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HTML

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views340 pages

HTML

Uploaded by

Aastha Kumar

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HTML Introduction

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

What is HTML?
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this
is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

A Simple HTML Document

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5
document
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown
in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for
all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content

<h1> My First Heading

<p> My first paragraph.

<br> none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These
elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end
tag!

Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read
HTML documents and display them correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how
to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: The content inside the <body> section will be displayed in a browser.
The content inside the <title> element will be shown in the browser's title
bar or in the page's tab.

HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions
of HTML:

Year Version

1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www

1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+

1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0

1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2

1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01

2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0

2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft

2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard

2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5

2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2

This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.

HTML Editors
A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.

However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad
(PC) or TextEdit (Mac).

We believe that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.

Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or
TextEdit.
Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)
Windows 8 or later:

Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your
screen). Type Notepad.

Windows 7 or earlier:

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files

correctly. In Preferences > Format > choose "Plain Text"

Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Display HTML files as
HTML code instead of formatted text".

Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

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Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Name the file "[Link]" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the
preferred encoding for HTML files).
Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no
difference; it is up to you.

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your

Browser
Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or
right-click - and choose "Open with").

The result will look much like this:

W3Schools Online Editor - "Try it

Yourself"
With our free online editor, you can edit the HTML code and view the result
in your browser.
It is the perfect tool when you want to test code fast. It also has color coding
and the ability to save and share code with others:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML Basic Examples

In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.

Don't worry if we use tags you have not learned about yet.

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!
DOCTYPE html>.

The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.

The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps
browsers to display web pages correctly.

It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading:

Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

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HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="[Link] is a link</a>

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided
as attributes:

Example
<img src="[Link]" alt="[Link]" width="104" height="142"
>

How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
View HTML Source Code:
Click CTRL + U in an HTML page, or right-click on the page and select "View
Page Source". This will open a new tab containing the HTML source code of
the page.

Inspect an HTML Element:

Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" to see what
elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can
also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles panel that
opens.

HTML Elements
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end
tag.

HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

Examples of some HTML elements:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content

<h1> My First Heading

<p> My first paragraph.

<br> none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These
elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end
tag!

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other
elements).

All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

The following example contains four HTML elements

(<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML
document.

It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.

Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

The <body> element defines the document's body.

It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.

Then, inside the <body> element there are two other

elements: <h1> and <p>:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

The <h1> element defines a heading.

It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The <p> element defines a paragraph.

It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

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Never Skip the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<html>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

</body>
</html>

However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may

occur if you forget the end tag!

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.

The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing
tag:

Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>
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HTML is Not Case Sensitive

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.

The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but

W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter
document types like XHTML.

At W3Schools we always use lowercase tag names.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags
and their attributes.
Tag Description

<html> Defines the root of an HTML document

<body> Defines the document's body

<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

HTML Attributes
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
 All HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about elements
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The href Attribute

The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the
page the link goes to:

Example
<a href="[Link] W3Schools</a>
You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.

The src Attribute

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page.
The src attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg">

There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:

1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another

website. Example: src="[Link]

Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get

permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition,
you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.

2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here,
the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a
slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example: src="img_girl.jpg". If
the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example:
src="/images/img_girl.jpg".

Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you
change domain.

The width and height Attributes

The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which
specify the width and height of the image (in pixels):

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an
image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to
a slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a
screen reader.

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:

<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

You will learn more about images in our HTML Images chapter.

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The style Attribute

The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font,
size, and more.

Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>

You will learn more about styles in our HTML Styles chapter.

The lang Attribute

You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to
declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search
engines and browsers.

The following example specifies English as the language:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute.
So, the first two characters define the language of the HTML page, and the
last two characters define the country.

The following example specifies English as the language and United States
as the country:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

You can see all the language codes in our HTML Language Code Reference.

The title Attribute

The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.

The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse
over the element:

Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase
Attributes
The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.

The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or
lowercase like title or TITLE.

However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML,

and demands lowercase attributes for stricter document types like XHTML.

At W3Schools we always use lowercase attribute names.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute

Values
The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.

However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for

stricter document types like XHTML.

Good:
<a href="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

Bad:
<a href=[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title
attribute correctly, because it contains a space:

Example
<p title=Description of W3Schools>
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.
Single or Double Quotes?
Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but
single quotes can also be used.

In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it
is necessary to use single quotes:

<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>

Or vice versa:

<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

Chapter Summary
 All HTML elements can have attributes
 The href attribute of <a> specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
 The src attribute of <img> specifies the path to the image to be
displayed
 The width and height attributes of <img> provide size information for
images
 The alt attribute of <img> provides an alternate text for an image
 The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color,
font, size, and more
 The lang attribute of the <html> tag declares the language of the Web
page
 The title attribute defines some extra information about an element

HTML Attribute Reference

A complete list of all attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML
Attribute Reference.

HTML Headings
HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a
webpage.
Example

Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1>defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading.

Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and
after a heading.

Headings Are Important

Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your
web pages.
Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to
show the document structure.

<h1>headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings,

then the less important <h3>, and so on.

For example:

 <h1> - Page title

 <h2> - Section titles
 <h3> - Sub-sections
Example
<h1>Travel Guide</h1>

<h2>Europe</h2>
<h3>France</h3>
<h3>Italy</h3>

<h2>Asia</h2>
<h3>India</h3>
<h3>Thailand</h3>
Tip: Use only one <h1> per page - it represents the main topic or title.

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make
text BIG or bold.

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Bigger Headings
Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for
any heading with the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags
and their attributes.

Tag Description

<html> Defines the root of an HTML document

<body> Defines the document's body

<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings

HTML Paragraphs
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.

HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add

some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra
lines in your HTML code.

The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the
page is displayed:

Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

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HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often
displayed as a horizontal rule.

The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an

HTML page:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>

The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.

Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new
paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

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The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:

Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>

Solution - The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.

The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually

Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:

Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML
elements and their attributes.

Tag Description

<p> Defines a paragraph

<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content

<br> Inserts a single line break

<pre> Defines pre-formatted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Styles
The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as
color, font, size, and more.

Example
I am Red
I am Blue

I am Big

The HTML Style Attribute

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

Background Color
The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML
element.

Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Example
Set background color for two different elements:

<body>

<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

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Text Color
The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Fonts
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML
element:

Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>
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Text Size
The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Alignment
The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an
HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

Chapter Summary
 Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements
 Use background-color for background color
 Use color for text colors
 Use font-family for text fonts
 Use font-size for text sizes
 Use text-align for text alignment

HTML Text Formatting

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special
meaning.

Example
This text is bold

This text is italic

This is subscript and superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

 <b> - Bold text

 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Smaller text
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text

HTML <b> and <strong> Elements

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.
Example
<b>This text is bold</b>

The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The content
inside is typically displayed in bold.

Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>

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HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood.
The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from
another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.

Example
<i>This text is italic</i>

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is
typically displayed in italic.

Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis,
using verbal stress.

Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>

HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>
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HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:

Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>

HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a
document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a
document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>
HTML <sub> Element
The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a
character below the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller
font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H 2O:

Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears
half a character above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a
smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW [1]:

Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag Description

<b> Defines bold text

<em> Defines emphasized text

<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood

<small> Defines smaller text

<strong> Defines important text

<sub> Defines subscripted text

<sup> Defines superscripted text

<ins> Defines inserted text

<del> Defines deleted text

<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Quotation and Citation

Elements
In this chapter we will go through
the <blockquote>,<q>, <abbr>, <address>, <cite>, and <bdo> HTML
elements.

Example
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For 60 years, WWF has worked to help people and nature thrive. As the
world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in nearly 100
countries. At every level, we collaborate with people around the world to
develop and deliver innovative solutions that protect communities, wildlife,
and the places in which they live.

HTML <blockquote> for Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from another
source.

Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="[Link]
For 60 years, WWF has worked to help people and nature thrive. As the
world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in nearly 100
countries. At every level, we collaborate with people around the
world to develop and deliver innovative solutions that protect
communities, wildlife, and the places in which they live.
</blockquote>

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.

Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.

Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony
with nature.</q></p>

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HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations
The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like "HTML",
"CSS", "Mr.", "Dr.", "ASAP", "ATM".

Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation

systems and search-engines.

Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the
abbreviation/acronym when you mouse over the element.

Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded
in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact

Information
The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the author/owner
of a document or an article.

The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address,

phone number, social media handle, etc.

The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and browsers will
always add a line break before and after the <address> element.

Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
[Link]<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
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HTML <cite> for Work Title
The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a poem,
a song, a movie, a painting, a sculpture, etc.).

Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.

The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.

Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional

Override
BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.

The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:

Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Tag Description

<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or acronym

<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a docume

<bdo> Defines the text direction

<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source

<cite> Defines the title of a work

<q> Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Comments
HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.

HTML Comment Tag

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in the
end tag.

Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.
Add Comments
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML
code:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Hide Content
Comments can be used to hide content.

This can be helpful if you hide content temporarily:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>

You can also hide more than one line. Everything between the  will be hidden from the display.

Example
Hide a section of HTML code:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>
Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment
out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors.

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Hide Inline Content

Comments can be used to hide parts in the middle of the HTML code.

Example
Hide a part of a paragraph:

<p>This  is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Colors
HTML colors are specified with predefined color names, or with RGB,
HEX, HSL, RGBA, or HSLA values.

Color Names
In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:

Tomato

Orange
DodgerBlue

MediumSeaGreen

Gray

SlateBlue

Violet

LightGray

HTML supports 140 standard color names.

Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:

Hello World

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut
wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit
lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>

Text Color
You can set the color of text:

Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.

Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper

suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>

Border Color
You can set the color of borders:

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL
values, RGBA values, and HSLA values.

The following three <div> elements have their background color set with
RGB, HEX, and HSL values:

rgb(255, 99, 71)

#ff6347

hsl(9, 100%, 64%)

The following two <div> elements have their background color set with
RGBA and HSLA values, which add an Alpha channel to the color (here we
have 50% transparency):

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)

Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>

HTML RGB and RGBA Colors

An RGB color value represents RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.

An RGBA color value is an extension of RGB with an Alpha channel

(opacity).

RGB Color Values

In HTML, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:

rgb(red, green, blue)

Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color with
a value between 0 and 255.

This means that there are 256 x 256 x 256 = 16777216 possible colors!

For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its

highest value (255), and the other two (green and blue) are set to 0.

Another example, rgb(0, 255, 0) is displayed as green, because green is set

to its highest value (255), and the other two (red and blue) are set to 0.

To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).

To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255,
255).

Example

rgb(255, 0, 0)

rgb(0, 0, 255)

rgb(60, 179, 113)

rgb(238, 130, 238)

rgb(255, 165, 0)

rgb(106, 90, 205)

Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:

rgb(255, 99, 71)

RED

255

GREEN

BLUE

71
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Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all three parameters:

Example
rgb(60, 60, 60)

rgb(100, 100, 100)

rgb(140, 140, 140)

rgb(180, 180, 180)

rgb(200, 200, 200)

rgb(240, 240, 240)

RGBA Color Values

RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an Alpha
channel - which specifies the opacity for a color.

An RGBA color value is specified with:

rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)

The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0
(not transparent at all):

Example
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.2)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.4)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.6)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.8)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 1)

Experiment by mixing the RGBA values below:

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)

RED

255

GREEN

BLUE

71
ALPHA

0.5

HTML HEX Colors

A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB, where the RR (red),
GG (green) and BB (blue) hexadecimal integers specify the
components of the color.

HEX Color Values

In HTML, a color can be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form:

#rrggbb
Where rr (red), gg (green) and bb (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00
and ff (same as decimal 0-255).

For example, #ff0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest
value (ff), and the other two (green and blue) are set to 00.

Another example, #00ff00 is displayed as green, because green is set to its

highest value (ff), and the other two (red and blue) are set to 00.

To display black, set all color parameters to 00, like this: #000000.

To display white, set all color parameters to ff, like this: #ffffff.

Experiment by mixing the HEX values below:

#ff6347

RED

ff
GREEN

BLUE

47
Example

#ff0000

#0000ff

#3cb371

#ee82ee

#ffa500

#6a5acd

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Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all three parameters:

Example

#404040

#686868

#a0a0a0

#bebebe

#dcdcdc

#f8f8f8

HTML HSL and HSLA Colors

HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness.

HSLA color values are an extension of HSL with an Alpha channel

(opacity).

HSL Color Values

In HTML, a color can be specified using hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL)
in the form:

hsl(hue, saturation, lightness)

Hue is a degree on the color wheel from 0 to 360. 0 is red, 120 is green, and
240 is blue.

Saturation is a percentage value. 0% means a shade of gray, and 100% is

the full color.

Lightness is also a percentage value. 0% is black, and 100% is white.

Experiment by mixing the HSL values below:

hsl(0, 100%, 50%)

HUE

SATURATION

100%

LIGHTNESS

50%
Example

hsl(0, 100%, 50%)

hsl(240, 100%, 50%)

hsl(147, 50%, 47%)

hsl(300, 76%, 72%)

hsl(39, 100%, 50%)

hsl(248, 53%, 58%)

Saturation
Saturation can be described as the intensity of a color.

100% is pure color, no shades of gray.

50% is 50% gray, but you can still see the color.

0% is completely gray; you can no longer see the color.

Example

hsl(0, 100%, 50%)

hsl(0, 80%, 50%)

hsl(0, 60%, 50%)

hsl(0, 40%, 50%)

hsl(0, 20%, 50%)

hsl(0, 0%, 50%)

Lightness
The lightness of a color can be described as how much light you want to give
the color, where 0% means no light (black), 50% means 50% light (neither
dark nor light), and 100% means full lightness (white).

Example

hsl(0, 100%, 0%)

hsl(0, 100%, 25%)

hsl(0, 100%, 50%)

hsl(0, 100%, 75%)

hsl(0, 100%, 90%)

hsl(0, 100%, 100%)

Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined by setting the hue and saturation to 0, and
adjusting the lightness from 0% to 100% to get darker/lighter shades:

Example

hsl(0, 0%, 20%)

hsl(0, 0%, 30%)

hsl(0, 0%, 40%)

hsl(0, 0%, 60%)

hsl(0, 0%, 70%)

hsl(0, 0%, 90%)

HSLA Color Values

HSLA color values are an extension of HSL color values, with an Alpha
channel - which specifies the opacity for a color.

An HSLA color value is specified with:

hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha)

The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0
(not transparent at all):

Experiment by mixing the HSLA values below:

hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5)

HUE

SATURATION

100%

LIGHTNESS

50%
ALPHA

0.5
Example

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.2)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.4)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.6)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.8)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 1)

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.

CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages
all at once.
CSS = Styles and Colors
M a n i p u l a t e T e x t
C o l o r s , B o x e s

What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.

With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing
between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what
background images or background colors are to be used, different displays
for different devices and screen sizes, and much more!

Tip: The word cascading means that a style applied to a parent element
will also apply to all children elements within the parent. So, if you set the
color of the body text to "blue", all headings, paragraphs, and other text
elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you specify
something else)!

Using CSS
CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways:

 Inline - by using the style attribute inside HTML elements

 Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
 External - by using a <link> element to link to an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in external CSS files.
However, in this tutorial we will use inline and internal styles, because this is
easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

Inline CSS
An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.

An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.

The following example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue, and
the text color of the <p> element to red:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">A Blue Heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">A red paragraph.</p>

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Internal CSS
An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.

An internal CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, within

a <style> element.

The following example sets the text color of ALL the <h1> elements (on that
page) to blue, and the text color of ALL the <p> elements to red. In addition,
the page will be displayed with a "powderblue" background color:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
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External CSS
An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.

To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of each
HTML page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not
contain any HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.

CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes

Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You will
learn more about them later.

The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.

The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.

The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.

Example
Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 300%;
}
p {
color: red;
font-family: courier;
font-size: 160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
CSS Border
The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.

Tip: You can define a border for nearly all HTML elements.

Example
Use of CSS border property:

p {
border: 2px solid powderblue;
}

CSS Padding
The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and
the border.

Example
Use of CSS border and padding properties:

p {
border: 2px solid powderblue;
padding: 30px;
}

CSS Margin
The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.

Example
Use of CSS border and margin properties:
p {
border: 2px solid powderblue;
margin: 50px;
}

Link to External CSS

External style sheets can be referenced with a full URL or with a path relative
to the current web page.

Example
This example uses a full URL to link to a style sheet:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]

[Link]">

Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the html folder on the current
web site:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/[Link]">

Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the same folder as the current
page:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">

You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.

Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling
 Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
 Use the HTML <link> element to refer to an external CSS file
 Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements
 Use the CSS color property for text colors
 Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
 Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
 Use the CSS border property for borders
 Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
 Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border
Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Style Tags

Tag Description

<style> Defines style information for an HTML document

<link> Defines a link between a document and an external resource

HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their
way from page to page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.

You can click on a link and jump to another document.

When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little
hand.

Note: A link does not have to be text. A link can be an image or any other
HTML element!
HTML Links - Syntax
The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink. It has the following syntax:

<a href="url">link text</a>

The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which
indicates the link's destination.

The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader.

Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL address.

Example
This example shows how to create a link to [Link]:

<a href="[Link] [Link]!</a>

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

 An unvisited link is underlined and blue

 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red
Tip: Links can of course be styled with CSS, to get another look!

HTML Links - The target Attribute

By default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser window.
To change this, you must specify another target for the link.

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The target attribute can have one of the following values:

 _self - Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it was

clicked
 _blank - Opens the document in a new window or tab
 _parent - Opens the document in the parent frame
 _top - Opens the document in the full body of the window
Example
Use target="_blank" to open the linked document in a new browser window
or tab:

<a href="[Link] target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!

</a>

Absolute URLs vs. Relative URLs

Both examples above are using an absolute URL (a full web address) in
the href attribute.

A local link (a link to a page within the same website) is specified with
a relative URL (without the "[Link] part):

Example
<h2>Absolute URLs</h2>
<p><a href="[Link]
<p><a href="[Link]

<h2>Relative URLs</h2>
<p><a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a></p>
<p><a href="/css/[Link]">CSS Tutorial</a></p>

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HTML Links - Use an Image as a Link

To use an image as a link, just put the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="[Link]">
<img src="[Link]" alt="HTML
tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;">
</a>

Link to an Email Address

Use mailto: inside the href attribute to create a link that opens the user's
email program (to let them send a new email):

Example
<a href="[Link] email</a>

Button as a Link
To use an HTML button as a link, you have to add some JavaScript code.

