Q.
1 the maximum load value withstand by 12mm diameter MS bar is 40kn on UTM during the tensile
test. Calculate the value of UTM.
Ans-
Q.2 explain the elastic limit, modulus of elasticity? What us the use if extensometer on UTM?
Ans- The maximum stress within which the body regains its original size and
shape after removing of deforming force is called elastic limit.
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic
deformation region: A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus.
An Extensometer is a type of strain gauge that is used in conjunction with a Universal
Testing Machine in order to measure elongation at high accuracies.
Q.3 Describe the terms 1) fatigue failure 2) fatigue limit 3) endurance limit
1) fatigue failure -Fatigue failure is the formation and propagation of cracks due to
a repetitive or cyclic load.
2) Fatigue limit is defined as the stress value below which fatigue failure occurs
when the fatigue life is sufficiently high
3) The endurance limit (Se) of a material is defined as the stress below which a
material can endure an infinite number of repeated load cycles without
exhibiting failure
Q.4 draw a schematic diagram of compression spring and show 1) free length 2) pitch 3)
wire dia 4) mean diameter.
Q.5 draw the strees-strain curve for the mild steel and label various points on the curve.
Ans-
Q.6Explain Angle of twist, torque and modulus of rigidity?
Angle of twist : For a shaft under torsional loading, the angle through which fixed end of a shaft
rotates with respect to the free end is called the angle of twist
Torque: Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
Torque is what causes an angular acceleration. Hence, torque can be defined as the rotational
equivalent of linear force. The point where the object rotates is called the axis of rotation.
Torque is simply the tendency of a force to turn or twist
Modulus of rigidity: the ratio of shear stress to the shear [Link] modulus of rigidity can be
determined by performing a tensile stress test where stress vs strain is plotted. The slope of the
line is equal to the modulus of rigidity.
Q.7 Describe how fatigue test is conducted on a fatigue testing machine?
I. Prepare the standard specimen. 2. Insert the specimen with stud into the bore of LH swiveling
body and push it further till it inserts in the collet of RH swiveling body. 3. Press the locking rod
into the slots of locking ring; tighten the specimen by special spanner. 4. Repeat the above
procedure for other side assembly. 5. Remove the stud; select the load required, depending
upon the bending moment to be imposed. 6. Fix up the load and remove the pin from support,
otherwise the specimen will rotate without application of any bending moment. 7. Reset the
counter to show all 0's before running the specimen. 8. Start the motor. 9. The motor will stop
after the specimen fails. 10. Note down the number of rotations completed by the specimen and
corresponding load value. 11. Insert the next specimen and repeat the same procedure till it get
breaks. 12. Note down the number of rotations and corresponding load values for all the broken
specimen 13. Draw the S-N Curve with help of available readings.
Q.8Define the term hardness. What is the relationship between size of indentation and hardness
of material?
The term hardness is defined as the resistance the material offers against the penetration of the
harder material when it is allowed to force into the specimen. In other word hardness is
resistance to plastic deformation of the material. Hardness is not the fundamental property of
material.
Q.9What is torsion Equation and explain the various terms in it?
τ =Tr/J
T=torque(torsional moment) [Link]
r = Radial distance from centre of bar = mm
J= polar moment of inertia (pi x d^4/32)=mm^4
Q.10 Write a Short note on S-N curve?
S-N curve describes the relation between cyclic stress amplitude and number of cycles to failure.
On the horizontal axis the number of cycles to failure is given on logarithmic scale. On the
vertical axis (either linear or logarithmic) the stress amplitude (sometimes the maximum stress)
of the cycle is given
Q.11 list and define the compression spring terminology.
Ans- 1. WD = Wire Diameter
Definition: The outer measurement of the diameter of round spring wire, sometimes
called wire thickness. It is measured in decimals or millimeters.
2. OD = Outer Diameter
Definition: The measurement of the Outer diameter of the outside coils of the spring’s
body
3. ID = Inner Diameter
Definition: The measurement of the Inner diameter of the inside of the coils. It is
calculated by subtracting two wire diameters from the outer diameter, this will give you
the inner diameter.
4. MD = Mean Diameter-The medium or intermediate diameter that is located right in the
middle of the inner diameter and outer diameter.
This is calculated by subtracting one wire diameter from the outer diameter or by adding
one wire diameter to the inner diameter.
