CHL036U3E
Biosensors
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Dharitri Rath
Department of Chemical Engineering
Recap…
Different parts of a biosensor
Performance Parameters
Strategies to select BRE
Strategic consideration for Biosensor development..
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State-of-the-art Biosensors
• Rapid or real-time analysis
• Point of care detection capabilities
• Continuous flow analysis
• Miniaturization
• Control and automation
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Engineering Challenges
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Challenges
• Multi-step processes.
• Requires the transport of analyte molecules onto
the surface of the sensors.
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Multi-step Processes
Analyst, 2018,143, 2213-2234
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advantages/
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Design Aspects
Two important events: Antigens
a. Transport of analytes
from bulk onto the Antigen binding sites
surface
b. Surface Reaction of the
analytes with the bio-
recognition elements
(antibodies in this case)
attached on the surface
Detection of
binding
Substrate
surface
Heterogeneous Reaction Process
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Design Aspects
• This diagram
depicts the basic
architecture of a
typical biosensor;
• Predicts the flow
and transport of
analytes and the
surface reaction
of them
• Emphasis on two
important event
Heterogeneous Reaction Process a. Transport
b. Reactions
Sensors 2021, 21, 1109
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Design Aspects
To achieve low limit of detection
Enhancement of capture efficiency
Capture efficiency in flow and non-flow systems
• Two important contributions:
a. Transport; via Diffusion + Convection +
Electromigration
b. Reactions; via surface reaction described through
appropriate kinetic constants
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Governing Transport
Equation
Rate of accumulation = Input +
Generation – Output –
Consumption
Differential volume and mass
V xyz mCi (xyz)
©Dharitri Rath
Governing Equations
Rate of accumulation in differential mass
(Ci
Input Output
𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + ∆𝑥
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Governing Equations
Final expression of PDE describing the transport phenomena:
2
𝑖 𝑖
𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 𝑖 𝑥
Diffusion Flux Convective Flux
𝑒𝑓𝑓 Effective diffusivity 𝑥
2
𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓
2
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Reactions..
Kon
Koff
𝑜𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 0𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐵
Where, Kon = Forward rate constant
Koff = Backward rate constant
It will be considered as boundary Condition
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Design an efficient Biosensor
Non-Dimensional Parameters (Design Aspects)
Computational Methods
Diffusion
Transport Reactions
Convection
Transport limited regime Vs. reaction limited regime
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Food for Thought!!
1. State-of the art biosensor design
2. Engineering challenges
3. Increasing the capture efficiency
4. Governing phenomena for capture of target analytes:
transport and reactions
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Parts of a biosensor
Transducer
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Design a Biosensor- Steps to follow
The ZEROTH step: Investigating the target analyte and understanding how this
analyte interacts with certain biological molecules.
The FIRST step: Selection of a biological receptor.
The SECOND step: Selection of a suitable immobilization method.
The THIRD step: Selection of a transducer element.
©Dharitri Rath