66.3 72.7

28/03/24 10:00 am 31 53.4 61.6

6 01/04/24 6 9:30 am 30 32.6 34.1

12:30 pm 38 50.7 61.9

712
03:30 pm 37 68.3 74.1

02/04/24 09:30 am 29 53.8 62.6

7 02/04/24 7 10:00 am 32 34.3 35.3

12:30 pm 36 48.1 58.3

678
03:30 pm 36 65.1 71

03/04/24 10:00 am 28 51.7 56.4

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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Temperatures VS Time Graph

Without Pebble Stones

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With Pebble Stones

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

The Graphs displays the effects of the mean time- to-moment fluctuations in weather
conditions

Solar Radiation in the month March 6.62 kWh/m² and in April 6.20kWh/m²( Referred
from NREL's PVWatts calculator )

The atmospheric temperature is likely to be highest during midday when the sun is at
its peak and gradually decreases in the evening and night. This is because the sun's
energy warms up the atmosphere during the day.

The water temperature inside the still is expected to increase throughout the day as it
absorbs heat from the sun. The highest water temperature is likely to be reached in the
afternoon when solar radiation is at its peak

The greenhouse effect within the double-slope solar still significantly contributes to
the overall efficiency. The transparent covers allow solar radiation to enter and
prevent heat from escaping, thereby maintaining a higher internal temperature for
longer periods.

The vacuum temperature inside the still is likely to follow a similar trend to the water
temperature, as the vacuum helps trap heat and maintain higher temperatures inside
the still. The vacuum temperature may continue to rise even after the sun sets due to
the heat retention properties of the vacuum.

Overall, we can expect that the water and vacuum temperatures inside the solar still
will be influenced by the atmospheric temperature and solar radiation throughout the
day, with peak temperatures occurring in the afternoon when solar energy input is
highest.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

Day VS Yield Graph

The yield of the solar still is likely to increase over time as the system becomes more
efficient in converting solar energy into distilled water. This is because the still will
gradually warm up and reach higher temperatures, leading to increased evaporation
and condensation rates.

The peak yield is expected to occur during the time when the water and vacuum
temperatures inside the still are at their highest. This is likely to be in the afternoon
when solar radiation is at its peak and the system has had enough time to heat up.

There may be fluctuations in the yield depending on various factors such as

atmospheric conditions (e.g., cloud cover) and variations in solar radiation throughout
the day. These fluctuations may cause some variations in the yield from day to day.

After reaching its peak, the yield may plateau gradually decrease towards the end of
the day as the solar radiation decreases and the system starts to cool down.

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In the experiment comparing a solar still with and without pebbles, we find that the solar still
with pebbles produces clean water at a faster rate compared to the still without pebbles. This
is because the pebbles provide more surface area for evaporation and condensation to occur,
leading to a more efficient purification process.

The time it takes for the solar still to produce a certain amount of clean water can be measured
in both cases, and we would likely find that the still with pebbles produces water in a shorter
amount of time.

From this experiment, we can infer that adding pebbles to a solar still can improve its
efficiency and speed up the purification process. This could be useful information for
designing and optimising solar stills for practical use in areas where clean water is scarce.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

[Link]

A double-slope solar still is a device designed to desalinate water using solar energy,
harnessing the sun's power to evaporate and then condense water to remove impurities and
salts. The primary purpose of this technology is to provide a sustainable and eco-friendly
solution for producing clean drinking water, especially in regions with limited access to fresh
water sources.

The experiment involved monitoring the yield of distilled water over a period of time, noting
variations in output based on factors such as solar radiation, temperature, and atmospheric
conditions. It was observed that the yield of distilled water increased gradually as the system
reached optimal operating temperatures, with peak production typically occurring during
periods of high solar radiation.

However, changes in climatic conditions, such as cloud cover or fluctuations in solar

radiation, were found to impact the yield of the solar still system. These variations
highlighted the importance of considering environmental factors when designing and
operating solar still systems to maximize efficiency and water production.

Overall, the double slope solar still experiment provided valuable insights into the
relationship between solar energy, climatic changes, and water yield. By understanding how
these factors influence the performance of solar still systems, it is possible to optimize their
design and operation for more consistent and reliable distilled water production in diverse
environmental conditions.

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 Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Experimental analysis of double slope solar water desalination system

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

The scope for future work in solar still desalination systems encompasses several promising
areas that can significantly enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and practicality of these
systems. Here are some key areas of focus:

1. Material Innovation:

High-Performance Materials: Development of new materials with high thermal

conductivity and absorptivity, such as nanocomposites, to enhance evaporation rates.
Corrosion-Resistant Materials: Research into durable and corrosion-resistant
materials for long-lasting solar still components.

2. Design and Configuration:

Optimised Geometries: Exploration of innovative designs, such as multi-effect or

stepped solar stills, to increase surface area and improve water yield.
Floating Solar Stills: Development of floating solar stills for deployment in bodies of
water, leveraging the natural cooling effect of water bodies.

3. Hybrid and Integrated Systems:

Hybrid Energy Systems: Combining solar stills with photovoltaic (PV) panels or
other renewable energy sources to power auxiliary components and improve overall
efficiency.
Integrated Desalination: Integration with other desalination technologies like
reverse osmosis or electrodialysis for a hybrid approach that maximizes output and
quality.

4. Thermal Management:

Heat Recovery Systems: Implementing systems to capture and reuse waste heat
within the solar still to enhance thermal efficiency.
Phase Change Materials: Incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) to store and
release thermal energy, maintaining optimal temperatures for evaporation and
condensation.

By focusing on these areas, future research can address current limitations and enhance the
viability of solar still desalination systems, making them a more effective solution for
providing clean water in water-scarce regions.

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REFERENCES

Dubey, M., Mishra, D.R. Experimental analysis of double slope solar still augmented
with dye, pebbles and metal chips. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 22077–22090 (2021).
[Link]

MDPI and ACS StyleYousefi, H.; Aramesh, M.; Shabani, B. Design Parameters of a
Double-Slope Solar Still: Modelling, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optimization. Energies
2021, 14, 480. [Link]

Yousefi H, Aramesh M, Shabani B. Design Parameters of a Double-Slope Solar Still:

Modelling, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optimization. Energies. 2021; 14(2):480.
[Link]

Alnaimat, Fadi & Klausner, James & Mathew, Bobby. (2018). Solar Desalination.
10.5772/[Link]
[Link]

J. Krishna. Introduction to desalination technologies. Texas water development board.

2004[online]
[Link]

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APPENDIX

PHOTOGRAPHS OF FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENTS

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