OD - 1 WD or IN + 1WD
5. FL = Free Length-- The actual length of a compression spring without the spring
being compressed or have any sort of load or force being placed on it. In other words,
the measurement of the spring`s overall length from end to end or tip to tip is called
“Free Length”.
6. Pitch-The pitch of a spring is the distance from the center of one coil to the center of
the adjacent coil, like the threads (lead) on a bolt or screw.
Q.12 what are the different modes of failure in a material? Give any two example of
failure considering on-board.
And-
1) Ductile fracture
2) Brittle fracture
3) Fatigue fracture
4) Corrosion
5) Erosion
6) Wear
7) Distortion
Various on-board applications are 1) propulsion system failure 2) bending in
propeller shaft
Q.13 Compressed length of a spring under load of 40N is 180 mm. what will the stiffness
of the spring if the free length is 200mm?
Ans-
Q.14 describe the izod test specimen. What is the significance of notch provided?
Ans- The standard specimen for ASTM is 64 x 12.7 x 3.2 mm (2½ x ½ x 1/8 inch). The
most common specimen thickness is 3.2 mm (0.125 inch), but the preferred thickness is 6.4
mm (0.25 inch) because it is not as likely to bend or crush. The depth under the notch of the
specimen is 10.2 mm (0.4 inches).
The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more sensitive
towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very important.
The notch fixes the particular place where you want your specimen to fail.
Q.15 Brinell test produced an indentation of 4mm using the 10mm diameter ball indenter and
load of 3000kg. calculate the BHN number.
Q.16 what is torsion? What is the purpose of a torsion test?
Ans- A force that twists something is called torsion. The shape of the twisted object can also
be called torsion.
Torsion testing allows the determination of shear properties in a material. ... The purpose of
a torsion test is to determine sample behaviour when twisted, or under torsional forces, as a
result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis.
Q.17 what is the spring stiffness? describe the experiment method to find the “K”.
SPRING STIFFNESS
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists deformation in
response to an applied force. Generally for spring the spring stiffness is the force
required to cause unit deflection
Experimental method
1) Measure the wire diameter and coil diameter and free length of a given spring.
2) Insert the spring in long hook of the spring testing machine.
3) Locate the spring with hook between the base and upper bracket of the machine.
4) Load the spring with suitable weight and note down the deflection in compression.
5) Measure the compressed length.
6) Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
Q.18 list and define the various mechanical properties calculated during the tensile test.
Ans- The mechanical properties include broadly
1) Strength
2) Ductility
3) Elasticity
1. Strength: The static strength of a material can be expressed in two ways: 1)
Resistance to permanent deformation
2) Resistance to fracture- The yield stress of a material is the strength which it exerts
against being permanently deformed. Higher the value of this stress, more resistance it
offers to the permanent deformation.
2. Ductility: Ductility is the measure of the plastic deformation. This property is required if
material is to be mechanically worked by rolling, forging, bending etc. This property also
prevents the failure of material in case of accidental sudden loading.
3. Elasticity: It is the property of material by which it regains its original dimensions after
removal of stresses. This property is useful in designing the springs or any other objects
whose elastic deformation can be controlled.
Q.19 explain the izod impact test is carried out.
And- 1) Raise the pendulum to the latched position and set the pointer at the maximum
scale reading of the energy indicator
2) Clamp the test piece firmly on the face containing the notch, in such way that plane of
symmetry of the notch coincides with the top surface of the support.
3) Release the pendulum, without shock and vibration. After the hammer has made one
full swing, press the break.
4) Read the absorbed energy directly from the measuring device.
5) If during the test, test piece is deformed but not completely broken, report the test
piece as unbroken
6) If the energy absorbed by the test piece exceeds 80% of the nominal striking energy
of the testing machine, report the absorbed energy as approximate.
Q.20 define the term impact , impact strength and toughness. Which property is
measured during the load impact test?
Ans- impact- the striking of one thing against another; forceful contact; collision
Impact strength – also called impact toughness – is the amount of energy that a material
can withstand when the said load is suddenly applied to it. It may also be defined as the
threshold of force per unit area before the material undergoes fracture
toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without
fracturing.[1] One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit
volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. This measure of toughness is
different from that used for fracture toughness, which describes load bearing capabilities
of materials with flaws.[2] It is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture when
stressed
The Izod impact test measures the impact energy needed to fracture a material mean
the fracture properties.
Q.21 write the formula to calculate the Brinell hardness number and explain each term in
it.
Ans-