JavaScript allows you to specify what happens at certain events, such as a

click of a button:

Example
<button onclick="[Link]='[Link]'">HTML
Tutorial</button>
Tip: Learn more about JavaScript in our JavaScript Tutorial.

Link Titles
The title attribute specifies extra information about an element. The
information is most often shown as a tooltip text when the mouse moves
over the element.

Example
<a href="[Link] title="Go to W3Schools HTML
section">Visit our HTML Tutorial</a>
More on Absolute URLs and Relative
URLs
Example
Use a full URL to link to a web page:

Example
Link to a page located in the html folder on the current web site:

<a href="/html/[Link]">HTML tutorial</a>

Example
Link to a page located in the same folder as the current page:

<a href="[Link]">HTML tutorial</a>

You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.

Chapter Summary
 Use the <a> element to define a link
 Use the href attribute to define the link address
 Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document
 Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link
 Use the mailto: scheme inside the href attribute to create a link that
opens the user's email program

HTML Link Tags

Tag Description

<a> Defines a hyperlink

HTML Links - Different Colors

An HTML link is displayed in a different color depending on whether it
has been visited, is unvisited, or is active.

HTML Link Colors

By default, a link will appear like this (in all browsers):

 An unvisited link is underlined and blue

 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red

You can change the link state colors, by using CSS:

Example
Here, an unvisited link will be green with no underline. A visited link will be
pink with no underline. An active link will be yellow and underlined. In
addition, when mousing over a link (a:hover) it will become red and
underlined:

a:visited {
color: pink;
background-color: transparent;
text-decoration: none;
}

a:hover {
color: red;
background-color: transparent;
text-decoration: underline;
}

a:active {
color: yellow;
background-color: transparent;
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>

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Link Buttons
A link can also be styled as a button, by using CSS:

This is a link
Example
<style>
a:link, a:visited {
background-color: #f44336;
color: white;
padding: 15px 25px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
}

a:hover, a:active {
background-color: red;
}
</style>
To learn more about CSS, go to our CSS Tutorial.
HTML Link Tags
Tag Description

<a> Defines a hyperlink

HTML Links - Create

Bookmarks
HTML links can be used to create bookmarks, so that readers can jump
to specific parts of a web page.

Create a Bookmark in HTML

Bookmarks can be useful if a web page is very long.

To create a bookmark - first create the bookmark, then add a link to it.

When the link is clicked, the page will scroll down or up to the location with
the bookmark.

Example
First, use the id attribute to create a bookmark:

<h2 id="C4">Chapter 4</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark ("Jump to Chapter 4"), from within the
same page:
Example
<a href="#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>

You can also add a link to a bookmark on another page:

<a href="html_demo.html#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>

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Chapter Summary
 Use the id attribute (id="value") to define bookmarks in a page
 Use the href attribute (href="#value") to link to the bookmark

HTML Link Tags

Tag Description

<a> Defines a hyperlink

HTML Images
Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.

Example
<img src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Italian Trulli">

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a jacket">

Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">

HTML Images Syntax

The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page.

Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to
web pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.

The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a
closing tag.

The <img> tag has two required attributes:

 src - Specifies the path to the image

 alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image
Syntax
<img src="url" alt="alternatetext">

The src Attribute

The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.

Note: When a web page loads, it is the browser, at that moment, that gets
the image from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make
sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in relation to the web
page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon
and the alt text are shown if the browser cannot find the image.

Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user
for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the
src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).

The value of the alt attribute should describe the image:

Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">

If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of

the alt attribute:

Example
<img src="[Link]" alt="Flowers in Chania">
Tip: A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code, and
allows the user to "listen" to the content. Screen readers are useful for
people who are visually impaired or learning disabled.

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a
jacket" style="width:500px;height:600px;">

Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes:

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a
jacket" width="500" height="600">

The width and height attributes always define the width and height of the
image in pixels.
Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height
are not specified, the web page might flicker while the image loads.

Width and Height, or Style?

The width, height, and style attributes are all valid in HTML.

However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets

from changing the size of images:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img {
width: 100%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<img src="[Link]" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">

<img src="[Link]" alt="HTML5

Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">

</body>
</html>

Images in Another Folder

If you have your images in a sub-folder, you must include the folder name in
the src attribute:

Example
<img src="/images/[Link]" alt="HTML5
Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">
Images on Another Server/Website
Some web sites point to an image on another server.

To point to an image on another server, you must specify an absolute (full)

URL in the src attribute:

Example
<img src="[Link] al
t="[Link]">

Notes on external images: External images might be under copyright. If

you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright
laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; they can suddenly be
removed or changed.

Animated Images
HTML allows animated GIFs:

Example
<img src="[Link]" alt="Computer
Man" style="width:48px;height:48px;">

Image as a Link
To use an image as a link, put the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="[Link]">
<img src="[Link]" alt="HTML
tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;">
</a>
Image Floating
Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the right or to the left of
a text:

Example
<p><img src="[Link]" alt="Smiley
face" style="float:right;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the right of the text.</p>

<p><img src="[Link]" alt="Smiley

face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the left of the text.</p>
Tip: To learn more about CSS Float, read our CSS Float Tutorial.

Common Image Formats

Here are the most common image file types, which are supported in all
browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, Opera):

Abbreviation File Format

APNG Animated Portable Network Graphics

GIF Graphics Interchange Format

ICO Microsoft Icon

JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group image

PNG Portable Network Graphics

SVG Scalable Vector Graphics

Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <img> element to define an image
 Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
 Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if
it cannot be displayed
 Use the HTML width and height attributes or the
CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image
 Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the left or to the
right
Note: Loading large images takes time, and can slow down your web page.
Use images carefully.

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description

<img> Defines an image

<map> Defines an image map

<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map

<picture> Defines a container for multiple image resources

HTML Image Maps

With HTML image maps, you can create clickable areas on an image.

Image Maps
The HTML <map> tag defines an image map. An image map is an image with
clickable areas. The areas are defined with one or more <area> tags.

Try to click on the computer, phone, or the cup of coffee in the image below:
Example
Here is the HTML source code for the image map above:

<img src="[Link]" alt="Workplace" usemap="#workmap">

How Does it Work?

The idea behind an image map is that you should be able to perform
different actions depending on where in the image you click.

To create an image map you need an image, and some HTML code that
describes the clickable areas.

The Image
The image is inserted using the <img> tag. The only difference from other
images is that you must add a usemap attribute:

<img src="[Link]" alt="Workplace" usemap="#workmap">

The usemap value starts with a hash tag # followed by the name of the image
map, and is used to create a relationship between the image and the image
map.

Tip: You can use any image as an image map!

Create Image Map
Then, add a <map> element.

The <map> element is used to create an image map, and is linked to the
image by using the required name attribute:

The name attribute must have the same value as

the <img>'s usemap attribute .

The Areas
Then, add the clickable areas.

A clickable area is defined using an <area> element.

Shape
You must define the shape of the clickable area, and you can choose one of
these values:

 rect - defines a rectangular region

 circle - defines a circular region
 poly - defines a polygonal region
 default - defines the entire region

You must also define some coordinates to be able to place the clickable area
onto the image.

Shape="rect"
The coordinates for shape="rect" come in pairs, one for the x-axis and one
for the y-axis.

So, the coordinates 34,44 is located 34 pixels from the left margin and 44
pixels from the top:
The coordinates 270,350 is located 270 pixels from the left margin and 350
pixels from the top:
Now we have enough data to create a clickable rectangular area:

Example
<area shape="rect" coords="34, 44, 270, 350" href="[Link]">

This is the area that becomes clickable and will send the user to the page
"[Link]":

Shape="circle"
To add a circle area, first locate the coordinates of the center of the circle:

337,300
Then specify the radius of the circle:

44 pixels
Now you have enough data to create a clickable circular area:

Example
<area shape="circle" coords="337, 300, 44" href="[Link]">

This is the area that becomes clickable and will send the user to the page
"[Link]":

Shape="poly"
The shape="poly" contains several coordinate points, which creates a shape
formed with straight lines (a polygon).

This can be used to create any shape.

Like maybe a croissant shape!

How can we make the croissant in the image below become a clickable link?
We have to find the x and y coordinates for all edges of the croissant:
The coordinates come in pairs, one for the x-axis and one for the y-axis:

Example
<area shape="poly" coords="140,121,181,116,204,160,204,222,191,270,14
0,329,85,355,58,352,37,322,40,259,103,161,128,147" href="[Link]
m">
This is the area that becomes clickable and will send the user to the page
"[Link]":

Image Map and JavaScript

A clickable area can also trigger a JavaScript function.

Add a click event to the <area> element to execute a JavaScript function:

Example
Here, we use the onclick attribute to execute a JavaScript function when the
area is clicked:

Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <map> element to define an image map
 Use the HTML <area> element to define the clickable areas in the
image map
 Use the HTML usemap attribute of the <img> element to point to an
image map

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description

<img> Defines an image

<map> Defines an image map

<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map

<picture> Defines a container for multiple image resources

HTML Background Images

A background image can be specified for almost any HTML element.

Background Image on an HTML

element
To add a background image on an HTML element, use the
HTML style attribute and the CSS background-image property:

Example
Add a background image on a <p> element:

<p style="background-image: url('img_girl.jpg');">

You can also specify the background image in the <style> element, in
the <head> section:

Example
Specify the background image in the <style> element:

Background Image on a Page

If you want the entire page to have a background image, you must specify
the background image on the <body> element:

Example
Add a background image for the entire page:

Background Repeat
If the background image is smaller than the element, the image will repeat
itself, horizontally and vertically, until it reaches the end of the element:

Example
<style>
body {
background-image: url('example_img_girl.jpg');
}
</style>

To avoid the background image from repeating itself, set the background-
repeat property to no-repeat.

Example
<style>
body {
background-image: url('example_img_girl.jpg');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
</style>

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Background Cover
If you want the background image to cover the entire element, you can set
the background-size property to cover.

Also, to make sure the entire element is always covered, set

the background-attachment property to fixed:

This way, the background image will cover the entire element, with no
stretching (the image will keep its original proportions):

Example
<style>
body {
background-image: url('img_girl.jpg');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-size: cover;
}
</style>

Background Stretch
If you want the background image to stretch to fit the entire element, you
can set the background-size property to 100% 100%:

Try resizing the browser window, and you will see that the image will stretch,
but always cover the entire element.

Example
<style>
body {
background-image: url('img_girl.jpg');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-size: 100% 100%;
}
</style>

HTML <picture> Element

The HTML <picture> element allows you to display different pictures

for different devices or screen sizes.

The HTML <picture> Element

The HTML <picture> element gives web developers more flexibility in
specifying image resources.
The <picture> element contains one or more <source> elements, each
referring to different images through the srcset attribute. This way the
browser can choose the image that best fits the current view and/or device.

Each <source> element has a media attribute that defines when the image is
the most suitable.

Example
Show different images for different screen sizes:

<picture>
<source media="(min-width: 650px)" srcset="img_food.jpg">
<source media="(min-width: 465px)" srcset="img_car.jpg">
<img src="img_girl.jpg">
</picture>
Note: Always specify an <img> element as the last child element of
the <picture> element. The <img> element is used by browsers that do not
support the <picture> element, or if none of the <source> tags match.

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When to use the Picture Element

There are two main purposes for the <picture> element:

1. Bandwidth
If you have a small screen or device, it is not necessary to load a large image
file. The browser will use the first <source> element with matching attribute
values, and ignore any of the following elements.

2. Format Support
Some browsers or devices may not support all image formats. By using
the <picture> element, you can add images of all formats, and the browser
will use the first format it recognizes, and ignore any of the following
elements.
Example
The browser will use the first image format it recognizes:

<picture>
<source srcset="img_avatar.png">
<source srcset="img_girl.jpg">
<img src="img_beatles.gif" alt="Beatles" style="width:auto;">
</picture>
Note: The browser will use the first <source> element with matching attribute
values, and ignore any following <source> elements.

HTML Image Tags

Tag Description

<img> Defines an image

<map> Defines an image map

<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map

<picture> Defines a container for multiple image resources

HTML Favicon
A favicon is a small image displayed next to the page title in the
browser tab.
How To Add a Favicon in HTML
You can use any image you like as your favicon. You can also create your
own favicon on sites like [Link]

Tip: A favicon is a small image, so it should be a simple image with high

contrast.

A favicon image is displayed to the left of the page title in the browser tab,
like this:

To add a favicon to your website, either save your favicon image to the root
directory of your webserver, or create a folder in the root directory called
images, and save your favicon image in this folder. A common name for a
favicon image is "[Link]".

Next, add a <link> element to your "[Link]" file, after

the <title> element, like this:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Page Title</title>
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/images/[Link]">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Now, save the "[Link]" file and reload it in your browser. Your browser
tab should now display your favicon image to the left of the page title.
Favicon File Format Support
The following table shows the file format support for a favicon image:

Browser ICO PNG GIF

Edge Yes Yes Yes

Chrome Yes Yes Yes

Firefox Yes Yes Yes

Opera Yes Yes Yes

Safari Yes Yes Yes

Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <link> element to insert a favicon

HTML Link Tag

Tag Description
<link> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

HTML Page Title

Every web page should have a page title to describe the meaning of
the page.

The Title Element

The <title> element adds a title to your page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>

The content of the document......

</body>
</html>

The title is shown in the browser's title bar:

What is a Good Title?
The title should describe the content and the meaning of the page.

The page title is very important for search engine optimization (SEO). The
text is used by search engine algorithms to decide the order when listing
pages in search results.

The <title> element:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search engine-results

So, try to make the title as accurate and meaningful as possible!

HTML Title Tag
Tag Description

<title> Defines the title of the document

HTML Tables
HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and
columns.

Example

Company Contact

Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders

Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang

Ernst Handel Roland Mendel

Island Trading Helen Bennett

Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri

Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli

Define an HTML Table

A table in HTML consists of table cells inside rows and columns.

Example
A simple HTML table:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Company</th>
<th>Contact</th>
<th>Country</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
<td>Maria Anders</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>
<td>Francisco Chang</td>
<td>Mexico</td>
</tr>
</table>

Table Cells
Each table cell is defined by a <td> and a </td> tag.

td stands for table data.

Everything between <td> and </td> is the content of a table cell.

Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: A table cell can contain all sorts of HTML elements: text, images, lists,
links, other tables, etc.

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Table Rows
Each table row starts with a <tr> and ends with a </tr> tag.

tr stands for table row.

Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>

You can have as many rows as you like in a table; just make sure that the
number of cells are the same in each row.
Note: There are times when a row can have less or more cells than another.
You will learn about that in a later chapter.

Table Headers
Sometimes you want your cells to be table header cells. In those cases use
the <th> tag instead of the <td> tag:

th stands for table header.

Example
Let the first row be table header cells:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Person 1</th>
<th>Person 2</th>
<th>Person 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>

By default, the text in <th> elements are bold and centered, but you can
change that with CSS.

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HTML Table Tags

Tag Description

<table> Defines a table

<th> Defines a header cell in a table

<tr> Defines a row in a table

<td> Defines a cell in a table

<caption> Defines a table caption

<colgroup> Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting

<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup>

<thead> Groups the header content in a table

<tbody> Groups the body content in a table

<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.
HTML Table Borders
HTML tables can have borders of different styles and shapes.

How To Add a Border

To add a border, use the CSS border property on table, th,
and td elements:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}

Collapsed Table Borders

To avoid having double borders like in the example above, set the
CSS border-collapse property to collapse.

This will make the borders collapse into a single border:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
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Style Table Borders

If you set a background color of each cell, and give the border a white color
(the same as the document background), you get the impression of an
invisible border:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid white;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th, td {
background-color: #96D4D4;
}

Round Table Borders

With the border-radius property, the borders get rounded corners:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-radius: 10px;
}
Skip the border around the table by leaving out table from the css selector:

Example
th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-radius: 10px;
}
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Dotted Table Borders

With the border-style property, you can set the appearance of the border.

The following values are allowed:

 dotted
 dashed
 solid
 double
 groove
 ridge
 inset

 outset
 none
 hidden
Example
th, td {
border-style: dotted;
}

Border Color
With the border-color property, you can set the color of the border.

Example
th, td {
border-color: #96D4D4;
}

HTML Table Sizes

HTML tables can have different sizes for each column, row or the entire
table.

Use the style attribute with the width or height properties to specify
the size of a table, row or column.
HTML Table Width
To set the width of a table, add the style attribute to the <table> element:

Example
Set the width of the table to 100%:

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: Using a percentage as the size unit for a width means how wide will
this element be compared to its parent element, which in this case is
the <body> element.

HTML Table Column Width

To set the size of a specific column, add the style attribute on

a <th> or <td> element:

Example
Set the width of the first column to 70%:

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th style="width:70%">Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

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HTML Table Row Height

To set the height of a specific row, add the style attribute on a table row
element:

Example
Set the height of the second row to 200 pixels:

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:200px">
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table Headers

HTML tables can have headers for each column or row, or for many
columns/rows.

EMIL TOBIAS LINUS

8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00

MON TUE WED THU FRI

8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
DECEMBER
HTML Table Headers
Table headers are defined with th elements. Each th element represents a
table cell.

Example
<table>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Vertical Table Headers

To use the first column as table headers, define the first cell in each row as
a <th> element:

Example
<table>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Eve</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Lastname</th>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Age</th>
<td>94</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
</table>

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Align Table Headers

By default, table headers are bold and centered:

Firstname Lastname Age

Jill Smith 50
Eve Jackson 94

To left-align the table headers, use the CSS text-align property:

Example
th {
text-align: left;
}

Header for Multiple Columns

You can have a header that spans over two or more columns.

Name Age
Jill Smith 50
Eve Jackson 94

To do this, use the colspan attribute on the <th> element:

Example
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

You will learn more about colspan and rowspan in the Table colspan &
rowspan chapter.
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Table Caption
You can add a caption that serves as a heading for the entire table.

Monthly savings
Month Savings
January $100
February $50

HTML Table Padding &

Spacing

HTML tables can adjust the padding inside the cells, and also the space
between the cells.

With Padding

hello hello hello

With Spacing
hello hello hello
hello hello hello
hello hello hello
HTML Table - Cell Padding
Cell padding is the space between the cell edges and the cell content.

By default the padding is set to 0.

To add padding on table cells, use the CSS padding property:

Example
th, td {
padding: 15px;
}

To add padding only above the content, use the padding-top property.

Add padding to the other sides with the padding-bottom, padding-left,

and padding-right properties:

Example
th, td {
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 20px;
padding-left: 30px;
padding-right: 40px;
}

HTML Table - Cell Spacing

Cell spacing is the space between each cell.

By default the space is set to 2 pixels.

