BAS CAL REVIEWER
ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Anti differentiation - process of finding the antiderivative of a given function.
∫ - integral sign that denotes the operation of
antidifferentiation and the function 𝒇
is called the integrand.
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 1.
THEOREM NO. 1.1
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
If F is an antiderivative of 𝑓, we write
∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶.
THEOREM NO. 2.1
∫𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + C
THEOREM NO. 2.2
THEOREM NO. 2.3
EXAMPLES:
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FORMULA NO. 1
FORMULA NO. 2
FORMULA NO. 3
EXAMPLES:
RATIONAL FUNCTION
RADICAL FUNCTION
EXAMPLES OF RATIONAL & RADICAL:
TRIGONOMETRIC
∫cosxdx = sinx + C
∫sinxdx = - cosx + C
∫sec²xdx = tanx + C
∫csc²xdx = - cotx + C
∫secxtanxdx = secx + C
∫cscxcotxdx = - cscx + C
∫tanxdx = - ln |cosx| + C OR ln |secx| + C
∫cotxdx = ln |sinx| + C OR - ln |cscx| + C
∫secxdx = ln |secx + tanx| + C
∫cscxdx = - ln |cscx + cotx| + C
INVERSE
SUBSTITUTION RULE
example no. 1 ∫(x - 3)⁶ dx
SOLUTION:
u=x-3
du = dx
n = 6 —> n + 1 = 7
∫u⁶du = u⁷/7 + C
ANSWER:
example no. 2 ∫5x⁴ (x⁵ + 7)³ dx
SOLUTION:
u = x⁵ + 7
du = 5x⁴dx
ANSWER:
RADICAL FRACTION
example no. 1
SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (DE)
A differential equation (DE) is an equation that involves x, y and the derivatives of y.
SOLUTION TO DE
A solution to a differential equation is a function y = f(x) or a relation f(x,y) = 0 that satisfies the
equation. (Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
APPLICATIONS OF DE
GROWTH PROBLEMS
If k is positive, that is when b > d, then there are more births than deaths and 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 denotes
growth.
EXAMPLE:
Suppose that a colony of lice grows exponentially. After 1 day, 50 lice are counted. After 3 days,
200 were counted. How many are there originally? What is the exponential growth equation for
the colony?
DECAY PROBLEMS
If k is negative, that is b < d, then there are more deaths than births and 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 denotes decay.
EXAMPLE:
The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of radium present. If the
half-life of
radium is 1690 years and there are 200 grams on hand now, how much radium will be present
in 845 years?
BOUNDED GROWTH PROBLEMS
Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at
time t. We say that the type of growth y has is called bounded growth if y satisfies the
differential
equation 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 =𝑘(𝐾−𝑦),𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 K > 0 is the carrying
capacity (limiting quality).
EXAMPLE:
A certain pawikan breeding site is said to be able to sustain 5000 pawikans. One thousand
pawikans are brought there initially. After a year, this increased to
1100 pawikans. How many pawikans will there be after 5 years? Assume that pawikans follow
the limited growth model.
RIEMANN SUMS
b - UPPER LIMIT
a - LOWER LIMIT
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS