Modulation
What is Modulation?
• Operation of varying amplitude, frequency or phase of carrier signal
accordingly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal is
called modulation
• Modulation = Adding information to a carrier signal
What is Modulation?
Need for Modulation
• To transmit voice signal a large size antenna is required as antenna length is
proportional to half of wavelength. The size of the antenna will be more
than the distance between transmitter and receiver.
• Again when more than one transmitter is involved all station will overlap in
one frequency band.
• For those above reasons we choose a carrier, which is a high frequency
radio wave, can travel long distance without attenuation and as the
frequency is high smaller antenna is required. Selecting different carrier
frequency for different transmitting stations can eliminate overlapping of
frequency band.
Modulation System
Classification
Another way
• ANALOG MODULATION:
If the variation in the parameter of the carrier is
continuous in accordance to the input analog signal the modulation technique is
termed as analog modulation scheme. It is classified as:
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation
• DIGITAL MODULATION:
If the variation in the parameter of the carrier is
discrete then it is termed as digital modulation technique. It is classified as:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying
2. Frequency Shift Keying
3. Phase Shift Keying
Amplitude Modulation
In the amplitude modulation, amplitude of carrier signal wave is varied in accordance
with the modulating or message signal by keeping the phase and frequency of the
signals constant. The carrier signal frequency would be greater than the modulating
signal frequency. Amplitude modulation is first type of modulation used for transmitting
messages for long distances.
The AM radio ranges in between 535 to 1705 kHz which is great. But when compared to
frequency modulation, the Amplitude modulation is weak, but still it is used for
transmitting messages. Bandwidth of amplitude modulation should be twice the
frequency of modulating signal or message signal. If the modulating signal frequency is
10 kHz then the Amplitude modulation frequency should be around 20 kHz. In AM radio
broadcasting, the modulating signal or message signal is 15 kHz. Hence the AM
modulated signal which is used for broadcasting should be 30 kHz.
Amplitude Modulation
Types of Amplitude Modulation
1. This is “standard” AM, used for broadcasting. Here the carrier conveys no
information
• Modulated wave envelope has same frequency as information signal
• Amplitude of modulated wave varies according to amplitude of information
signal
Frequency Modulation
• FM is the process of varying the instantaneous frequency of carrier signal
accordingly with instantaneous amplitude of message signal
FM Signal Characters
• The FM wave is comprised of an infinite number of sideband components
• Bandwidth of an FM signal must be wider than that of an AM signal
• As the modulation index increases from mf = 0, the spectral energy shifts
from the carrier frequency to an increasing number of significant
sidebands.
Phase Modulation
• PM is the process of varying the instantaneous phase of Carrier signal
accordingly with instantaneous amplitude of message signal
Digital Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying
• In ASK, the amplitude of the signal is changed in response to information
and frequency & phase is kept fixed
• Bit 1 is transmitted by a signal of one particular amplitude. To transmit
0,we change the amplitude keeping the frequency constant
• Thus this modulation scheme is known as on-off keying (OOK).
• Low bandwidth requirement & very susceptible to interference
Problems with ASK
• ASK transmission is highly susceptible to noise interference
• Unintentional voltages combine with the signal to change the amplitude
• High amount of energy is required
• In OOK one of the values is represented by no voltage
• The modulation process produces a complex signal that is combination of
many simple frequencies
Frequency Shift Keying
• When Data are transmitted by varying frequency of the carrier, we have the
case of frequency shift key
• In this modulation carrier has two predefined frequency wc1 and wc2.
When information bit is 1 carrier with wc1 is transmitted i.e. coswc1 and
When information bit is 0 carrier with wc0 is transmitted i.e. coswc0
Phase Shift Keying
• The phase of the carrier is shifted for this modulation. If the base band
signal m(t) =1 carrier in phase is transmitted. If m(t)=0 carrier with out of
phase is transmitted i.e. cos (wct+П)
• In PSK, we change the phase of the sinusoidal carrier to indicate
information. Phase in this context is the starting angle at which the
sinusoidal starts
Variants of PSK
• BPSK-Binary Phase Shift Keying
• QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
• 8 PSK - 8 Point Phase Shift Keying
• 16 PSK - 16 Point Phase Shift Keying
• QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• 16 QAM - 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• 64 QAM - 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• DPSK- Differential Phase Shift Keying
• MSK - Minimum Shift Keying
• GMSK - Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying
Contd…
• BPSK:
• QPSK:
Contd…
• 8 PSK:
• 16 PSK:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• QAM is a combination of FSK & PSK so that a maximum contrast b/w
each signal unit is achieved
• If we have x variations in phase and y variations in amplitude giving us x
times y possible variations and the corresponding number of bits per
variation
Differential Phase Shift Keying
• For the perfect detection of a phase modulated signal, the receiver needs a
reference signal but if differential encoding and phase shift keying are
made together at the transmitter the technique is called as Differential
Phase Shift Keying
• For the transmission of a symbol 1, the phase is unchanged whereas for
transmission of symbol 0, the phase of the signal is changed by 180
Pulse Modulation
• The process of transmitting signals in the form of pulses (discontinuous
signals) by using special techniques.
• Typical Signal
1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
2. Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
3. Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
4. Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
Contd…
• PAM: The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample is
proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling instant. This
technique is called “sampling”
• PWM: In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration or
length or width of each pulse is varied in accordance with instantaneous
value of the analog signal
• PPM: In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width
whereas the position of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of
the analog signal
• PCM: Analog to digital converter employs following technique:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Line coding
Thank You