To change the space between table cells, use the CSS border-
spacing property on the table element:

Example
table {
border-spacing: 30px;
}
HTML Table Colspan &
Rowspan
HTML tables can have cells that span over multiple rows and/or
columns.

NAME

APRIL

2022

FIESTA

HTML Table - Colspan

To make a cell span over multiple columns, use the colspan attribute:

Example
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>43</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>57</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: The value of the colspan attribute represents the number of columns
to span.

HTML Table - Rowspan

To make a cell span over multiple rows, use the rowspan attribute:

Example
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<td>Jill</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Phone</th>
<td>555-1234</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555-8745</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: The value of the rowspan attribute represents the number of rows to
span.

HTML Table Styling

Use CSS to make your tables look better.

HTML Table - Zebra Stripes

If you add a background color on every other table row, you will get a nice
zebra stripes effect.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20

To style every other table row element, use the :nth-child(even) selector
like this:

Example
tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #D6EEEE;
}
Note: If you use (odd) instead of (even), the styling will occur on row 1,3,5
etc. instead of 2,4,6 etc.

HTML Table - Vertical Zebra Stripes

To make vertical zebra stripes, style every other column, instead of every
other row.

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20

Set the :nth-child(even) for table data elements like this:

Example
td:nth-child(even), th:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #D6EEEE;
}
Note: Put the :nth-child() selector on both th and td elements if you
want to have the styling on both headers and regular table cells.

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Combine Vertical and Horizontal Zebra
Stripes
You can combine the styling from the two examples above and you will have
stripes on every other row and every other column.

If you use a transparent color you will get an overlapping effect.

Use an rgba() color to specify the transparency of the color:

Example
tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: rgba(150, 212, 212, 0.4);
}

th:nth-child(even),td:nth-child(even) {
background-color: rgba(150, 212, 212, 0.4);
}

Horizontal Dividers
First Name Last Name

Peter Griffin
First Name Last Name

Lois Griffin

Joe Swanson

If you specify borders only at the bottom of each table row, you will have a
table with horizontal dividers.

Add the border-bottom property to all tr elements to get horizontal

dividers:

Example
tr {
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
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Hoverable Table
Use the :hover selector on tr to highlight table rows on mouse over:

First Name Last Name

Peter Griffin
Lois Griffin

Joe Swanson

Example
tr:hover {background-color: #D6EEEE;}

HTML Table Colgroup

The <colgroup> element is used to style specific columns of a table.

HTML Table Colgroup

If you want to style the first two columns of a table, use
the <colgroup> and <col> elements.

MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

The <colgroup> element should be used as a container for the column

specifications.

Each group is specified with a <col> element.

The span attribute specifies how many columns get the style.
The style attribute specifies the style to give the columns.

Note: There is a very limited selection of legal CSS properties for colgroups.

Example
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="2" style="background-color: #D6EEEE">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>MON</th>
<th>TUE</th>
<th>WED</th>
<th>THU</th>
...
Note: The <colgroup> tag must be a child of a <table> element and should be
placed before any other table elements, like <thead>, <tr>, <td> etc., but after
the <caption> element, if present.

Legal CSS Properties

There is only a very limited selection of CSS properties that are allowed to be
used in the colgroup:

width property
visibility property
background properties
border properties

All other CSS properties will have no effect on your tables.

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Multiple Col Elements

If you want to style multiple columns with different styles, use more than
one <col> element inside the <colgroup>:

Example
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="2" style="background-color: #D6EEEE">
<col span="3" style="background-color: pink">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>MON</th>
<th>TUE</th>
<th>WED</th>
<th>THU</th>
...

Empty Colgroups
If you want to style columns in the middle of a table, insert an
"empty" <col> element (with no styles) for the columns before:

Example
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="3">
<col span="2" style="background-color: pink">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>MON</th>
<th>TUE</th>
<th>WED</th>
<th>THU</th>
...

Hide Columns
You can hide columns with the visibility: collapse property:
Example
<table>
<colgroup>
<col span="2">
<col span="3" style="visibility: collapse">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<th>MON</th>
<th>TUE</th>
<th>WED</th>
<th>THU</th>
...

HTML Lists
HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.

Example
An unordered HTML list:

 Item
 Item
 Item
 Item

An ordered HTML list:

1. First item
2. Second item
3. Third item
4. Fourth item

Unordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:
Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with numbers by default:

Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

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HTML Description Lists

HTML also supports description lists.

A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term
(name), and the <dd> tag describes each term:

Example
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

HTML Unordered Lists

The HTML <ul> tag defines an unordered (bulleted) list.
Unordered HTML List
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:

Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Unordered HTML List - Choose List

Item Marker
The CSS list-style-type property is used to define the style of the list item
marker. It can have one of the following values:

Value Description

disc Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default)

circle Sets the list item marker to a circle

square Sets the list item marker to a square

none The list items will not be marked

Disc
Example - Disc
<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Circle
Example - Circle
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Square
Example - Square
<ul style="list-style-type:square;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

No List Marker
Example - None
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

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Nested HTML Lists

Lists can be nested (list inside list):

Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Note: A list item (<li>) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements, like
images and links, etc.

Horizontal List with CSS

HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.

One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a navigation menu:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333333;
}

li {
float: left;
}

li a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

li a:hover {
background-color: #111111;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>
Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.
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Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list
 Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item marker
 Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
 Lists can be nested
 List items can contain other HTML elements
 Use the CSS property float:left to display a list horizontally

HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Ordered Lists

The HTML <ol> tag defines an ordered list. An ordered list can be
numerical or alphabetical.
Ordered HTML List
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with numbers by default:

Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Ordered HTML List - The Type

Attribute
The type attribute of the <ol> tag, defines the type of the list item marker:

Type Description

type="1" The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)

type="A" The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters

type="a" The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters

type="I" The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers
type="i" The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers
Numbers:
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Uppercase Letters
Uppercase Letters:
<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Lowercase Letters
Lowercase Letters:
<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Roman Numbers - Uppercase

Uppercase Roman Numbers:
<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Roman Numbers - Lowercase

Lowercase Roman Numbers:
<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

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Control List Counting

By default, an ordered list will start counting from 1. If you want to start
counting from a specified number, you can use the start attribute:

Example
<ol start="50">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Nested HTML Lists

Lists can be nested (list inside list):

Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ol>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Note: A list item (<li>) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements, like
images and links, etc.
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Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list
 Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type
 Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
 Lists can be nested
 List items can contain other HTML elements

HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Other Lists

HTML also supports description lists.

HTML Description Lists

A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term
(name), and the <dd> tag describes each term:

Example
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list
 Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term
 Use the HTML <dd> element to describe the term in a description list

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HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.
HTML Block and Inline
Elements
Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what
type of element it is.

The two most common display values are block and inline.

Block-level Elements
A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers
automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.

A block-level element always takes up the full width available (stretches out
to the left and right as far as it can).

Two commonly used block elements are: <p> and <div>.

The <p> element defines a paragraph in an HTML document.

The <div> element defines a division or a section in an HTML document.

The <p> element is a block-level element.

The <div> element is a block-level element.

Example
<p>Hello World</p>
<div>Hello World</div>

Here are the block-level elements in HTML:

Inline Elements
An inline element does not start on a new line.

An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary.

This is a <span> element inside a paragraph.

Example
<span>Hello World</span>

Here are the inline elements in HTML:

<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<b>
<bdo>
<big>
<br>
<button>
<cite>
<code>
<dfn>
<em>
<i>
<img>
<input>
<kbd>
<label>
<map>
<object>
<output>
<q>
<samp>
<script>
<select>
<small>
<span>
<strong>
<sub>
<sup>
<textarea>
<time>
<tt>
<var>
Note: An inline element cannot contain a block-level element!

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The <div> Element

The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.

The <div> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are
common.

When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks
of content:

Example
<div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous
city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13
million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

You will learn more about the <div> element in the next chapter.

The <span> Element

The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text,
or a part of a document.

The <span> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are
common.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts
of the text:

Example
<p>My mother has <span style="color:blue;font-
weight:bold;">blue</span> eyes and my father
has <span style="color:darkolivegreen;font-weight:bold;">dark
green</span> eyes.</p>
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Chapter Summary
 A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full
width available
 An inline element does not start on a new line and it only takes up as
much width as necessary
 The <div> element is a block-level element and is often used as a
container for other HTML elements
 The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a
text, or a part of a document

HTML Tags
Tag Description

<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)

<span> Defines a section in a document (inline)

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Div Element

The <div> element is used as a container for other HTML elements.

The <div> Element

The <div> element is by default a block element, meaning that it takes all
available width, and comes with line breaks before and after.

Example
A <div> element takes up all available width:

Lorem Ipsum <div>I am a div</div> dolor sit amet.

Result
Lorem Ipsum
I am a div
dolor sit amet.

The <div> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are
common.

<div> as a container
The <div> element is often used to group sections of a web page together.

Example
A <div> element with HTML elements:

<div>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>London has over 9 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

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Center align a <div> element

If you have a <div> element that is not 100% wide, and you want to center-
align it, set the CSS margin property to auto.

Example
<style>
div {
width:300px;
margin:auto;
}
</style>

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Multiple <div> elements

You can have many <div> containers on the same page.
Example
<div>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>London has over 9 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

<div>
<h2>Oslo</h2>
<p>Oslo is the capital city of Norway.</p>
<p>Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.</p>
</div>

<div>
<h2>Rome</h2>
<p>Rome is the capital city of Italy.</p>
<p>Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

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Aligning <div> elements side by side
When building web pages, you often want to have two or
more <div> elements side by side, like this:

London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

There are different methods for aligning elements side by side, all include
some CSS styling. We will look at the most common methods:

Float
The CSS float property was not originally meant to align <div> elements side-
by-side, but has been used for this purpose for many years.

The CSS float property is used for positioning and formatting content and
allows elements to be positioned horizontally, rather than vertically.

Example
How to use float to align div elements side by side:
<style>
.mycontainer {
width:100%;
overflow:auto;
}
.mycontainer div {
width:33%;
float:left;
}
</style>

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

Learn more about float in our CSS float tutorial.

Inline-block
If you change the <div> element's display property from block to inline-block,
the <div> elements will no longer add a line break before and after, and will
be displayed side by side instead of on top of each other.
Example
How to use display: inline-block to align div elements side by side:

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

Flex
The CSS Flexbox Layout Module was introduced to make it easier to design
flexible responsive layout structure without using float or positioning.
To make the CSS flex method work, surround the <div> elements with
another <div> element and give it the status as a flex container.

Example
How to use flex to align div elements side by side:

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

Learn more about flex in our CSS flexbox tutorial.

Grid
The CSS Grid Layout Module offers a grid-based layout system, with rows and
columns, making it easier to design web pages without having to use floats
and positioning.

Sounds almost the same as flex, but has the ability to define more than one
row and position each row individually.

The CSS grid method requires that you surround the <div> elements with
another <div> element and give the status as a grid container, and you must
specify the width of each column.

Example
How to use grid to align <div> elements side by side:

Result
London
London is the capital city of England.

London has over 9 million inhabitants.

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway.

Oslo has over 700,000 inhabitants.

Rome
Rome is the capital city of Italy.

Rome has over 4 million inhabitants.

Learn more about grid in our CSS grid tutorial.

HTML Tags
Tag Description

<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML class Attribute

The HTML class attribute is used to specify a class for an HTML
element.

Multiple HTML elements can share the same class.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is often used to point to a class name in a style sheet. It
can also be used by JavaScript to access and manipulate elements with the
specific class name.

In the following example we have three <div> elements with a class attribute
with the value of "city". All of the three <div> elements will be styled equally
according to the .city style definition in the head section:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
border: 2px solid black;
margin: 20px;
padding: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>
</div>

<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>
</div>

<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

In the following example we have two <span> elements with a class attribute
with the value of "note". Both <span> elements will be styled equally
according to the .note style definition in the head section:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.note {
font-size: 120%;
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My <span class="note">Important</span> Heading</h1>

<p>This is some <span class="note">important</span> text.</p>

</body>
</html>
Tip: The class attribute can be used on any HTML element.

Note: The class name is case sensitive!

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

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The Syntax For Class

To create a class; write a period (.) character, followed by a class name.
Then, define the CSS properties within curly braces {}:

Example
Create a class named "city":

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2 class="city">London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>

<h2 class="city">Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>

<h2 class="city">Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>

</body>
</html>

Multiple Classes
HTML elements can belong to more than one class.

To define multiple classes, separate the class names with a space, e.g. <div
class="city main">. The element will be styled according to all the classes
specified.

In the following example, the first <h2> element belongs to both the city class
and also to the main class, and will get the CSS styles from both of the
classes:

Example
<h2 class="city main">London</h2>
<h2 class="city">Paris</h2>
<h2 class="city">Tokyo</h2>

Different Elements Can Share Same

Class
Different HTML elements can point to the same class name.

In the following example, both <h2> and <p> point to the "city" class and will
share the same style:

Example
<h2 class="city">Paris</h2>
<p class="city">Paris is the capital of France</p>
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Use of the class Attribute in JavaScript
The class name can also be used by JavaScript to perform certain tasks for
specific elements.

JavaScript can access elements with a specific class name with

the getElementsByClassName() method:

Example
Click on a button to hide all elements with the class name "city":

You will learn more about JavaScript in our HTML JavaScript chapter, or you
can study our JavaScript Tutorial.

Chapter Summary
 The HTML class attribute specifies one or more class names for an
element
 Classes are used by CSS and JavaScript to select and access specific
elements
 The class attribute can be used on any HTML element
 The class name is case sensitive
 Different HTML elements can point to the same class name
 JavaScript can access elements with a specific class name with
the getElementsByClassName() method

HTML id Attribute
The HTML id attribute is used to specify a unique id for an HTML
element.

You cannot have more than one element with the same id in an HTML
document.

The id Attribute
The id attribute specifies a unique id for an HTML element. The value of
the id attribute must be unique within the HTML document.

The id attribute is used to point to a specific style declaration in a style

sheet. It is also used by JavaScript to access and manipulate the element
with the specific id.

The syntax for id is: write a hash character (#), followed by an id name.
Then, define the CSS properties within curly braces {}.

In the following example we have an <h1> element that points to the id name
"myHeader". This <h1> element will be styled according to the #myHeader style
definition in the head section:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#myHeader {
background-color: lightblue;
color: black;
padding: 40px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1 id="myHeader">My Header</h1>

</body>
</html>
Note: The id name is case sensitive!

Note: The id name must contain at least one character, cannot start with a
number, and must not contain whitespaces (spaces, tabs, etc.).

Difference Between Class and ID

A class name can be used by multiple HTML elements, while an id name
must only be used by one HTML element within the page:

Example
<style>
/* Style the element with the id "myHeader" */
#myHeader {
background-color: lightblue;
color: black;
padding: 40px;
text-align: center;
}

/* Style all elements with the class name "city" */

.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>

<h1 id="myHeader">My Cities</h1>

<h2 class="city">London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>

<h2 class="city">Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>

<h2 class="city">Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>
Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.
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HTML Bookmarks with ID and Links

HTML bookmarks are used to allow readers to jump to specific parts of a
webpage.

Bookmarks can be useful if your page is very long.

To use a bookmark, you must first create it, and then add a link to it.

Then, when the link is clicked, the page will scroll to the location with the
bookmark.

Example
First, create a bookmark with the id attribute:

<h2 id="C4">Chapter 4</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark ("Jump to Chapter 4"), from within the
same page:

Example
<a href="#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>

Or, add a link to the bookmark ("Jump to Chapter 4"), from another page:

<a href="html_demo.html#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>

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Using the id Attribute in JavaScript

The id attribute can also be used by JavaScript to perform some tasks for
that specific element.
JavaScript can access an element with a specific id with
the getElementById() method:

Example
Use the id attribute to manipulate text with JavaScript:

Chapter Summary
 The id attribute is used to specify a unique id for an HTML element
 The value of the id attribute must be unique within the HTML
document
 The id attribute is used by CSS and JavaScript to style/select a specific
element
 The value of the id attribute is case sensitive
 The id attribute is also used to create HTML bookmarks
 JavaScript can access an element with a specific id with
the getElementById() method

HTML Buttons
Buttons let users interact with a web page. They can submit forms, run
JavaScript, or trigger different actions when clicked.

HTML Button
The HTML <button> element defines a clickable button.

By itself, the button does nothing until you add an action to it.
Example
<button>Click Me</button>

Styling HTML Buttons

Buttons are often styled with CSS:

Example
<button class="mytestbtn">Green Button</button>

Disabled Buttons
Use the disabled attribute to make a button unclickable:

Example
<button disabled>Disabled Button</button>
Tip: Disabled buttons cannot be clicked and usually appear faded.

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Button with JavaScript

You can run JavaScript when the user clicks a button using
the onclick attribute:

Example
<button onclick="alert('Hello!')">Click Me</button>
Note: You will learn more about JavaScript in our HTML JavaScript chapter.

Button Types
The type attribute defines what a button does when clicked. There are three
button types:

 type="button" - A normal clickable button (does nothing by default)

 type="submit" - Submits a form
 type="reset" - Resets all form fields
<button type="button">Normal Button</button>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
<button type="reset">Reset</button>

Buttons are often used inside forms, which you will learn more about in a
later chapter.

For now, just know that a submit button sends the form data to the server,
while a reset button clears the form:

Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
<button type="reset">Reset Form</button>
</form>
Note: You should always specify the type attribute. Inside a form, the
default type is submit, and browsers may behave differently if the type is
omitted.

HTML Button Reference

Tag Description
<button> Defines a clickable button

HTML Iframes
An HTML iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

HTML Iframe Syntax

The HTML <iframe> tag specifies an inline frame.

An inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML
document.

Syntax
<iframe src="url" title="description"></iframe>

Tip: It is a good practice to always include a title attribute for

the <iframe>. This is used by screen readers to read out what the content of
the iframe is.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

Use the height and width attributes to specify the size of the iframe.

The height and width are specified in pixels by default:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" height="200" width="300" title="Iframe
Example"></iframe>
Or you can add the style attribute and use the
CSS height and width properties:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="height:200px;width:300px;" title
="Iframe Example"></iframe>

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Iframe - Remove the Border

By default, an iframe has a border around it.

To remove the border, add the style attribute and use the
CSS border property:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="border:none;" title="Iframe
Example"></iframe>

With CSS, you can also change the size, style and color of the iframe's
border:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="border:2px solid
red;" title="Iframe Example"></iframe>

Iframe - Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.

