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Sensor Technology

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

7 views30 pages

Sensor Technology

Uploaded by

zinia778

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
WÄRTSILÄ

1 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Measurement techniques
General
Engine is equipped with following sensors types :
Temperature sensors Limit sensors
Thermometer Proximity (inductive) switches
Pt100 Mechanical switches
Thermocouple
Position sensors
Pressure sensors Proximity (inductive) switches
Low pressure (crankcase) LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
Medium pressure (0-40 bar)
Speed sensors
Cylinder pressure (0-300 bar)
Magnetic type
High pressure (0-2500 bar)
Proximity (inductive) switches
Pressure switches
Accelerometers
Level sensors
Piezoelectric sensors
Capacitive switches
Systems
BEB monitoring system

2 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Effect of the temperature on resistance …

RT = RT0 (1 + T)
RT = measured resistance
RT0 = resistance at the base
temperature (0 °C)
= temperature coefficient of
the sensor material
T = temperature of the sensor
(to be determined from RT)

Components
01 Temperature transmitter
02 Protection well
03 Connector (terminals)
04 Sealing ring
Fig. name: Typical RTD-sensors, Pt-100

3 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Pt-100 Temperature sensors

Pt-100 is a standard sensor and

a common abbreviation for most
common type of resistance the
temperature sensors used in
industry

Pt-100 sensors should be used,

when measuring temperature is
within range of -40ºC ... +160ºC

Components
01 Sensing element
02 Protection well
03 Cable

Fig. name: Pt-100 Temperature sensor

4 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Pt-100 Temperature sensors

A three-wire connection will

eliminate the effect of lead
resistance on measured
resistance value.

Fig. name: Principle of Pt-100 sensors

5 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Pt-100 Temperature sensors

Fig. name: Temperature Co efficiency

6 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Thermocouple is one of the most 03
commonly used temperature
sensor type in high temperatures.

There are dozen of standardized

types of thermocouple sensors.
02
Wärtsilä is using the K- type :
chromel (NiCr) – alumel (NiAl)

Components
01 Sensing element 01
02 Protection well (if needed)
03 Sensor cable (the length can vary)

Fig. name: Thermocouple

7 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple

K-type thermocouple:

+NiCr

”Hot End” ”Cold End”

75°C 1,0mV 50°C

-NiAl
Measuring Reference
temperature temperature

T=25°C

50°C + 25°C = 75°C

Fig. name: Principle of thermocouple

8 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple

Fig. name: Thermocouple NiCr / NiAl

9 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
International colour coding for
different thermocouple types.

Wärtsilä is using K-type

thermocouple only.

Fig. name: Colour codes for different thermocouple types

10 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Thermocouple connections – Case # 1

Advantages

• Extension cable = compensation

cable = same material, than
thermocouple itself
• Cold-end is generated directly to
PLC-terminals (Pt-100)
• Cold-end compensation is done
inside PLC by internal temperature
measurement (Pt-100)

Disadvantages

• Relatively expensive set-up

• Compensation cable is difficult to
get (especially in some countries)
• Cable is not very flexible to handle,
comparing to copper
Fig. name: Extension cable is compensation cable

11 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Thermocouple connections – Case # 2

Advantages

• Extension cable is “standard”

copper-cable
• Cold-end is generated into
connection box (Pt-100)
• Lower cabling cost and easier to get,
by using standard instrumentation
cables

Disadvantages

• Cold end compensation have to be done

in connection box (for example, by using
Pt-100 sensor)

Fig. name: Extension cable is normal

12 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Thermocouple connections – Case # 3

Advantages

• Thermocouple amplifier takes care

about cold-end compensation
• Can use analogue input cards for
receiving mA current signal
• Useful for marine installations,
where is limited space
• Testing can be done by short-
circuiting thermocouple inputs (then
thermocouple amplifier should send
internal temperature signal to PLC).

Disadvantages

• More costs, because thermocouple

amplifier is needed in every
measuring channel.
Fig. name: Thermocouple amplifier

13 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Cylinder liner temperature sensor

Cylinder liner temperature

reveals, not only condition of
the liner, but also condition of
the piston and piston rings
(see picture).

Fig. name: Cylinder liner temperature sensor

15 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Temperature sensors of the main bearing

Temperature of the main

bearing is monitored with the
sensor, in direct contact with
the bearing shell (see picture).

Fig. name: Temperature sensor of the main bearing

16 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermocouple
Temperature sensors of the exhaust gas

Temperature of the exhaust gas

is monitored with the sensor, in
direct contact with exhaust gas
(see picture).

Fig. name: Temperature sensor of the main bearing

17 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Temperature sensors
Thermometers

Thermometer measures temperature by

making use of the thermic-mechanical
deformation of the material of
measuring element.
Typically, one side of the element is
exposed to atmospheric conditions and
the instrument measures the
mechanical deformation, that occurs,
when unknown temperature is exposed
to the other side.

Fig. name: Thermometer

18 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Pressure sensors and switches 04
Introduction
Pressure can be measured by
piezoelectric, capacitive and
strain pressure transducers.
Engine is equipped with pressure Process
measuring devices, which are pressure
monitored system-wise by the
automation system, like UNIC.
Number of pressure sensor may
vary depending on installation.

Components mA signal

01 Pressure sensor
Test pressure
02 Pressure gauge valve
03 Shut-off valve
04 Connector

19 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Pressure sensors and switches
Pressure transmitter

X = Raised current at
defined pressure

? = Output signal at
defined pressure

Fig. name: Example of calculating output signal

20 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Pressure sensors and switches
Pressure transmitter

Fig. name: The ratio between pressure and current

21 © Wärtsilä 6 May 2016 0-000R07CB0720C001S_01en / Turku Training Centre

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Pressure sensors and switches
Pressure switches

Pressure switches work on the

principle, that the output signal
is ON / OFF- type.
Number of pressure switches
may vary depending on
installation.

Components
01 Pressure sensor

Fig. name: Pressure switch

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Pressure sensors and switches
Pressure gauges

Engine can be equipped by number of

pressure gauges. Those are located
close to the related measuring
points.

Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauges

Liquid filling Glycerine

Fig. name: Pressure gauge

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Position sensors
Introduction

Position sensors are used for speed measurement

of the engine and the turbocharger and for fuel rack
position control.

Magnetic type Inductive type / proximity sensor

Speed sensor
Application Speed sensor
Limit switch/Position sensor
Suitable for High surface speed Slow surface speed
Certain minimum
Detection frequency Limited switching frequency
Limits
(Depend on type & (500-4000 Hz)
Measuring circuit)
Power supply No Yes
Output voltage Variable to speed Constant

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Position sensors
Proximity switches for speed measurement
Proximity switches are active
components, usually used,
when
• slow rpm or
• large air gap
is required.
Proximity switches needs
external power supply,
typically 24 VDC.

Components
01 Ferro-metallic gear
02 Solid-state circuit
03 Bracket
04 Locking nut

Fig. name: Principle of proximity Probes

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Position sensors
Magnetic- type speed pick-up

Components
01 Ferro-metallic gear
02 Magnetic pole (N)
03 Coil
04 Permanent magnet (N / S)
05 Bracket
06 Locking nut

Base level

Fig. name: Principle of magnetic Pick-Up’s

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Load indicator (Fuel- and timing rack position)
Fuel- and timing rack position
sensors (for load sharing) must
be more accurate. Principle

L V D T (Linear Variable
Differential Transformer)
transmitter is used.

Connections
1 = +V
2 = 0V
3 = Output signal

Output: 4-20mA
I out max: 25mA
Supply current: max 60mA
Supply voltage: 21.5 – 32VDC
Operating temperature: -10Co to +80Co Fig. name: Load indicator

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Level switches

Connections
1 = Plus (+)
2 = Minus (-)
3 = Signal (S)

Output; PNP-Type
Short circuit proof and
overload protected
Operating voltage; 12/24
VDC (-25% +30%)

Fig. name: Level switch

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
System
Wireless monitoring
Big end bearing temperature
Information is communicated to
UNIC via bus or hardwired
signals.

02 01

Components
01 Stationary antenna
02 Temperature sensor

Fig. name: Wireless monitoring of big end bearing temperature

5/6/2016

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
System
Wireless monitoring
Big end bearing temperature
Big end bearing monitoring is
carried out with one wireless
temperature sensor with

a stationary antenna
(per cylinder) and
one (or more) signal
processing units.

5/6/2016