The target attribute of the link must refer to the name attribute of the
iframe:
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a" title="Iframe
Example"></iframe>

<p><a href="[Link] target="iframe_a">[Link]

m</a></p>
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Chapter Summary
 The HTML <iframe> tag specifies an inline frame
 The src attribute defines the URL of the page to embed
 Always include a title attribute (for screen readers)
 The height and width attributes specify the size of the iframe
 Use border:none; to remove the border around the iframe

HTML iframe Tag

Tag Description

<iframe> Defines an inline frame

HTML JavaScript
JavaScript makes HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.

Example
My First JavaScript
Click me to display Date and Time

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to define a client-side script (JavaScript).

The <script> element either contains script statements, or it points to an

external script file through the src attribute.

Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and
dynamic changes of content.

To select an HTML element, JavaScript most often uses

the [Link]() method.

This JavaScript example writes "Hello JavaScript!" into an HTML element with
id="demo":

Example
<script>
[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
</script>
Tip: You can learn much more about JavaScript in our JavaScript Tutorial.

A Taste of JavaScript
Here are some examples of what JavaScript can do:

Example
JavaScript can change content:

[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";

Example
JavaScript can change styles:

[Link]("demo").[Link] = "25px";
[Link]("demo").[Link] = "red";
[Link]("demo").[Link] = "yellow";

Example
JavaScript can change attributes:

[Link]("image").src = "[Link]";

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The HTML <noscript> Tag

The HTML <noscript> tag defines an alternate content to be displayed to
users that have disabled scripts in their browser or have a browser that
doesn't support scripts:

Example
<script>
[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
</script>
<noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

HTML Script Tags

Tag Description

<script> Defines a client-side script

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML File Paths

A file path describes the location of a file in a web site's folder
structure.

File Path Examples

Path Description

<img src="[Link]"> The "[Link]" file is located in the same folder as t

<img The "[Link]" file is located in the images folder in

src="images/[Link]">

<img The "[Link]" file is located in the images folder at

src="/images/[Link]">

<img src="../[Link]"> The "[Link]" file is located in the folder one level

HTML File Paths

A file path describes the location of a file in a web site's folder structure.

File paths are used when linking to external files, like:

 Web pages
 Images
 Style sheets
 JavaScripts

Absolute File Paths

An absolute file path is the full URL to a file:

Example
<img src="[Link] al
t="Mountain">
The <img> tag is explained in the chapter: HTML Images.

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Relative File Paths

A relative file path points to a file relative to the current page.

In the following example, the file path points to a file in the images folder
located at the root of the current website:

Example
<img src="/images/[Link]" alt="Mountain">

In the following example, the file path points to a file in the images folder
located in the current folder:

Example
<img src="images/[Link]" alt="Mountain">

In the following example, the file path points to a file in the images folder
located in the folder one level up from the current folder:

Example
<img src="../images/[Link]" alt="Mountain">
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Best Practice
It is best practice to use relative file paths (if possible).

When using relative file paths, your web pages will not be bound to your
current base URL. All links will work on your own computer (localhost) as well
as on your current public domain and your future public domains.

HTML - The Head Element

The HTML <head> element is a container for the following
elements: <title>, <style>, <meta>, <link>, <script>, and <base>.

The HTML <head> Element

The <head> element is a container for metadata (data about data) and is
placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag.

HTML metadata is data about the HTML document. Metadata is not displayed
on the page.

Metadata typically define the document title, character set, styles, scripts,
and other meta information.
The HTML <title> Element
The <title> element defines the title of the document. The title must be text-
only, and it is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab.

The <title> element is required in HTML documents!

The content of a page title is very important for search engine optimization
(SEO)! The page title is used by search engine algorithms to decide the order
when listing pages in search results.

The <title> element:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search engine-results

So, try to make the title as accurate and meaningful as possible!

A simple HTML document:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>A Meaningful Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

The content of the document......

</body>
</html>

The HTML <style> Element

The <style> element is used to define style information for a single HTML
page:

Example
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: red;}
p {color: blue;}
</style>

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The HTML <link> Element

The <link> element defines the relationship between the current document
and an external resource.

The <link> tag is most often used to link to external style sheets:

Example
<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">
Tip: To learn all about CSS, visit our CSS Tutorial.

The HTML <meta> Element

The <meta> element is typically used to specify the character set, page
description, keywords, author of the document, and viewport settings.

The metadata will not be displayed on the page, but is used by browsers
(how to display content or reload page), by search engines (keywords), and
other web services.

Examples
Define the character set used:

Define keywords for search engines:

Define a description of your web page:

<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials">

Define the author of a page:

<meta name="author" content="John Doe">

Refresh document every 30 seconds:

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">

Setting the viewport to make your website look good on all devices:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1.0">

Example of <meta> tags:

Example
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials">
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, JavaScript">
<meta name="author" content="John Doe">

Setting The Viewport

The viewport is the user's visible area of a web page. It varies with the
device - it will be smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer screen.

You should include the following <meta> element in all your web pages:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1.0">

This gives the browser instructions on how to control the page's dimensions
and scaling.

The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-
width of the device (which will vary depending on the device).
The initial-scale=1.0 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first
loaded by the browser.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the
same web page with the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page with a phone or a tablet, you can click on
the two links below to see the difference.

Without the viewport meta tag

With the viewport meta tag

The HTML <script> Element

The <script> element is used to define client-side JavaScripts.

The following JavaScript writes "Hello JavaScript!" into an HTML element with
id="demo":

Example
<script>
function myFunction() {
[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
}
</script>
Tip: To learn all about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript Tutorial.
The HTML <base> Element
The <base> element specifies the base URL and/or target for all relative URLs
in a page.

The <base> tag must have either an href or a target attribute present, or both.

There can only be one single <base> element in a document!

Example
Specify a default URL and a default target for all links on a page:

Chapter Summary
 The <head> element is a container for metadata (data about data)
 The <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag
 The <title> element is required and it defines the title of the document
 The <style> element is used to define style information for a single
document
 The <link> tag is most often used to link to external style sheets
 The <meta> element is typically used to specify the character set, page
description, keywords, author of the document, and viewport settings
 The <script> element is used to define client-side JavaScripts
 The <base> element specifies the base URL and/or target for all relative
URLs in a page

HTML head Elements

Tag Description

<head> Defines information about the document

<title> Defines the title of a document

<base> Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a p

<link> Defines the relationship between a document and an external

<meta> Defines metadata about an HTML document

<script> Defines a client-side script

<style> Defines style information for a document

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Layout Elements and

Techniques
Websites often display content in multiple columns (like a magazine or
a newspaper).
Example

Cities
 London
 Paris
 Tokyo

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.

Footer

HTML Layout Elements

HTML has several semantic elements that define the different parts of a web
page:

 <header> - Defines a header for a document or a section

 <nav> - Defines a set of navigation links
 <section> - Defines a section in a document
 <article> - Defines independent, self-contained content
 <aside> - Defines content aside from the content (like a
 <footer> - Defines a footer for a document or a section
 <details> - Defines additional details that the user can o
 <summary> - Defines a heading for the <details> element

You can read more about semantic elements in our HTML Sem
HTML Layout Techniques
There are four different techniques to create multicolumn layouts. Each
technique has its pros and cons:

 CSS frameworks
 CSS float property
 CSS flexbox
 CSS grid

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CSS Frameworks
If you want to create your layout fast, you can use a CSS framework,
like [Link] or Bootstrap.

Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your website
from scratch or use a template.

* no credit card required

CSS Float Layout

You can create entire web layouts using the CSS float property. Float is easy
to learn - you just need to remember how the float and clear properties
work. Disadvantages: Floating elements are tied to the document flow,
which may harm the flexibility. Learn more about float in our CSS Float and
Clear chapter.

Example

Cities
 London
 Paris
 Tokyo

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.

Footer

CSS Flexbox Layout

Use of flexbox ensures that elements behave predictably when the page
layout must accommodate different screen sizes and different display
devices.

Learn more about flexbox in our CSS Flexbox chapter.

Example

Cities
 London
 Paris
 Tokyo

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.

Footer
CSS Grid Layout
The CSS Grid Layout Module offers a grid-based layout system, with rows and
columns, making it easier to design web pages without having to use floats
and positioning.

Learn more about CSS grids in our CSS Grid Intro chapter.

HTML Responsive Web

Design
Responsive web design is about creating web pages that look good on
all devices!

A responsive web design will automatically adjust for different screen

sizes and viewports.
What is Responsive Web Design?
Responsive Web Design is about using HTML and CSS to automatically
resize, hide, shrink, or enlarge, a website, to make it look good on all devices
(desktops, tablets, and phones):

Setting The Viewport

To create a responsive website, add the following <meta> tag to all your web
pages:

Example
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">

This will set the viewport of your page, which will give the browser
instructions on how to control the page's dimensions and scaling.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the
same web page with the viewport meta tag:
Without the viewport meta tag:

With the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page on a phone or a tablet, you can click on
the two links above to see the difference.

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Responsive Images
Responsive images are images that scale nicely to fit any browser size.

Using the width Property

If the CSS width property is set to 100%, the image will be responsive and
scale up and down:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" style="width:100%;">

Notice that in the example above, the image can be scaled up to be larger
than its original size. A better solution, in many cases, will be to use the max-
width property instead.

Using the max-width Property

If the max-width property is set to 100%, the image will scale down if it has to,
but never scale up to be larger than its original size:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" style="max-width:100%;height:auto;">
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Show Different Images Depending on

Browser Width
The HTML <picture> element allows you to define different images for
different browser window sizes.

Resize the browser window to see how the image below changes depending
on the width:

Example
<picture>
<source srcset="img_smallflower.jpg" media="(max-width: 600px)">
<source srcset="img_flowers.jpg" media="(max-width: 1500px)">
<source srcset="[Link]">
<img src="img_smallflower.jpg" alt="Flowers">
</picture>

Responsive Text Size

The text size can be set with a "vw" unit, which means the "viewport width".

That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window:

Hello World
Resize the browser window to see how the text size scales.

Example
<h1 style="font-size:10vw">Hello World</h1>
Viewport is the browser window size. 1vw = 1% of viewport width. If the
viewport is 50cm wide, 1vw is 0.5cm.
Media Queries
In addition to resize text and images, it is also common to use media queries
in responsive web pages.

With media queries you can define completely different styles for different
browser sizes.

Example: resize the browser window to see that the three div elements
below will display horizontally on large screens and stack vertically on small
screens:

Left Menu

Main Content

Right Content

Example
<style>
.left, .right {
float: left;
width: 20%; /* The width is 20%, by default */
}

.main {
float: left;
width: 60%; /* The width is 60%, by default */
}

/* Use a media query to add a breakpoint at 800px: */

@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
.left, .main, .right {
width: 100%; /* The width is 100%, when the viewport is 800px or
smaller */
}
}
</style>
Tip: To learn more about Media Queries and Responsive Web Design, read
our RWD Tutorial.

Responsive Web Page - Full Example

A responsive web page should look good on large desktop screens and on
small mobile phones.

Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your website
from scratch or use a template.

* no credit card required

Responsive Web Design - Frameworks

All popular CSS Frameworks offer responsive design.

They are free, and easy to use.

[Link]
[Link] is a modern CSS framework with support for desktop, tablet, and
mobile design by default.

[Link] is smaller and faster than similar CSS frameworks.

[Link] is designed to be independent of jQuery or any other JavaScript

library.

[Link] Demo
Resize the page to see the responsiveness!

London
London is the capital city of England.
It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area
of over 13 million inhabitants.

Paris
Paris is the capital of France.

The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe, with more
than 12 million inhabitants.

Tokyo
Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

It is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous
metropolitan area in the world.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>[Link]</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]
">
</head>
<body>

<div class="w3-container w3-green">

<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page!</p>
</div>

<div class="w3-row-padding">
<div class="w3-third">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

<div class="w3-third">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>
<p>The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in
Europe,
with more than 12 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

<div class="w3-third">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>
<p>It is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

To learn more about [Link], read our [Link] Tutorial.

Bootstrap
Another popular CSS framework is Bootstrap:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Bootstrap 5 Example</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link href="[Link]
[Link]" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="[Link]
[Link]"></script>
</head>
<body>

<div class="container-fluid p-5 bg-primary text-white text-center">

<h1>My First Bootstrap Page</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page to see the effect!</p>
</div>

<div class="container mt-5">

<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">
<h3>Column 1</h3>
<p>Lorem ipsum...</p>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<h3>Column 2</h3>
<p>Lorem ipsum...</p>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<h3>Column 3</h3>
<p>Lorem ipsum...</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

To learn more about Bootstrap, go to our Bootstrap Tutorial.

HTML Computer Code

Elements
HTML contains several elements for defining user input and computer
code.

Example
<code>
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;
</code>

HTML <kbd> For Keyboard Input

The HTML <kbd> element is used to define keyboard input. The content
inside is displayed in the browser's default monospace font.
Example
Define some text as keyboard input in a document:

<p>Save the document by pressing <kbd>Ctrl + S</kbd></p>

Result:

Save the document by pressing Ctrl + S

HTML <samp> For Program Output

The HTML <samp> element is used to define sample output from a computer
program. The content inside is displayed in the browser's default monospace
font.

Example
Define some text as sample output from a computer program in a document:

<p>Message from my computer:</p>

<p><samp>File not found.<br>Press F1 to continue</samp></p>

Result:

Message from my computer:

File not found.
Press F1 to continue

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HTML <code> For Computer Code

The HTML <code> element is used to define a piece of computer code. The
content inside is displayed in the browser's default monospace font.
Example
Define some text as computer code in a document:

Result:
x = 5; y = 6; z = x + y;

Preserve Line-Breaks
Notice that the <code> element does NOT preserve extra whitespace and
line-breaks.

To preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks, you can put

the <code> element inside a <pre> element:

Example
<pre>
<code>
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;
</code>
</pre>

Result:
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;

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HTML <var> For Variables

The HTML <var> element is used to define a variable in programming or in a
mathematical expression. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Example
Define some text as variables in a document:

<p>The area of a triangle is: 1/2 x <var>b</var> x <var>h</var>,

where <var>b</var> is the base, and <var>h</var> is the vertical
height.</p>

Result:

The area of a triangle is: 1/2 x b x h, where b is the base, and h is the vertical
height.

Chapter Summary
 The <kbd> element defines keyboard input
 The <samp> element defines sample output from a computer program
 The <code> element defines a piece of computer code
 The <var> element defines a variable in programming or in a
mathematical expression
 The <pre> element defines preformatted text

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag Description

<code> Defines programming code

<kbd> Defines keyboard input

<samp> Defines computer output

<var> Defines a variable

<pre> Defines preformatted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Semantic Elements

Semantic elements = elements with a meaning.

What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and
the developer.

Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing

about its content.

Examples of semantic elements: <img>, <table>, and <article> - Clearly

defines its content.

Semantic Elements in HTML

Many web sites contain HTML code like: <div id="nav"> <div
class="header"> <div id="footer"> to indicate navigation, header, and
footer.
In HTML there are several semantic elements that can be used to define
different parts of a web page:

 <article>
 <aside>
 <details>
 <figcaption>
 <figure>
 <footer>
 <header>
 <main>
 <mark>
 <nav>
 <section>
 <summary>
 <time>

HTML <section> Element

The <section> element defines a section in a document.

According to W3C's HTML documentation: "A section is a thematic grouping

of content, typically with a heading."

Examples of where a <section> element can be used:

 Chapters
 Introduction
 News items
 Contact information

A web page could normally be split into sections for introduction, content,
and contact information.

Example
Two sections in a document:

<section>
<h1>WWF</h1>
<p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international
organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research
and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife
Fund. WWF was founded in 1961.</p>
</section>

<section>
<h1>WWF's Panda symbol</h1>
<p>The Panda has become the symbol of WWF. The well-known panda logo
of WWF originated from a panda named Chi Chi that was transferred
from the Beijing Zoo to the London Zoo in the same year of the
establishment of WWF.</p>
</section>

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HTML <article> Element

The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content.

An article should make sense on its own, and it should be possible to

distribute it independently from the rest of the web site.

Examples of where the <article> element can be used:

 Forum posts
 Blog posts
 User comments
 Product cards
 Newspaper articles
Example
Three articles with independent, self-contained content:

<article>
<h2>Google Chrome</h2>
<p>Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google, released in
2008. Chrome is the world's most popular web browser today!</p>
</article>

<article>
<h2>Mozilla Firefox</h2>
<p>Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by
Mozilla. Firefox has been the second most popular web browser since
January, 2018.</p>
</article>

<article>
<h2>Microsoft Edge</h2>
<p>Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft, released
in 2015. Microsoft Edge replaced Internet Explorer.</p>
</article>

Example 2
Use CSS to style the <article> element:

<html>
<head>
<style>
.all-browsers {
margin: 0;
padding: 5px;
background-color: lightgray;
}

.all-browsers > h1, .browser {

margin: 10px;
padding: 5px;
}

.browser {
background: white;
}

.browser > h2, p {

margin: 4px;
font-size: 90%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<article class="all-browsers">
<h1>Most Popular Browsers</h1>
<article class="browser">
<h2>Google Chrome</h2>
<p>Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google, released
in 2008. Chrome is the world's most popular web browser today!</p>
</article>
<article class="browser">
<h2>Mozilla Firefox</h2>
<p>Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by
Mozilla. Firefox has been the second most popular web browser since
January, 2018.</p>
</article>
<article class="browser">
<h2>Microsoft Edge</h2>
<p>Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft,
released in 2015. Microsoft Edge replaced Internet Explorer.</p>
</article>
</article>

</body>
</html>
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Nesting <article> in <section> or

Vice Versa?
The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content.

The <section> element defines a section in a document.

Can we use the definitions to decide how to nest those elements? No, we
cannot!
So, you will find HTML pages with <section> elements
containing <article> elements, and <article> elements
containing <section> elements.

HTML <header> Element

The <header> element represents a container for introductory content or a
set of navigational links.

A <header> element typically contains:

 one or more heading elements (<h1> - <h6>)

 logo or icon
 authorship information

Note: You can have several <header> elements in one HTML document.
However, <header> cannot be placed within a <footer>, <address> or
another <header> element.

Example
A header for an <article>:

<article>
<header>
<h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
<p>WWF's mission:</p>
</header>
<p>WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's natural
environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.</p>
</article>

HTML <footer> Element

The <footer> element defines a footer for a document or section.

A <footer> element typically contains:

 authorship information
 copyright information
 contact information
 sitemap
 back to top links
 related documents

You can have several <footer> elements in one document.

Example
A footer section in a document:

<footer>
<p>Author: Hege Refsnes</p>
<p><a href="[Link]
</footer>

HTML <nav> Element

The <nav> element defines a set of navigation links.

Notice that NOT all links of a document should be inside a <nav> element.
The <nav> element is intended only for major blocks of navigation links.

Browsers, such as screen readers for disabled users, can use this element to
determine whether to omit the initial rendering of this content.

Example
A set of navigation links:

<nav>
<a href="/html/">HTML</a> |
<a href="/css/">CSS</a> |
<a href="/js/">JavaScript</a> |
<a href="/jquery/">jQuery</a>
</nav>

HTML <aside> Element

The <aside> element defines some content aside from the content it is
placed in (like a sidebar).

The <aside> content should be indirectly related to the surrounding content.

Example
Display some content aside from the content it is placed in:

<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer. The weather
was nice, and Epcot was amazing! I had a great summer together with
my family!</p>

<aside>
<h4>Epcot Center</h4>
<p>Epcot is a theme park at Walt Disney World Resort featuring
exciting attractions, international pavilions, award-winning
fireworks and seasonal special events.</p>
</aside>

Example 2
Use CSS to style the <aside> element:

<html>
<head>
<style>
aside {
width: 30%;
padding-left: 15px;
margin-left: 15px;
float: right;
font-style: italic;
background-color: lightgray;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer. The weather
was nice, and Epcot was amazing! I had a great summer together with
my family!</p>

<aside>
<p>The Epcot center is a theme park at Walt Disney World Resort
featuring exciting attractions, international pavilions, award-
winning fireworks and seasonal special events.</p>
</aside>

<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer. The weather
was nice, and Epcot was amazing! I had a great summer together with
my family!</p>
<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer. The weather
was nice, and Epcot was amazing! I had a great summer together with
my family!</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML <figure> and <figcaption>

Elements
The <figure> tag specifies self-contained content, like illustrations,
diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.

The <figcaption> tag defines a caption for a <figure> element.

The <figcaption> element can be placed as the first or as the last child of
a <figure> element.

The <img> element defines the actual image/illustration.

Example
<figure>
<img src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Trulli">
<figcaption>Fig1. - Trulli, Puglia, Italy.</figcaption>
</figure>

Why Semantic Elements?

According to the W3C: "A semantic Web allows data to be shared and reused
across applications, enterprises, and communities."
Semantic Elements in HTML
Below is a list of some of the semantic elements in HTML.

Tag Description

<article> Defines independent, self-contained content

<aside> Defines content aside from the page content

<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element

<figure> Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, p

<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section

<header> Specifies a header for a document or section

<main> Specifies the main content of a document

<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

<nav> Defines navigation links

<section> Defines a section in a document

<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

<time> Defines a date/time

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Style Guide

Consistent, clean, and tidy HTML code makes it easier for others to
read and understand your code.

Here are some guidelines and tips for creating good HTML code.

Always Declare Document Type

Always declare the document type as the first line in your document.

The correct document type for HTML is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

Use Lowercase Element Names

HTML allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in element names.

However, we recommend using lowercase element names, because:

 Mixing uppercase and lowercase names looks bad
 Developers normally use lowercase names
 Lowercase looks cleaner
 Lowercase is easier to type
Good:
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

Bad:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph.</P>
</BODY>

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Close All HTML Elements

In HTML, you do not have to close all elements (for example
the <p> element).

However, we strongly recommend closing all HTML elements, like this:

Good:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</section>

Bad:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.
</section>
Use Lowercase Attribute Names
HTML allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in attribute names.

However, we recommend using lowercase attribute names, because:

 Mixing uppercase and lowercase names looks bad

 Developers normally use lowercase names
 Lowercase looks cleaner
 Lowercase is easier to type
Good:
<a href="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

Bad:
<a HREF="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>
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Always Quote Attribute Values

HTML allows attribute values without quotes.

However, we recommend quoting attribute values, because:

 Developers normally quote attribute values

 Quoted values are easier to read
 You MUST use quotes if the value contains spaces
Good:
<table class="striped">

Bad:
<table class=striped>

Very bad:
This will not work, because the value contains spaces:

<table class=table striped>

Always Specify alt, width, and height
for Images
Always specify the alt attribute for images. This attribute is important if the
image for some reason cannot be displayed.

Also, always define the width and height of images. This reduces flickering,
because the browser can reserve space for the image before loading.

Good:
<img src="[Link]" alt="HTML5" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Bad:
<img src="[Link]">

Spaces and Equal Signs

HTML allows spaces around equal signs. But space-less is easier to read and
groups entities better together.

Good:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">

Bad:
<link rel = "stylesheet" href = "[Link]">

Avoid Long Code Lines

When using an HTML editor, it is NOT convenient to scroll right and left to
read the HTML code.

Try to avoid too long code lines.

Blank Lines and Indentation
Do not add blank lines, spaces, or indentations without a reason.

For readability, add blank lines to separate large or logical code blocks.

For readability, add two spaces of indentation. Do not use the tab key.

Good:
<body>

<h1>Famous Cities</h1>

<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo
Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>

<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous
city in the United Kingdom.</p>

<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France. The Paris area is one of the
largest population centers in Europe.</p>

</body>

Bad:
<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2><p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the
Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the
world.</p>
<h2>London</h2><p>London is the capital city of England. It is the
most populous city in the United Kingdom.</p>
<h2>Paris</h2><p>Paris is the capital of France. The Paris area is
one of the largest population centers in Europe.</p>
</body>

Good Table Example:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Description of A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
<td>Description of B</td>
</tr>
</table>

Good List Example:

<ul>
<li>London</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Tokyo</li>
</ul>

Never Skip the <title> Element

The <title> element is required in HTML.

The contents of a page title is very important for search engine optimization
(SEO)! The page title is used by search engine algorithms to decide the order
when listing pages in search results.

The <title> element:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search-engine results

So, try to make the title as accurate and meaningful as possible:

<title>HTML Style Guide and Coding Conventions</title>

Omitting <html> and <body>?

An HTML page will validate without the <html> and <body> tags:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

However, we strongly recommend to always add the <html> and <body> tags!

Omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers.

Omitting <html> and <body> can also crash DOM and XML software.

Omitting <head>?
The HTML <head> tag can also be omitted.

Browsers will add all elements before <body>, to a default <head> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

However, we recommend using the <head> tag.

Close Empty HTML Elements?

In HTML, it is optional to close empty elements.

Allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8">

Also Allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8" />

If you expect XML/XHTML software to access your page, keep the closing
slash (/), because it is required in XML and XHTML.

Add the lang Attribute

You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare
the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and
browsers.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Meta Data
To ensure proper interpretation and correct search engine indexing, both the
language and the character encoding <meta charset="charset"> should be
defined as early as possible in an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>

Setting The Viewport

The viewport is the user's visible area of a web page. It varies with the
device - it will be smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer screen.

You should include the following <meta> element in all your web pages:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1.0">

This gives the browser instructions on how to control the page's dimensions
and scaling.

The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-
width of the device (which will vary depending on the device).

The initial-scale=1.0 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first
loaded by the browser.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the
same web page with the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page with a phone or a tablet, you can click on
the two links below to see the difference.
Without the viewport meta tag

With the viewport meta tag

HTML Comments
Short comments should be written on one line, like this:

Comments that span more than one line, should be written like this:

Long comments are easier to observe if they are indented with two spaces.

Using Style Sheets

Use simple syntax for linking to style sheets (the type attribute is not
necessary):

<link rel="stylesheet" href="[Link]">

Short CSS rules can be written compressed, like this:

[Link] {font-family:Verdana;font-size:16em;}

Long CSS rules should be written over multiple lines:

body {
background-color: lightgrey;
font-family: "Arial Black", Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 16em;
color: black;
}
 Place the opening bracket on the same line as the selector
 Use one space before the opening bracket
 Use two spaces of indentation
 Use semicolon after each property-value pair, including the last
 Only use quotes around values if the value contains spaces
 Place the closing bracket on a new line, without leading spaces
Loading JavaScript in HTML
Use simple syntax for loading external scripts (the type attribute is not
necessary):

Accessing HTML Elements with

JavaScript
Using "untidy" HTML code can result in JavaScript errors.

These two JavaScript statements will produce different results:

Example
getElementById("Demo").innerHTML = "Hello";

getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello";

Visit the JavaScript Style Guide.

Use Lower Case File Names

Some web servers (Apache, Unix) are case sensitive about file names:
"[Link]" cannot be accessed as "[Link]".

Other web servers (Microsoft, IIS) are not case sensitive: "[Link]" can be
accessed as "[Link]".

If you use a mix of uppercase and lowercase, you have to be aware of this.

If you move from a case-insensitive to a case-sensitive server, even small

errors will break your website!
To avoid these problems, always use lowercase file names!

File Extensions
HTML files should have a .html extension (.htm is allowed).

CSS files should have a .css extension.

JavaScript files should have a .js extension.

Differences Between .htm and .html?

There is no difference between the .htm and .html file extensions!

Both will be treated as HTML by any web browser and web server.

Default Filenames
When a URL does not specify a filename at the end (like
"[Link] the server just adds a default filename, such
as "[Link]", "[Link]", "[Link]", or "[Link]".

If your server is configured only with "[Link]" as the default filename,

your file must be named "[Link]", and not "[Link]".

However, servers can be configured with more than one default filename;
usually you can set up as many default filenames as you want.

HTML Entities
Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with entities:

 < (less than) = <

 > (greater than) = >
HTML Character Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML.

If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your HTML text, the
browser might mix them with tags.

Entity names or entity numbers can be used to display reserved HTML

characters.

Entity names look like this:

&entity_name;

Entity numbers look like this:

&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign (<) we must write: < or <

Entity names are easier to remember than entity numbers.

Non-breaking Space
A commonly used HTML entity is the non-breaking space:  

A non-breaking space is a space that will not break into a new line.

Two words separated by a non-breaking space will stick together (not break
into a new line). This is handy when breaking the words might be disruptive.

Examples:

 § 10
 10 km/h
 10 PM

Another common use of the non-breaking space is to prevent browsers from

truncating spaces in HTML pages.
If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them. To
add real spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

The non-breaking hyphen (‑) is used to define a hyphen character (-)

that does not break into a new line.

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Some Useful HTML Character Entities

Result Description Name

non-breaking space  

< less than <

> greater than >

& ampersand &

" double quotation mark "

' single quotation mark '

¢ cent ¢

£ pound £

¥ yen ¥

€ euro €

® registered trademark ®

™ trademark ™

Note
Entity names are case sensitive.

Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a "glyph" added to a letter.

Some diacritical marks, like grave ( ̀) and acute ( ́) are called accents.
Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters
to produce a character that is not present in the character set (encoding)
used in the page.

Here are some examples:

Mark Character Construct

̀ a à

́ a á

̂ a â

̃ a ã

̀ O Ò

́ O Ó

̂ O Ô
̃ O Õ

There are more examples in the next chapter.

HTML Symbols
HTML Symbol Entities
Symbols or letters that are not present on your keyboard can be added to
HTML using entities.

To add such symbols to an HTML page, you can use the entity name or the
entity number (a decimal or a hexadecimal reference) for the symbol:

Example
Display the euro sign:

<p>I will display €</p>

<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>

Will display as:

I will display €
I will display €
I will display €

Some HTML Symbol Entities

Char Number Entity Description

© © COPYRIGHT

€ € EURO SIGN

€

™ ™ TRADEMARK

™

← ← LEFT ARROW

←

↑ ↑ UP ARROW

↑

→ → RIGHT ARROW

→

↓ ↓ DOWN ARROW

↓

♠ &spades; SPADE

♠

♣ &clubs; CLUB

♣

♥ &hearts; HEART

♥
♦ &diams; DIAMOND
♦

Learn More:
Full Currency Reference

Full Arrows Reference

Full Symbols Reference

Some HTML Mathematical Entities

Char Number Entity Description

∀ ∀ ∀ For all

∂ ∂ Partial differe

∂

∃ ∃ ∃ There exists

∅ ∅ ∅ Empty sets

∇ ∇ ∇ Nabla

∈ ∈ ∈ Element of

∉ ∉ ∉ Not an elemen

∋ ∋ &ni; Contains as m

∏ ∏ N-ary product

∏

∑ ∑ N-ary summa

∑

Learn More:
Full Math Symbols Reference

Full Symbols Reference

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Some HTML Greek Letters Entities

Char Number Entity Descripti
Α Α GREEK A
Α

Β Β GREEK B

Γ Γ GREEK G

Δ Δ GREEK D

Ε Ε GREEK E

Ζ Ζ GREEK Z

Learn More:
Full Greek Reference

Full Symbols Reference

More Symbols
Currency Symbols

€₤₿₡₯₣₽
Letterlike Symbols
℃℉Ω⅂⅃⅄™
Number Forms

ⅡⅢⅥ⅛⅜⅝
Enclosed Alphanumeric

ⒶⒷ🄰🄱🅐🅑①②
Box Drawings

┌┐└┘├┤┬┴
Block Elements

▄▃▅▇░▒▓
Geometric Shapes

▣▧▲△◐◒◧◪
Misc Symbols

☊⚖⛋⚜☘
Dingbats

✀✇✈✎✔✜✱
Astrological Symbols

☿♁♃♆☼☽☾
Math Operators

∑∃√∏≠∞⨎∅
Math Symbols
⟁⟀⟆⟮⟯⟨⟩⦀⧻⦿⧖
Math Alphanumeric

𝚷𝚫𝚽𝛀𝓪𝓫𝓬𝓭
Misc Technical

⍇⍉⍾⍽⌬⌇
Colored Symbols

⌚⏩⏪☔⚽⚾

Arrows

←↑→↓⇐⇑⇒⇓
Arrows A

⟰⟱⟽⟾⟻⟼
Arrows B

⤀⤁⤺⤻⥀
Arrows C

🠈🠉🠊🠋
Symbols and Arrows

⬮⬯⭅⭆
Weather Symbols

☀☁☂☃★☆☇☈
Musical Symbols
𝄞𝄆𝄇♩♪♫♬
Domino & Dices

🁭🁵🂄 ⚁ ⚂ ⚄
Mahjong Tiles

🀀🀁🀃🀅
Card Symbols

♠♣♥♦🂡🂣🂨
Chess Symbols

♔♕♘♖
Yin Yang Symbols

☯☰☱☲☮☸☣
Recycling Symbols

♲♻♾☢
Life & Religion

⛨☮♰♀♂
Places & Traffic

⛱⛴⛟⛐⚠

Using Emojis in HTML

What are Emojis?
Emojis look like images, but they are not.

Emojis are letters (characters) from the UTF-8 (Unicode) character set:

😄😍💗

UTF-8 covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world.

Emoji Value

🗻 🗻

🗼 🗼

🗽 🗽

🗾 🗾

🗿 🗿

😀 😀
😁 😁

😂 😂

😃 😃

😄 😄

😅 😅

HTML Emojis Examples

Smileys

😀😂😊😎😜

Hands

✌✊☝✋👌

People

👮🧕👦💏🤴

Office

📈💻📌📆📒

Places

⛺🌋🗽🗿🏢
Transport

🚈🚗🚢🚌🚀

Animals

🐴🐕🐘🐻🐞

Food

☕🌭🍞🍩🍣

Plants

🌴🌳🌼🍁🥑

Fruits

🍇🍊🍏🥝🥥

Sports

⚽🏆🤿🏋⛳

Earth & Sky

🌐🌍🌖🌟🌞

Weather

⛅☔🌈🌂⛄

Clothing

👚👕🎩👜👠

Audio/Video

🎥🎵🎹🔊📺

Celebration

🎁🎃🎈🎓🎂
Entertainment

🎨🎪🎭🎡🎢

Symbols

💡💰🔐🔞🔔

Learn More:
Full HTML Emoji Reference

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character
set used in the page.

This is specified in the <meta> tag:

UTF-8 Characters
Many UTF-8 characters cannot be typed on a keyboard, but they can always
be displayed using numbers (called entity numbers):

 A is 65
 B is 66
 C is 67
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<body>

<p>I will display A B C</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained
The <meta charset="UTF-8"> element defines the character set.

The characters A, B, and C, are displayed by the numbers 65, 66, and 67.

To let the browser understand that you are displaying a character, you must
start the entity number with &# and end it with ; (semicolon).

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Emoji Characters
Emojis are also characters from the UTF-8 alphabet:

 😄 is 128516
 😍 is 128525
 💗 is 128151
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<body>

<h1>My First Emoji</h1>

</body>
</html>

Since Emojis are characters, they can be copied, displayed, and sized just
like any other character in HTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<body>

<h1>Sized Emojis</h1>

</body>
</html>

XP5470+10•🔥 4 days

COLOR PICKER

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PLUS
SPACES
GET CERTIFIED

HTML Encoding (Character

Sets)
The HTML charset Attribute
To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know which
character set to use.

The character set is specified in the <meta> tag:

The HTML specification encourages web developers to use the UTF-8

character set.

UTF-8 covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world!

Learn More:
Full UTF-8 Reference

The ASCII Character Set

ASCII was the first character encoding standard for the web.

It defined 128 different latin characters that could be used on the

internet:
 English letters (a-z and A-Z)
 Numbers (0-9)
 Some special characters: ! $ + - ( ) @ < > . # ?

The ANSI Character Set

ANSI (Windows-1252) was the first Windows character set:

 Identical to ASCII for the first 127 characters

 Special characters from 128 to 159
 Identical to UTF-8 from 160 to 255
<meta charset="Windows-1252">

The ISO-8859-1 Character Set

The default character set for HTML 4 was ISO-8859-1.

It supported 256 characters:

 Identical to ASCII for the first 127 characters

 Does not use the characters from 128 to 159
 Identical to ANSI and UTF-8 from 160 to 255
HTML 4 Example
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-
1">

HTML 5 Example
<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">

The UTF-8 Character Set

 Identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127
 Does not use the characters from 128 to 159
 Identical to ANSI and 8859-1 from 160 to 255
 Continues from the value 256 to 10 000 characters
<meta charset="UTF-8">

Learn More:
Full UTF-8 Reference

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HTML UTF-8 Characters

Basic Latin

ABCD abcd 0123 ?#$%

Latin Extended A

ĀĂĄ ĆĈĊ ĒĔĖĘ

Latin Extended B

ƀƁƂƃƄƅ ƆƇƈ ƉƊƋƌ

Latin Extended C

ⱠⱡⱢ ⱣⱤ ⱥⱦ ⱧⱨⱩ
Latin Extended D

Ꜧꜧ ꜨꜩꜪꜫ ꜬꜭꜮꜯ
Latin Extended E

ꬰꬱ ꬲꬳꬴ ꬵꬶ ꬷꬸꬹ

IPA Extentions
ɖɜɣ ɘɫɛ ɱɷɞ
Spacing Modifiers

pʰ pʱ pʲ pʳ
Diacritical Marks

àáâã èéêẽ òóôõ

General Punctuation

‰‱⁒‼⁇⁈⁉⁎⁑⁂
Super and Subscript

C⁰ Cⁱ C⁴ C⁵ C₆ C₇ C₈
Braille

⠓⠑⠇⠇⠕ ⠺⠕⠗⠇⠙

HTML Uniform Resource

Locators
A URL is another word for a web address.

A URL can be composed of words (e.g. [Link]), or an Internet

Protocol (IP) address (e.g. [Link]).

Most people enter the name when surfing, because names are easier
to remember than numbers.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other
data) on the web.

A web address like [Link] follows

these syntax rules:

scheme://[Link]:port/path/filename

Explanation:

 scheme - defines the type of Internet service (most common is http

or https)
 prefix - defines a domain prefix (default for http is www)
 domain - defines the Internet domain name (like [Link])
 port - defines the port number at the host (default for http is 80)
 path - defines a path at the server (If omitted: the root directory of
the site)
 filename - defines the name of a document or resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:

Scheme Short for Used for

http HyperText Transfer Protocol Common web pages. Not en

https Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure web pages. Encrypte

ftp File Transfer Protocol Downloading or uploading fi

file A file on your computer

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URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set. If a
URL contains characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted.

URL encoding converts non-ASCII characters into a format that can be

transmitted over the Internet.

URL encoding replaces non-ASCII characters with a "%" followed by

hexadecimal digits.

URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a
plus (+) sign, or %20.

Try It Yourself
Hello Günter

If you click "Submit", the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent
to the server.

A page at the server will display the received input.

Try some other input and click Submit again.

ASCII Encoding Examples

Your browser will encode input, according to the character-set used in your
page.

The default character-set in HTML5 is UTF-8.

Character From Windows-1252 From U

€ %80 %E2%8

£ %A3 %C2%A

® %AE %C2%A

À %C0 %C3%8

Á %C1 %C3%8

Â %C2 %C3%8

Ã %C3 %C3%8

Ä %C4 %C3%8
Å %C5 %C3%8

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding
Reference.

HTML Versus XHTML

XHTML is a stricter, more XML-based version of HTML.

What is XHTML?
 XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
 XHTML is a stricter, more XML-based version of HTML
 XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
 XHTML is supported by all major browsers

Why XHTML?
XML is a markup language where all documents must be marked up correctly
(be "well-formed").

XHTML was developed to make HTML more extensible and flexible to work
with other data formats (such as XML). In addition, browsers ignore errors in
HTML pages, and try to display the website even if it has some errors in the
markup. So XHTML comes with a much stricter error handling.

If you want to study XML, please read our XML Tutorial.

The Most Important Differences from

HTML
 <!DOCTYPE> is mandatory
 The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
 <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory
 Elements must always be properly nested
 Elements must always be closed
 Elements must always be in lowercase
 Attribute names must always be in lowercase
 Attribute values must always be quoted
 Attribute minimization is forbidden

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XHTML - <!DOCTYPE ....> Is

Mandatory
An XHTML document must have an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> declaration.

The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present,
and the xmlns attribute in <html> must specify the xml namespace for the
document.

Example
Here is an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"

"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link]
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>

some content here...

</body>
</html>
XHTML Elements Must be Properly
Nested
In XHTML, elements must always be properly nested within each other, like
this:

Correct:
<b><i>Some text</i></b>

Wrong:
<b><i>Some text</b></i>

XHTML Elements Must Always be

Closed
In XHTML, elements must always be closed, like this:

Correct:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Wrong:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

XHTML Empty Elements Must Always

be Closed
In XHTML, empty elements must always be closed, like this:

Correct:
A break: <br />
A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="[Link]" alt="Happy face" />

Wrong:
A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="[Link]" alt="Happy face">

XHTML Elements Must be in

Lowercase
In XHTML, element names must always be in lowercase, like this:

Correct:
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>

Wrong:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>

XHTML Attribute Names Must be in

Lowercase
In XHTML, attribute names must always be in lowercase, like this:

Correct:
<a href="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

Wrong:
<a HREF="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>
XHTML Attribute Values Must be
Quoted
In XHTML, attribute values must always be quoted, like this:

Correct:
<a href="[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

Wrong:
<a href=[Link] our HTML tutorial</a>

XHTML Attribute Minimization is

Forbidden
In XHTML, attribute minimization is forbidden:

Correct:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked="checked" /
>
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

Wrong:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />

HTML Forms
An HTML form is used to collect user input. The user input is most often
sent to a server for processing.
Example
First name:
J ohn

Last name:
Doe

The <form> Element

The HTML <form> element is used to create an HTML form for user input:

<form>
.
form elements
.
</form>

The <form> element is a container for different types of input elements, such
as: text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, etc.

All the different form elements are covered in this chapter: HTML Form
Elements.

The <input> Element

The HTML <input> element is the most used form element.

An <input> element can be displayed in many ways, depending on

the type attribute.

Here are some examples:

Type Description

<input type="text"> Displays a single-line text input field

<input type="radio"> Displays a radio button (for selecting one of ma

<input type="checkbox"> Displays a checkbox (for selecting zero or more

<input type="submit"> Displays a submit button (for submitting the for

<input type="button"> Displays a clickable button

All the different input types are covered in this chapter: HTML Input Types.

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Text Fields
The <input type="text"> defines a single-line input field for text input.

Example
A form with input fields for text:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname">
</form>
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of an
input field is 20 characters.

The <label> Element

Notice the use of the <label> element in the example above.

The <label> tag defines a label for many form elements.

The <label> element is useful for screen-reader users, because the screen-
reader will read out loud the label when the user focuses on the input
element.

The <label> element also helps users who have difficulty clicking on very
small regions (such as radio buttons or checkboxes) - because when the user
clicks the text within the <label> element, it toggles the radio
button/checkbox.

The for attribute of the <label> tag should be equal to the id attribute of
the <input> element to bind them together.

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Radio Buttons
The <input type="radio"> defines a radio button.

Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices.

Example
A form with radio buttons:
<p>Choose your favorite Web language:</p>

<form>
<input type="radio" id="html" name="fav_language" value="HTML">
<label for="html">HTML</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="css" name="fav_language" value="CSS">
<label for="css">CSS</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="javascript" name="fav_language" value="Java
Script">
<label for="javascript">JavaScript</label>
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Choose your favorite Web language:

HTML
CSS
JavaScript

Checkboxes
The <input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.

Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of

choices.

Example
A form with checkboxes:

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

I have a bike
I have a car
I have a boat

The Submit Button

The <input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting the form data to a
form-handler.

The form-handler is typically a file on the server with a script for processing
input data.

The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute.

Example
A form with a submit button:

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:
J ohn

Last name:
Doe

The Name Attribute for <input>

Notice that each input field must have a name attribute to be submitted.
If the name attribute is omitted, the value of the input field will not be sent at
all.

Example
This example will not submit the value of the "First name" input field:

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" value="John"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

HTML Form Attributes

This chapter describes the different attributes for the

HTML <form> element.

The Action Attribute

The action attribute defines the action to be performed when the form is
submitted.

Usually, the form data is sent to a file on the server when the user clicks on
the submit button.

In the example below, the form data is sent to a file called

"action_page.php". This file contains a server-side script that handles the
form data:

Example
On submit, send form data to "action_page.php":

Tip: If the action attribute is omitted, the action is set to the current page.

The Target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to display the response that is received
after submitting the form.

The target attribute can have one of the following values:

Value Description

_blank The response is displayed in a new window or tab

_self The response is displayed in the current window

_parent The response is displayed in the parent frame

_top The response is displayed in the full body of the window

framename The response is displayed in a named iframe

The default value is _self which means that the response will open in the
current window.
Example
Here, the submitted result will open in a new browser tab:

<form action="/action_page.php" target="_blank">

The Method Attribute

The method attribute specifies the HTTP method to be used when submitting
the form data.

The form-data can be sent as URL variables (with method="get") or as HTTP

post transaction (with method="post").

The default HTTP method when submitting form data is GET.

Example
This example uses the GET method when submitting the form data:

<form action="/action_page.php" method="get">

Example
This example uses the POST method when submitting the form data:

<form action="/action_page.php" method="post">

Notes on GET:

 Appends the form data to the URL, in name/value pairs

 NEVER use GET to send sensitive data! (the submitted form data is
visible in the URL!)
 The length of a URL is limited (2048 characters)
 Useful for form submissions where a user wants to bookmark the result
 GET is good for non-secure data, like query strings in Google

Notes on POST:

 Appends the form data inside the body of the HTTP request (the
submitted form data is not shown in the URL)
 POST has no size limitations, and can be used to send large amounts of
data.
 Form submissions with POST cannot be bookmarked
Tip: Always use POST if the form data contains sensitive or personal
information!

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The Autocomplete Attribute

The autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form should have
autocomplete on or off.

When autocomplete is on, the browser automatically complete values based

on values that the user has entered before.

Example
A form with autocomplete on:

<form action="/action_page.php" autocomplete="on">

The Novalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute.

When present, it specifies that the form-data (input) should not be validated
when submitted.

Example
A form with a novalidate attribute:

<form action="/action_page.php" novalidate>

List of All <form> Attributes
Attribute Description

accept-charset Specifies the character encodings used for form submission

action Specifies where to send the form-data when a form is submitted

autocomplete Specifies whether a form should have autocomplete on or off

enctype Specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the server (only f

method Specifies the HTTP method to use when sending form-data

name Specifies the name of the form

novalidate Specifies that the form should not be validated when submitted

rel Specifies the relationship between a linked resource and the current document

target Specifies where to display the response that is received after submitting the form
HTML Form Elements

This chapter describes all the different HTML form elements.

The HTML <form> Elements

The HTML <form> element can contain one or more of the following form
elements:

 <input>
 <label>
 <select>
 <textarea>
 <button>
 <fieldset>
 <legend>
 <datalist>
 <output>
 <option>
 <optgroup>

The <input> Element

One of the most used form elements is the <input> element.

The <input> element can be displayed in several ways, depending on

the type attribute.

Example
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname">

All the different values of the type attribute are covered in the next
chapter: HTML Input Types.
The <label> Element
The <label> element defines a label for several form elements.

The <label> element is useful for screen-reader users, because the screen-
reader will read out loud the label when the user focus on the input element.

The <label> element also help users who have difficulty clicking on very
small regions (such as radio buttons or checkboxes) - because when the user
clicks the text within the <label> element, it toggles the radio
button/checkbox.

The for attribute of the <label> tag should be equal to the id attribute of
the <input> element to bind them together.

The <select> Element

The <select> element defines a drop-down list:

Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

The <option> element defines an option that can be selected.

By default, the first item in the drop-down list is selected.

To define a pre-selected option, add the selected attribute to the option:

Example
<option value="fiat" selected>Fiat</option>
Visible Values:
Use the size attribute to specify the number of visible values:

Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars" size="3">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

Allow Multiple Selections:

Use the multiple attribute to allow the user to select more than one value:

Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars" size="4" multiple>
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
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The <textarea> Element

The <textarea> element defines a multi-line input field (a text area):

Example
<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="30">
The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>

The rows attribute specifies the visible number of lines in a text area.

The cols attribute specifies the visible width of a text area.

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

You can also define the size of the text area by using CSS:

Example
<textarea name="message" style="width:200px; height:600px;">
The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>

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The <button> Element

The <button> element defines a clickable button:

Example
<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click Me!
</button>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Click Me!
Note: Always specify the type attribute for the button element. Different
browsers may use different default types for the button element.
The <fieldset> and <legend>
Elements
The <fieldset> element is used to group related data in a form.

The <legend> element defines a caption for the <fieldset> element.

Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
<fieldset>
<legend>Personalia:</legend>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</fieldset>
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Personalia:First name:
J ohn

Last name:
Doe

The <datalist> Element

The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for
an <input> element.

Users will see a drop-down list of the pre-defined options as they input data.

The list attribute of the <input> element, must refer to the id attribute of
the <datalist> element.

Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Edge">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
</form>

The <output> Element

The <output> element represents the result of a calculation (like one
performed by a script).

Example
Perform a calculation and show the result in an <output> element:

HTML Form Elements

Tag Description
<form> Defines an HTML form for user input

<input> Defines an input control

<textarea> Defines a multiline input control (text area)

<label> Defines a label for an <input> element

<fieldset> Groups related elements in a form

<legend> Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element

<select> Defines a drop-down list

<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list

<option> Defines an option in a drop-down list

<button> Defines a clickable button

<datalist> Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls

<output> Defines the result of a calculation

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Input Types

This chapter describes the different types for the

HTML <input> element.

HTML Input Types

Here are the different input types you can use in HTML:

 <input type="button">
 <input type="checkbox">
 <input type="color">
 <input type="date">
 <input type="datetime-local">
 <input type="email">
 <input type="file">
 <input type="hidden">
 <input type="image">
 <input type="month">
 <input type="number">
 <input type="password">
 <input type="radio">
 <input type="range">
 <input type="reset">
 <input type="search">
 <input type="submit">
 <input type="tel">
 <input type="text">
 <input type="time">
 <input type="url">
 <input type="week">
Tip: The default value of the type attribute is "text".
Input Type Text
<input type="text"> defines a single-line text input field:

Example
<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname">
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Input Type Password

<input type="password"> defines a password field:

Example
<form>
<label for="username">Username:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username"><br>
<label for="pwd">Password:</label><br>
<input type="password" id="pwd" name="pwd">
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Username:

Password:

The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or

circles).
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Input Type Submit

<input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting form data to a form-
handler.

The form-handler is typically a server page with a script for processing input
data.

The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:

Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:
J ohn

Last name:
Doe

If you omit the submit button's value attribute, the button will get a default
text:
Example
<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
Input Type Reset
<input type="reset"> defines a reset button that will reset all form values to
their default values:

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

First name:
J ohn

Last name:
Doe

If you change the input values and then click the "Reset" button, the form-
data will be reset to the default values.

Input Type Radio

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button.

Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices:

Example
<p>Choose your favorite Web language:</p>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

HTML
CSS
JavaScript

Input Type Checkbox

<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.

Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of

choices.

Example
<form>
<input type="checkbox" id="vehicle1" name="vehicle1" value="Bike">
<label for="vehicle1"> I have a bike</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="vehicle2" name="vehicle2" value="Car">
<label for="vehicle2"> I have a car</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="vehicle3" name="vehicle3" value="Boat">
<label for="vehicle3"> I have a boat</label>
</form>

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

I have a bike
I have a car
I have a boat
Input Type Button
<input type="button"> defines a button:

Example
<input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')" value="Click
Me!">

This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

Input Type Color

The <input type="color"> is used for input fields that should contain a color.

Depending on browser support, a color picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="favcolor">Select your favorite color:</label>
<input type="color" id="favcolor" name="favcolor">
</form>

Input Type Date

The <input type="date"> is used for input fields that should contain a date.

Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="birthday">Birthday:</label>
<input type="date" id="birthday" name="birthday">
</form>

You can also use the min and max attributes to add restrictions to dates:
Example
<form>
<label for="datemax">Enter a date before 1980-01-01:</label>
<input type="date" id="datemax" name="datemax" max="1979-12-
31"><br><br>
<label for="datemin">Enter a date after 2000-01-01:</label>
<input type="date" id="datemin" name="datemin" min="2000-01-02">
</form>

Input Type Datetime-local

The <input type="datetime-local"> specifies a date and time input field, with
no time zone.

Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="birthdaytime">Birthday (date and time):</label>
<input type="datetime-local" id="birthdaytime" name="birthdaytime">
</form>

Input Type Email

The <input type="email"> is used for input fields that should contain an e-mail
address.

Depending on browser support, the e-mail address can be automatically

validated when submitted.

Some smartphones recognize the email type, and add ".com" to the
keyboard to match email input.

Example
<form>
<label for="email">Enter your email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email">
</form>

Input Type Image

The <input type="image"> defines an image as a submit button.

The path to the image is specified in the src attribute.

Example
<form>
<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" heig
ht="48">
</form>

Input Type File

The <input type="file"> defines a file-select field and a "Browse" button for
file uploads.

Example
<form>
<label for="myfile">Select a file:</label>
<input type="file" id="myfile" name="myfile">
</form>

Input Type Hidden

The <input type="hidden"> defines a hidden input field (not visible to a user).

A hidden field lets web developers include data that cannot be seen or
modified by users when a form is submitted.
A hidden field often stores what database record that needs to be updated
when the form is submitted.

Note: While the value is not displayed to the user in the page's content, it is
visible (and can be edited) using any browser's developer tools or "View
Source" functionality. Do not use hidden inputs as a form of security!

Example
<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<input type="hidden" id="custId" name="custId" value="3487">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

Input Type Month

The <input type="month"> allows the user to select a month and year.

Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="bdaymonth">Birthday (month and year):</label>
<input type="month" id="bdaymonth" name="bdaymonth">
</form>

Input Type Number

The <input type="number"> defines a numeric input field.

You can also set restrictions on what numbers are accepted.

The following example displays a numeric input field, where you can enter a
value from 1 to 5:

Example
<form>
<label for="quantity">Quantity (between 1 and 5):</label>
<input type="number" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">
</form>

Input Restrictions
Here is a list of some common input restrictions:

Attribute Description

checked Specifies that an input field should be pre-selected when the p

type="radio")

disabled Specifies that an input field should be disabled

max Specifies the maximum value for an input field

maxlength Specifies the maximum number of character for an input field

min Specifies the minimum value for an input field

pattern Specifies a regular expression to check the input value agains

readonly Specifies that an input field is read only (cannot be changed)

required Specifies that an input field is required (must be filled out)

size Specifies the width (in characters) of an input field

step Specifies the legal number intervals for an input field

value Specifies the default value for an input field

You will learn more about input restrictions in the next chapter.

The following example displays a numeric input field, where you can enter a
value from 0 to 100, in steps of 10. The default value is 30:

Example
<form>
<label for="quantity">Quantity:</label>
<input type="number" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="0" max="100
" step="10" value="30">
</form>

Input Type Range

The <input type="range"> defines a control for entering a number whose exact
value is not important (like a slider control). Default range is 0 to 100.
However, you can set restrictions on what numbers are accepted with
the min, max, and step attributes:

Example
<form>
<label for="vol">Volume (between 0 and 50):</label>
<input type="range" id="vol" name="vol" min="0" max="50">
</form>
Input Type Search
The <input type="search"> is used for search fields (a search field behaves like
a regular text field).

Example
<form>
<label for="gsearch">Search Google:</label>
<input type="search" id="gsearch" name="gsearch">
</form>

Input Type Tel

The <input type="tel"> is used for input fields that should contain a telephone
number.

Example
<form>
<label for="phone">Enter your phone number:</label>
<input type="tel" id="phone" name="phone" pattern="[0-9]{3}-[0-9]
{2}-[0-9]{3}">
</form>

Input Type Time

The <input type="time"> allows the user to select a time (no time zone).

Depending on browser support, a time picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="appt">Select a time:</label>
<input type="time" id="appt" name="appt">
</form>

Input Type Url

The <input type="url"> is used for input fields that should contain a URL
address.

Depending on browser support, the url field can be automatically validated

when submitted.

Some smartphones recognize the url type, and adds ".com" to the keyboard
to match url input.

Example
<form>
<label for="homepage">Add your homepage:</label>
<input type="url" id="homepage" name="homepage">
</form>

Input Type Week

The <input type="week"> allows the user to select a week and year.

Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
<label for="week">Select a week:</label>
<input type="week" id="week" name="week">
</form>

HTML Input Type Attribute

Tag Description

<input type=""> Specifies the input type to display

HTML Input Attributes

This chapter describes the different attributes for the

HTML <input> element.

The value Attribute

The input value attribute specifies an initial value for an input field:

Example
Input fields with initial (default) values:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe">
</form>

The readonly Attribute

The input readonly attribute specifies that an input field is read-only.

A read-only input field cannot be modified (however, a user can tab to it,
highlight it, and copy the text from it).
The value of a read-only input field will be sent when submitting the form!

Example
A read-only input field:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John" readonly><b
r>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe">
</form>

The disabled Attribute

The input disabled attribute specifies that an input field should be disabled.

A disabled input field is unusable and un-clickable.

The value of a disabled input field will not be sent when submitting the form!

Example
A disabled input field:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John" disabled><b
r>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe">
</form>

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The size Attribute

The input size attribute specifies the visible width, in characters, of an input
field.

The default value for size is 20.

Note: The size attribute works with the following input types: text, search,
tel, url, email, and password.

Example
Set a width for an input field:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" size="50"><br>
<label for="pin">PIN:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="pin" name="pin" size="4">
</form>

The maxlength Attribute

The input maxlength attribute specifies the maximum number of characters
allowed in an input field.

Note: When a maxlength is set, the input field will not accept more than the
specified number of characters. However, this attribute does not provide any
feedback. So, if you want to alert the user, you must write JavaScript code.

Example
Set a maximum length for an input field:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" size="50"><br>
<label for="pin">PIN:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="pin" name="pin" maxlength="4" size="4">
</form>
The min and max Attributes
The input min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum values
for an input field.

The min and max attributes work with the following input types: number,
range, date, datetime-local, month, time and week.

Tip: Use the max and min attributes together to create a range of legal
values.

Example
Set a max date, a min date, and a range of legal values:

<form>
<label for="datemax">Enter a date before 1980-01-01:</label>
<input type="date" id="datemax" name="datemax" max="1979-12-
31"><br><br>

<label for="datemin">Enter a date after 2000-01-01:</label>

<label for="quantity">Quantity (between 1 and 5):</label>

The multiple Attribute

The input multiple attribute specifies that the user is allowed to enter more
than one value in an input field.

The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.

Example
A file upload field that accepts multiple values:

<form>
<label for="files">Select files:</label>
<input type="file" id="files" name="files" multiple>
</form>

The pattern Attribute

The input pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the input
field's value is checked against, when the form is submitted.

The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, date, search,
url, tel, email, and password.

Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user.

Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.

Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special
characters):

<form>
<label for="country_code">Country code:</label>
<input type="text" id="country_code" name="country_code"
pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}" title="Three letter country code">
</form>

The placeholder Attribute

The input placeholder attribute specifies a short hint that describes the
expected value of an input field (a sample value or a short description of the
expected format).

The short hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.

The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search,
url, number, tel, email, and password.

Example
An input field with a placeholder text:

<form>
<label for="phone">Enter a phone number:</label>
<input type="tel" id="phone" name="phone"
placeholder="123-45-678"
pattern="[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{3}">
</form>

The required Attribute

The input required attribute specifies that an input field must be filled out
before submitting the form.

The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url,
tel, email, password, date pickers, number, checkbox, radio, and file.

Example
A required input field:

<form>
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
</form>

The step Attribute

The input step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an input field.

Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc.

Tip: This attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to
create a range of legal values.

The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date,
datetime-local, month, time and week.

Example
An input field with a specified legal number intervals:

<form>
<label for="points">Points:</label>
<input type="number" id="points" name="points" step="3">
</form>
Note: Input restrictions are not foolproof, and JavaScript provides many
ways to add illegal input. To safely restrict input, it must also be checked by
the receiver (the server)!

The autofocus Attribute

The input autofocus attribute specifies that an input field should automatically
get focus when the page loads.

Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" autofocus><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname">
</form>

The height and width Attributes

The input height and width attributes specify the height and width of
an <input type="image"> element.

Tip: Always specify both the height and width attributes for images. If height
and width are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the
page is loaded. Without these attributes, the browser does not know the size
of the image, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The effect will
be that the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).

Example
Define an image as the submit button, with height and width attributes:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" he
ight="48">
</form>

The list Attribute

The input list attribute refers to a <datalist> element that contains pre-
defined options for an <input> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:

The autocomplete Attribute

The input autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or an input field
should have autocomplete on or off.

Autocomplete allows the browser to predict the value. When a user starts to
type in a field, the browser should display options to fill in the field, based on
earlier typed values.
The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types:
text, search, url, tel, email, password, datepickers, range, and color.

Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on, and off for one input field:

<form action="/action_page.php" autocomplete="on">

<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>
<br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

Tip: In some browsers you may need to activate an autocomplete function

for this to work (Look under "Preferences" in the browser's menu).

HTML Form and Input Elements

Tag Description

<form> Defines an HTML form for user input

<input> Defines an input control

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Input form* Attributes

This chapter describes the different form* attributes for the
HTML <input> element.

The form Attribute

The input form attribute specifies the form the <input> element belongs to.

The value of this attribute must be equal to the id attribute of the <form>
element it belongs to.

Example
An input field located outside of the HTML form (but still a part of the form):

<form action="/action_page.php" id="form1">

<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

<label for="lname">Last name:</label>

The formaction Attribute

The input formaction attribute specifies the URL of the file that will process
the input when the form is submitted.

Note: This attribute overrides the action attribute of the <form> element.

The formaction attribute works with the following input types: submit and
image.

Example
An HTML form with two submit buttons, with different actions:

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formaction="/action_page2.php" value="Submit
as Admin">
</form>

The formenctype Attribute

The input formenctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be
encoded when submitted (only for forms with method="post").

Note: This attribute overrides the enctype attribute of the <form> element.

The formenctype attribute works with the following input types: submit and
image.

Example
A form with two submit buttons. The first sends the form-data with default
encoding, the second sends the form-data encoded as "multipart/form-data":

<form action="/action_page_binary.asp" method="post">

<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data"
value="Submit as Multipart/form-data">
</form>

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The formmethod Attribute

The input formmethod attribute defines the HTTP method for sending form-
data to the action URL.
Note: This attribute overrides the method attribute of the <form> element.

The formmethod attribute works with the following input types: submit and
image.

The form-data can be sent as URL variables (method="get") or as an HTTP

post transaction (method="post").

Notes on the "get" method:

 This method appends the form-data to the URL in name/value pairs

 This method is useful for form submissions where a user want to
bookmark the result
 There is a limit to how much data you can place in a URL (varies
between browsers), therefore, you cannot be sure that all of the form-
data will be correctly transferred
 Never use the "get" method to pass sensitive information! (password
or other sensitive information will be visible in the browser's address
bar)

Notes on the "post" method:

 This method sends the form-data as an HTTP post transaction

 Form submissions with the "post" method cannot be bookmarked
 The "post" method is more robust and secure than "get", and "post"
does not have size limitations
Example
A form with two submit buttons. The first sends the form-data with
method="get". The second sends the form-data with method="post":

<form action="/action_page.php" method="get">

<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit using GET">
<input type="submit" formmethod="post" value="Submit using POST">
</form>
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The formtarget Attribute

The input formtarget attribute specifies a name or a keyword that indicates
where to display the response that is received after submitting the form.

Note: This attribute overrides the target attribute of the <form> element.

The formtarget attribute works with the following input types: submit and
image.

Example
A form with two submit buttons, with different target windows:

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formtarget="_blank" value="Submit to a new
window/tab">
</form>

The formnovalidate Attribute

The input formnovalidate attribute specifies that an <input> element should
not be validated when submitted.

Note: This attribute overrides the novalidate attribute of the <form> element.

The formnovalidate attribute works with the following input types: submit.

Example
A form with two submit buttons (with and without validation):

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="email">Enter your email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formnovalidate="formnovalidate"
value="Submit without validation">
</form>
The novalidate Attribute
The novalidate attribute is a <form> attribute.

When present, novalidate specifies that all of the form-data should not be
validated when submitted.

Example
Specify that no form-data should be validated on submit:

<form action="/action_page.php" novalidate>

<label for="email">Enter your email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

HTML Form and Input Elements

Tag Description

<form> Defines an HTML form for user input

<input> Defines an input control

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Canvas Graphics

The HTML <canvas> element is used to draw graphics on a web page.

The graphic to the left is created with <canvas>. It shows four
elements: a red rectangle, a gradient rectangle, a multicolor rectangle,
and a multicolor text.

What is HTML Canvas?

The HTML <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via
JavaScript.

The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. You must use
JavaScript to actually draw the graphics.

Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and
adding images.

Canvas is supported by all major browsers.

Canvas Examples
A canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page. By default, a canvas has no
border and no content.

The markup looks like this:

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>

Note: Always specify an id attribute (to be referred to in a script), and

a width and height attribute to define the size of the canvas. To add a border,
use the style attribute.

Here is an example of a basic, empty canvas:

Example
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px
solid #000000;">
</canvas>
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Add a JavaScript
After creating the rectangular canvas area, you must add a JavaScript to do
the drawing.

Here are some examples:

Draw a Line
Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");
[Link](0, 0);
[Link](200, 100);
[Link]();
</script>

Draw a Circle
Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");
[Link]();
[Link](95, 50, 40, 0, 2 * [Link]);
[Link]();
</script>
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Draw a Text
Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");
[Link] = "30px Arial";
[Link]("Hello World", 10, 50);
</script>

Stroke Text
Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");
[Link] = "30px Arial";
[Link]("Hello World", 10, 50);
</script>

Draw Linear Gradient

Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");

// Create gradient
var grd = [Link](0, 0, 200, 0);
[Link](0, "red");
[Link](1, "white");

// Fill with gradient

[Link] = grd;
[Link](10, 10, 150, 80);
</script>

Draw Circular Gradient

Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");

// Create gradient
var grd = [Link](75, 50, 5, 90, 60, 100);
[Link](0, "red");
[Link](1, "white");

// Fill with gradient

[Link] = grd;
[Link](10, 10, 150, 80);
</script>

Draw Image
Example
<script>
var c = [Link]("myCanvas");
var ctx = [Link]("2d");
var img = [Link]("scream");
[Link](img, 10, 10);
</script>

HTML Canvas Tutorial

To learn more about <canvas>, please read our HTML Canvas Tutorial

HTML SVG Graphics

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

SVG defines vector-based graphics in XML, which can be directly embedded
in HTML pages.

SVG graphics are scalable, and do not lose any quality if they are zoomed or
resized:

SVG

SVG is supported by all major browsers.

What is SVG?
 SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics
 SVG is used to define vector-based graphics for the Web
 SVG defines graphics in XML format
 Each element and attribute in SVG files can be animated
 SVG is a W3C recommendation
 SVG integrates with other standards, such as CSS, DOM, XSL and
JavaScript

The <svg> Element

The HTML <svg> element is a container for SVG graphics.

SVG has several methods for drawing paths, rectangles, circles, polygons,
text, and much more.

SVG Circle
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<svg width="100" height="100">

</body>
</html>

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SVG Rectangle
Example
<svg width="400" height="120">
<rect x="10" y="10" width="200" height="100" stroke="red" stroke-
width="6" fill="blue" />
</svg>

SVG Rectangle with Opacity and

Rounded Corners
Example
<svg width="400" height="180">
<rect x="50" y="20" rx="20" ry="20" width="150" height="150"
style="fill:red;stroke:black;stroke-width:5;opacity:0.5" />
</svg>

SVG Star
Example
<svg width="300" height="200">
<polygon points="100,10 40,198 190,78 10,78 160,198"
style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-
rule:evenodd;" />
</svg>

SVG Gradient Ellipse and Text

SVG
Example
<svg height="130" width="500">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="grad1">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="yellow" />
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="red" />
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<ellipse cx="100" cy="70" rx="85" ry="55" fill="url(#grad1)" />
<text fill="#ffffff" font-size="45" font-family="Verdana" x="50"
y="86">SVG</text>
Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.
</svg>

Differences Between SVG and Canvas

SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML, while Canvas draws 2D
graphics, on the fly (with JavaScript).

SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the
SVG DOM. You can attach JavaScript event handlers to SVG graphics.

In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an

SVG object are changed, the browser can automatically re-render the shape.

Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is

forgotten by the browser. If its position should be changed, the entire scene
needs to be redrawn, including any objects that might have been covered by
the graphic.
Comparison of SVG and Canvas
The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and
SVG:

SVG Canvas

 Resolution independent  Resolution dep

 Support for event handlers  No support for
 Good text rendering capabilities  Poor text rende
 Slow rendering if complex  You can save th
 Not suited for game applications  Well suited for

SVG Tutorial
To learn more about SVG, please read our SVG Tutorial.

HTML Multimedia

Multimedia on the web is sound, music, videos, movies, and

animations.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you
can hear or see, like images, music, sound, videos, records, films,
animations, and more.

Web pages often contain multimedia elements of different types and

formats.
Browser Support
The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a single font in a
single color.

Later came browsers with support for colors, fonts, images, and multimedia!

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like audio or video) are stored in media files.

The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file
extension.

Multimedia files have formats and different extensions

like: .wav, .mp3, .mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

Common Video Formats

There are many video formats out there.

The MP4, WebM, and Ogg formats are supported

by HTML.

The MP4 format is recommended by YouTube.

Format File Description

MPEG .mpg MPEG. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. The first pop
.mpe supported anymore in HTML.
g
AVI .avi AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly use
well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

WMV .wmv WMV (Windows Media Video). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly us

well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.

QuickTi .mov QuickTime. Developed by Apple. Commonly used in video cameras a

me computers, but not in web browsers.

RealVide .rm RealVideo. Developed by Real Media to allow video streaming with lo
o .ram browsers.

Flash .swf Flash. Developed by Macromedia. Often requires an extra componen

.flv

Ogg .ogg Theora Ogg. Developed by the [Link] Foundation. Supported by H

WebM .web WebM. Developed by Mozilla, Opera, Adobe, and Google. Supported
m

MPEG-4 .mp4 MP4. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. Commonly use
or MP4 Supported by all browsers and recommended by YouTube.

Note: Only MP4, WebM, and Ogg video are supported by the HTML standard.

Common Audio Formats

MP3 is the best format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has
become synonymous with digital music.

If your website is about recorded music, MP3 is the choice.

Format File Description

MIDI .mid MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Main format for all electron
.mid sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital notes that can
i computers and music hardware, but not in web browsers.

RealAudi .rm RealAudio. Developed by Real Media to allow streaming of audio with l
o .ra browsers.
m

WMA .wm WMA (Windows Media Audio). Developed by Microsoft. Plays well on W
a

AAC .aac AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). Developed by Apple as the default form
computers, but not in web browsers.

WAV .wa WAV. Developed by IBM and Microsoft. Plays well on Windows, Macinto
v Supported by HTML.

Ogg .ogg Ogg. Developed by the [Link] Foundation. Supported by HTML.

MP3 .mp MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MP3 is the most po
3 good compression (small files) with high quality. Supported by all brow
MP4 .mp MP4 is a video format, but can also be used for audio. Supported by al
4

Note: Only MP3, WAV, and Ogg audio are supported by the HTML standard.

HTML Video

The HTML <video> element is used to show a video on a web page.

Video
Example
Courtesy of Big Buck Bunny:

The HTML <video> Element

To show a video in HTML, use the <video> element:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="[Link]" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

How it Works
The controls attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume.
It is a good idea to always include width and height attributes. If height and
width are not set, the page might flicker while the video loads.

The <source> element allows you to specify alternative video files which the
browser may choose from. The browser will use the first recognized format.

The text between the <video> and </video> tags will only be displayed in
browsers that do not support the <video> element.

HTML <video> Autoplay

To start a video automatically, use the autoplay attribute:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" autoplay>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="[Link]" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
Note: Chromium browsers do not allow autoplay in most cases. However,
muted autoplay is always allowed.

Add muted after autoplay to let your video start playing automatically (but
muted):

Example
<video width="320" height="240" autoplay muted>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="[Link]" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports
the <video> element.
Element

<video> 4.0 9.0 3.5

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HTML Video Formats

There are three supported video formats: MP4, WebM, and Ogg. The browser
support for the different formats is:

Browser MP4 WebM

Edge YES YES

Chrome YES YES

Firefox YES YES

Safari YES YES

Opera YES YES

HTML Video - Media Types
File Format Media Type

MP4 video/mp4

WebM video/webm

Ogg video/ogg

HTML Video - Methods, Properties, and

Events
The HTML DOM defines methods, properties, and events for
the <video> element.

This allows you to load, play, and pause videos, as well as setting duration
and volume.

There are also DOM events that can notify you when a video begins to play,
is paused, etc.

Example: Using JavaScript

Play/Pause Big Small Normal

Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.

For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML Video Tags
Tag Description

<video> Defines a video or movie

<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as

<track> Defines text tracks in media players

HTML Audio

The HTML <audio> element is used to play an audio file on a web

page.

The HTML <audio> Element

To play an audio file in HTML, use the <audio> element:

Example
<audio controls>
<source src="[Link]" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
HTML Audio - How It Works
The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume.

The <source> element allows you to specify alternative audio files which the
browser may choose from. The browser will use the first recognized format.

The text between the <audio> and </audio> tags will only be displayed in
browsers that do not support the <audio> element.

HTML <audio> Autoplay

To start an audio file automatically, use the autoplay attribute:

Example
<audio controls autoplay>
<source src="[Link]" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
Note: Chromium browsers do not allow autoplay in most cases. However,
muted autoplay is always allowed.

Add muted after autoplay to let your audio file start playing automatically (but
muted):

Example
<audio controls autoplay muted>
<source src="[Link]" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports
the <audio> element.

Element

<audio> 4.0 9.0 3.5

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HTML Audio Formats

There are three supported audio formats: MP3, WAV, and OGG. The browser
support for the different formats is:

Browser MP3 WAV

Edge/IE YES YES*

Chrome YES YES

Firefox YES YES

Safari YES YES

Opera YES YES

*From Edge 79

HTML Audio - Media Types

File Format Media Type

MP3 audio/mpeg

OGG audio/ogg

WAV audio/wav

HTML Audio - Methods, Properties, and

Events
The HTML DOM defines methods, properties, and events for
the <audio> element.

This allows you to load, play, and pause audios, as well as set duration and
volume.

There are also DOM events that can notify you when an audio begins to play,
is paused, etc.

For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML Audio Tags
Tag Description

<audio> Defines sound content

<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video

HTML Plug-ins

Plug-ins are computer programs that extend the standard functionality

of the browser.

Plug-ins
Plug-ins were designed to be used for many different purposes:

 To run Java applets

 To run Microsoft ActiveX controls
 To display Flash movies
 To display maps
 To scan for viruses
 To verify a bank id
Warning !

Most browsers no longer support Java Applets and Plug-ins.

ActiveX controls are no longer supported in any browsers.

The support for Shockwave Flash has also been turned off in modern
browsers.
The <object> Element
The <object> element is supported by all browsers.

The <object> element defines an embedded object within an HTML

document.

It was designed to embed plug-ins (like Java applets, PDF readers, and Flash
Players) in web pages, but can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<object width="100%" height="500px" data="[Link]"></object>

Or images if you like:

Example
<object data="[Link]"></object>

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The <embed> Element

The <embed> element is supported in all major browsers.

The <embed> element also defines an embedded object within an HTML

document.

Web browsers have supported the <embed> element for a long time.
However, it has not been a part of the HTML specification before HTML5.

Example
<embed src="[Link]">
Note that the <embed> element does not have a closing tag. It can not
contain alternative text.
The <embed> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<embed width="100%" height="500px" src="[Link]">

HTML YouTube Videos

The easiest way to play videos in HTML, is to use YouTube.

Struggling with Video Formats?

Converting videos to different formats can be difficult and time-consuming.

An easier solution is to let YouTube play the videos in your web page.

YouTube Video Id
YouTube will display an id (like tgbNymZ7vqY), when you save (or play) a
video.

You can use this id, and refer to your video in the HTML code.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

To play your video on a web page, do the following:

 Upload the video to YouTube

 Take a note of the video id
 Define an <iframe> element in your web page
 Let the src attribute point to the video URL
 Use the width and height attributes to specify the dimension of the
player
 Add any other parameters to the URL (see below)
Example
<iframe width="420" height="315"
src="[Link]
</iframe>

YouTube Autoplay + Mute

You can let your video start playing automatically when a user visits the
page, by adding autoplay=1 to the YouTube URL. However, automatically
starting a video is annoying for your visitors!

Note: Chromium browsers do not allow autoplay in most cases. However,

muted autoplay is always allowed.

Add mute=1 after autoplay=1 to let your video start playing automatically
(but muted).

YouTube - Autoplay + Muted

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YouTube Playlist
A comma separated list of videos to play (in addition to the original URL).

YouTube Loop
Add playlist=videoID and loop=1 to let your video loop forever.

loop=0 (default) - The video will play only once.

loop=1 - The video will loop (forever).

YouTube - Loop forever

YouTube Controls
Add controls=0 to NOT display controls in the video player.

controls=0 - Player controls does not display.

controls=1 (default) - Player controls is displayed.

YouTube - Controls
<iframe width="420" height="315"
src="[Link]
</iframe>

HTML - What is a Web API?

A Web API is a developer's dream.

 It can extend the functionality of the browser

 It can greatly simplify complex functions
 It can provide easy syntax to complex code

What is Web API?

API stands for Application Programming Interface. An API is some kind of
interface that includes a set of functions and subroutines that allow
programmers to access specific features or data of an application, operating
system or other services.

A Web API is an application programming interface for the Web.

HTML APIs
All browsers have a set of built-in Web APIs to support complex operations,
and to help accessing data.

Here are some of the main HTML5 APIs:

1. Geolocation API - This API is used to access the current location of a user
(with latitude and longitude).

2. Drag and Drop API - This API enables you to use drag-and-drop features
in browsers.

3. Web Storage API - This API has mechanisms to let browsers store
key/value pairs (in a more intuitive way than cookies).

4. Web Workers API - This API allows a JavaScript to run in the background,
without affecting the performance of the page. Users can continue to do
whatever they want: clicking, selecting things, etc., while the web worker
runs in the background.

5. Server-Sent Events API - This API allows a web page to automatically

get updates from a server.

6. Canvas API - This API lets you draw graphics, on the fly, via JavaScript.

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Notes on Using HTML APIs

When implementing an HTML API, you should always:

Check Browser Capability - Always check that the target browsers support
the API. Always add script or message to be run if a browser does not
support it.

Add Robust Error Handling - Add robust error handling to take care of
scenarios where an API may not function as expected, to ensure a seamless
user experience.

Request User Permission - When using an API that accesses sensitive

data, like the Geolocation API (which will access the user's geographical
position), always prompt the user for consent before proceeding.

Third Party APIs

Third party APIs are not built into your browser.

To use these APIs, you will have to download the code from the Web.

Examples:

 YouTube API - Allows you to display videos on a web site.

 Twitter API - Allows you to display Tweets on a web site.
 Facebook API - Allows you to display Facebook info on a web site.

HTML Geolocation API

The Geolocation API is used to get the user's current location.

Locate the User's Position

The Geolocation API is used to access the user's current location.
Since this can compromise privacy, the location is not available unless the
user approves it.

Note: The Geolocation API is only available on secure contexts such as

HTTPS.

Tip: The Geolocation API is most accurate for devices with GPS, like
smartphones or smartwatches.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports
Geolocation.

API

Geolocation 5.0 12.0 3.5

Using HTML Geolocation API

The Geolocation API is accessed via a call to [Link]. This
will cause the browser to ask the user for permission to access their location
data. If the user accept, the browser will search for the best available
functionality on the device to access this information (for example GPS).

The getCurrentPosition() method is used to return the user's current

location.

The example below returns the latitude and longitude of the user's current
location:

Example
<script>
const x = [Link]("demo");
function getLocation() {
if ([Link]) {
[Link](success, error);
} else {
[Link] = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}

function success(position) {
[Link] = "Latitude: " + [Link] +
"<br>Longitude: " + [Link];
}

function error() {
alert("Sorry, no position available.");
}
</script>

Example explained:

 Check if Geolocation is supported

 If Geolocation is supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not,
display a message to the user
 The success() function outputs the user's location in latitude and longitude
 The error() function alerts a text if the browser retrieves an error
in getCurrentPosition()

Error Handling and Rejections

The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to
handle errors. It specifies a function to run if it fails to get the user's location.

Here is an example of a more specific error handling:

Example
function error(error) {
switch([Link]) {
case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:
[Link] = "User denied the request for Geolocation."
break;
case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:
[Link] = "Location information is unavailable."
break;
case [Link]:
[Link] = "The request to get user location timed out."
break;
case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:
[Link] = "An unknown error occurred."
break;
}
}
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Location-specific Information
Geolocation is also very useful for location-specific information, like:

 Up-to-date local information

 Showing Points-of-interest near the user
 Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)

The getCurrentPosition() Method -

Return Data
The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object on success. The
latitude, longitude and accuracy properties are always returned. The other
properties are returned if available:

Property Returns

[Link] The latitude as a decimal number (always returned)

[Link] The longitude as a decimal number (always returned)

[Link] The accuracy of position (always returned)

[Link] The altitude in meters above the mean sea level (returned if avai

[Link] The altitude accuracy of position (returned if available)

acy

[Link] The heading as degrees clockwise from North (returned if availab

[Link] The speed in meters per second (returned if available)

timestamp The date/time of the response (returned if available)

Geolocation Object - Other interesting

Methods
The Geolocation object also has other interesting methods:

 watchPosition() - Returns the current location of the user and

continues to return updated location as the user moves (like the GPS in
a car).
 clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method.

The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an

accurate GPS device to test this (like a smartphone):

Example
<script>
const x = [Link]("demo");

function getLocation() {
if ([Link]) {
[Link](success, error);
} else {
[Link] = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}

function success(position) {
[Link] = "Latitude: " + [Link] +
"<br>Longitude: " + [Link];
}

function error(error) {
switch([Link]) {
case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:
[Link] = "User denied the request for Geolocation."
break;
case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:
[Link] = "Location information is unavailable."
break;
case [Link]:
[Link] = "The request to get user location timed out."
break;
case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:
[Link] = "An unknown error occurred."
break;
}
}
</script>

HTML Drag and Drop API

The HTML Drag and Drop API enables an element to be dragged and
dropped.

Example
Drag the W3Schools image into the second rectangle.

Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and
drag it to a different location.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports
Drag and Drop.

API

Drag and Drop 4.0 9.0 3.5

HTML Drag and Drop API Example

The example below is a simple drag and drop example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function dragstartHandler(ev) {
[Link]("text", [Link]);
}

function dragoverHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
}
function dropHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
const data = [Link]("text");
[Link]([Link](data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<div id="div1" ondrop="dropHandler(event)" ondragover="dragoverHandle

r(event)"></div>

<img id="img1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true" ondragstart="drags

tartHandler(event)" width="336" height="69">

</body>
</html>

It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a
drag and drop event.

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Make an Element Draggable

First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:

<img id="img1" draggable="true">

or:

<p id="p1" draggable="true">Draggable text</p>

What to Drag - ondragstart and

setData()
Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged.
In the example above, the ondragstart attribute of the <img> element calls a
function (dragstartHandler(ev)), that specifies what data to be dragged.

The [Link]() method sets the data type and the value of the
dragged data:

function dragstartHandler(ev) {
[Link]("text", [Link]);
}

In this case, the data type is "text" and the value is the id of the draggable
element ("img1").

Where to Drop - ondragover

The ondragover attrribute of the <div> element calls a function
(dragoverHandler(ev)), that specifies where the dragged data can be
dropped.

By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a

drop, we must prevent the default handling of the element.

This is done by calling the preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:

function dragoverHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
}

Do the Drop - ondrop

When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs.

In the example above, the ondrop attribute of the <div> element calls a
function, dropHandler(event):

function dropHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
const data = [Link]("text");
[Link]([Link](data));
}
Code explained:

 Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the

data (default is open as link on drop)
 Get the dragged data with the [Link]() method. This
method will return any data that was set to the same type in
the setData() method
 The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("img1")
 Append the dragged element into the drop element

More Examples
Example
How to drag and drop an <h1> element to a <div> element:

function dragoverHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
}

function dropHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
const data = [Link]("text");
[Link]([Link](data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<div id="div1" ondrop="dropHandler(event)" ondragover="dragoverHandle

r(event)"></div>

<h1 id="h1" draggable="true" ondragstart="dragstartHandler(event)">W3

[Link]</h1>

Example
How to drag and drop an <a> element to a <div> element:
<script>
function dragstartHandler(ev) {
[Link]("text", [Link]);
}

function dragoverHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
}

function dropHandler(ev) {
[Link]();
const data = [Link]("text");
[Link]([Link](data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<div id="div1" ondrop="dropHandler(event)" ondragover="dragoverHandle

r(event)"></div>

<a id="link1" href="[Link] draggable="true" ondragsta

rt="dragstartHandler(event)">[Link]</a>

Example
How to drag and drop an image back and forth between two <div>
elements:

HTML Web Storage API

HTML Web Storage API; better than cookies.

What is HTML Web Storage?

With web storage, applications can store data locally within the user's
browser.
Before HTML5, application data had to be stored in cookies, included in every
server request. Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can
be stored locally, without affecting website performance.

Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far larger (at least 5MB) and information is
never transferred to the server.

Web storage is per origin (per domain and protocol). All pages, from one
origin, can store and access the same data.

Web Storage API Objects

Web storage provides two objects for storing data in the browser:

 [Link] - stores data with no expiration date (data is

not lost when the browser tab is closed)
 [Link] - stores data for one session (data is lost
when the browser tab is closed)

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports
Web Storage.

API

localStorage 4.0 8.0 3.5

sessionStorage 4.0 8.0 3.5

Test Web Storage API Support

Before using web storage, we can quickly check browser support for
localStorage and sessionStorage:
Example
Test browser support:

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The localStorage Object

The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data
will not be lost when the browser is closed, and will be available the next
day, week, or year.

Example
Use localStorage to set and retrieve name and value pairs:

if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {

// Store
[Link]("lastname", "Smith");
[Link]("bgcolor", "yellow");
// Retrieve
[Link] = [Link]("lastname");
[Link] = [Link]("bgcolor");
} else {
[Link] = "Sorry, no Web storage support!";
}
</script>

Example explained:
 Use the [Link]() method to create name/value pairs
 Use the [Link]() method to retrieve the values set
 Retrieve the value of "lastname" and insert it into an element with
id="result"
 Retrieve the value of "bgcolor" and insert it into the style
backgroundColor of the element with id="result"

The syntax for removing the "lastname" localStorage item is as follows:

[Link]("lastname");

Note: Name/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert

them to another format when needed!

Counting Clicks with localStorage

The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a
button. In this code the value string is converted to a number to be able to
increase the counter:

Example
<script>
function clickCounter() {
const x = [Link]("result");
if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
if ([Link]) {
[Link] = Number([Link])+1;
} else {
[Link] = 1;
}
[Link] = "You have clicked the button
" + [Link] + " time(s)!";
} else {
[Link] = "Sorry, no Web storage support!";
}
}
</script>

The sessionStorage Object

The sessionStorage object is equal to
the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one session!
The data is deleted when the user closes the specific browser tab.

Counting Clicks with sessionStorage

The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a
button, in the current session:

Example
<script>
function clickCounter() {
const x = [Link]("result");
if (typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
if ([Link]) {
[Link] = Number([Link])
+1;
} else {
[Link] = 1;
}
[Link] = "You have clicked the button
" + [Link] + " time(s) in this session!";
} else {
[Link] = "Sorry, no Web storage support!";
}
}
</script>

HTML Web Workers API

A web worker is an external JavaScript file that runs in the background,

without affecting the performance of the page.

What is a Web Worker?

When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive
until the script is finished.
A web worker is an external JavaScript file that runs in the background,
independently of other scripts, without affecting the performance of the
page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking, selecting things,
etc., while the web worker runs in the background.

Web workers are useful for heavy code that can't be run on the main thread,
without causing long tasks that make the page unresponsive.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support
the Web Workers API.

API

Web Workers 4.0 10.0 3.5

Web Workers API Example

The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the
background:

Example
Count numbers:

Start Worker Stop Worker

Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for
more CPU intensive tasks!

Check Web Worker API Support

Before using web worker, we can quickly check browser support:
Example
Test browser support:

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Create a .js Web Worker File

Now, let's create a web worker in an external JavaScript file.

Here we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the

"demo_workers.js" file:

var i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}

timedCount();

Note: The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method -
which is used to post messages back to the HTML page.

Create a Web Worker Object

Once we have created the .js web worker file, we can call it from an HTML
page.

The following lines checks if a worker (w) already exists, if not - it creates a
new web worker object and points to the .js file: "demo_workers.js":

if (typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}

Then we can SEND and RETRIEVE messages from the web worker.

Data is sent between web workers and the main thread via a system of
messages - both sides send their messages using the postMessage() method,
and respond to messages via the onmessage event handler.

Add an onmessage event listener to the web worker object.

[Link] = function(event){
[Link]("result").innerHTML = [Link];
};

When the web worker in the .js posts a message, the code within the event
listener is executed. The data from the web worker is stored in [Link].

Terminate a Web Worker

When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages
until it is terminated.

To terminate a web worker object, and free browser/computer resources, use

the terminate() method:

[Link]();

Reuse the Web Worker

If you set the web worker variable to undefined, after it has been terminated,
you can reuse the worker/code:
w = undefined;

Full Web Worker Example

We have already seen the Web Worker code in the .js file.

Below is the full code for the HTML page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p>

<button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button>
<button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button>

<script>
let w;

function stopWorker() {
[Link]();
w = undefined;
}
</script>

</body>
</html>
Web Workers and the DOM
Since web workers are in external .js files, they do not have access to the
following JavaScript objects:

 The window object

 The document object
 The parent object

HTML Server-Sent Events API

The Server-Sent Events (SSE) API enables pushing messages/updates

from a server to the web page via HTTP connection.

Server-Sent Events - One Way

Messaging
A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets
messages/updates from a server.

Normally, a web page has to request data from the server, but with server-
sent events, the updates are pushed automatically.

Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock market updates, news feeds,

sport results, etc.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support
the Server-Sent Events API.
API

SSE 6.0 79.0 6.0

Receive Server-Sent Event

Notifications
The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:

Example
<script>
const x = [Link]("result");
// Check browser support for SSE
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
var source = new EventSource("demo_sse.php");
[Link] = function(event) {
[Link] += [Link] + "<br>";
};
} else {
[Link] = "Sorry, no support for server-sent events.";
}
</script>

Example explained:

 Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page
sending the updates (in this example "demo_sse.php")
 Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs
 When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the
element with id="result"

Check Browser Support

In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check
browser support for server-sent events:
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
// Yes! Server-sent events support!
// Some code.....
} else {
// Sorry! No server-sent events support..
}

REMOVE ADS

Server-Side Code Example

For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data
updates (like PHP or ASP).

The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type"

header to "text/event-stream". Now you can start sending event streams.

Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):

<?php
header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');
header('Cache-Control: no-cache');

$time = date('r');
echo "data: The server time is: {$time}\n\n";
flush();
?>

Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):

<%
[Link] = "text/event-stream"
[Link] = -1
[Link]("data: The server time is: " & now())
[Link]()
%>

Code explained:

 Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream"

 Specify that the page should not cache
 Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ")
 Flush the output data back to the web page

The EventSource Object

In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But
other events are also available:

Events Description

onopen When a connection to the server is opened

onmessage When a message is received

onerror When an error occurs

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