| 3. Complex Permanent Tissue © Made of more than one type of cell. © Different cells work together to perform @ common function. ‘© Main complex tissues are xylem and phloem. © They are responsible for transport in plants. Function Transports water and minerals Transports food (sugars) Direction Only upwards Upwards and downwards Cells Mostly dead cells Living cells | | Thickness of walls | Thick and lignified Thin and not lignified Main cells Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, | Sieve tubes, companion cells, | xylem parenchyma phloem fibres, phloem parenchyma Example Transport of water in roots Transport of sugar in leaves 4A. Protective In_short : w Permanent. w w w ue © Covers and protects the plant body. © Prevents loss of water and entry of germs. * Forms outer covering of roots, stems and leaves. ‘© Main types are epidermis and cork. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells working together. They are of two main types: Meristematic and Permanent tissues are of three types: Simple, Complex and Protective. All tissues help the plant grow, transport food and water, and stay safe. - Sty Key Takeaway : Different plant tissues have different structures and functions, but together they help the plant live, grow and surviveNervous tissue is made of neurons | thot receive, process and transmit _ |_ messages. |_ Examples : _ __ [2 Helps us to pull hand away from | a hot object. |e Helps us to remember things. WK Nervous tissue controls and coord the body. It works very fas _| Joints are places where two or more bones meet. | Ball and Socket Joint — shoulder, hip (movement in many directions) im | Hinge Joint — elbow, knee — = (movement _in one direction) = @ Pivot Joint — neck (head turns) => ___@ Fixed Joint — skull (no movement) _ —> ~ @e) a Joints help in movement of the body. 2 They also give strength and support. ___| Without joints, we cannot move. _ <7. PLANT TISSUES (continued) 3. Meristematic Tissue (growing tissue) <——— Apical meristern t the tig shoot * Actively dividing cells. (at the tip of shoot) * Helps in growth of the plant. Lateral meristem © Found in root tips and shoot tips. Goi eva eles of ‘along the si © Two types: Apical meristern and stemilaie. web) Lateral meristem. Apical. meristem Ee the tip of root) Think ! Why do plants grow throughout their life? At the tips of roots and shoots. Causes Apical Meristem increase in length. Because meristematic Along the sides of stems and roots Causes increase in girth (thickness). Lateral Meristem tissue keeps dividing ai new cells. = Tissue Main Function | Where found _ Parenchyma Storage of food, water, | Cortex, pith, leaves, | Potato (storage), (Simple Permanent | help in photosynthesis, | fruit pulp. Leaf mesophyll Tissue) healing. (photosynthesis) Collenchyma Provides support and Just below the skin | Celery stalk, (Simple Permanent | flexibility. of young stems, leaf midrib Tissue) petioles and leaves. Sclerenchyma. Provides strength and | Seed coats, nut shells,| Coconut shell, (Simple Permanent | protection. old stems, leaf veins. | stone cells in Tissue) pear Key Points to Remember : ‘FW Plant tissues are groups of similar cells. YE They are of two main types: Meristematic and Permanent. TY Permanent tissues are further divided into three types Simple permanent, Complex permanent and Protective. YE All tissues work together to keep the plant healthy and alive. ygSTERANETSSUES | ‘Definition: _ : YY Key Point : Plant tissues ore groups of similar cells Plavpidtiiaiots help | that work together to perform a growth, transport, | specific function in the plant. support and protection of the plant. © 1. Meristematic Tissue (growing tissue) Cells are small, thin-walled and divide rapidly. + Responsible for growth of the plant. Found at tips of roots and stems, and in between mature tissues. Example : Apical meristem «— Small, thin-walled calls with large nucleus 2. Permanent Tissue (mature tissue) © Cells have lost the power of division © Perform specific functions. © Made of different types of cells. © Example : Xylem, Phloem, etc. == <— Long, mature cells with thick or thin walls (i) Simple Permanent Tissue * Made of one type of cell. ) Complex Permanent Tissue | (iii) Protective Tissue © Made of more than one | © Covers and protects 1 ' S All calls arecstvilercand — | “typeof “cells | the plant. body perform the same function. | © Different cells work © Prevents loss of water © Example : Parenchyma, | together to perform | and entry of ‘germs. Gilinchiyea) Selarenthigma. | 5 Cmren{finéhion. © Example : Epidermis, | © Example : Xylem, ark: \ Phloem. Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma (Storage) (support) (strength) Phloem Epidermis Cork ' (water transport) (food transport) | (leaf surface) (old stems) YY Meristernatic tissue brings growth. YT Permanent tissue performs specific functions like storage, transport, support and protection. ‘YY Plant tissues work together to help the plant live and grow.es (in short) Epithel Protection, absorption, secretion Connective Support, connection, transport. Muscular Movement and bringing parts closer. Nervous Control, coordination and communication. 1. Frog (Example 1) : © Skin has epithelial tissue for protection © Muscles help in jumping. © Nerves help in sensing ond reacting. 2. Fish (Example 2) : © Skin has epithelial tissue with scales. © Muscles help in. swimming © Nerves help in balance and movement. 3. Bird (Example 3) : © Feathers come from epithelial tissue. © Muscles help in flying. © Nerves help in coordination and sensing 4. Dog (Example 4) : © Skin (epithelial the body. © Muscles help in running © Nerves help in all body activities issue) protects short : YY Tissues are groups of similar cells working together. YY Animals have four main types of tissues. LY Alll tissues work together to keep the body alive and healthy 9° LY Remember : All tissues work together as a team in an animal body. 9 Skin (epithelial tissue) Leg muscles (muscular tissue) Nerves (nervous tissue) Wing muscles (muscular tissue) Nerves (nervous tissue) Skin (epithelial tissue) Leg muscles (muscular tissue) Nerves (nervous tissue) Think ! Tf any tissue is damaged, the body cannot work / properly. So“, 3 @Animal tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function. 4. 2. 3. 4. YY Key Point : Tissues help in division of labour in animals. This makes the body work smoothly. Muscular | fe Tissue —|— Tissue { Connective Tissue —] s of Ai (with functions and examples) : Epithelial Tissue : Eran : pithelial * Covers the body surface and lines the lelolelelelelel tissue internal organs. alesse © Protects, absorbs and secretes. © Example : Skin, lining of mouth Connective Tissue. * Connects and supports other tissues ‘and organs. © Fills the spaces between organs. + Example : Bone, bleod. Tissue : Connective tissue Muscular Tissue : Muscular + Helps in movement of the bedy tissue and its parts. * Brings the body parts closer together. © Example : Muscles of arms, legs. Nervous Tissue : Axon Nerve ¢ Receives, processes and transmits dak eo endings messages. © Coordinates all activi of the body. + Example: Brain, spinal cord. Bendates— (Nevrop)| Nervous tissue kg Key Idea : Different tissues have different structures and functions, but they together help in the smooth working of an animal body. ©) | fkYY Key Point : Different cells in Complex permanent tissues are made of more than one type of these tissues are | cells working together to perform specialised but a common function. work as a team, 1. Xylem — transports water and Xylem (Water Transport) minerals from roots to other parts of the plant. © Main cells: Tracheids, vessels, J<—> Xylem parenchyma Vessel xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma. © Water moves only in one direction Tracheid (upwards). ¢ Example : Xylem in the stem Le] Xylem fibre of a sunflower. 2. Phloem — transports food (prepared Phloem (Food Transport) in leaves) to all parts of the plant. ee © Main cells: Sieve tubes, companion parenchyma cells, phloem parenchyma, 1 ee phloem fibres. * Food moves in both directions (up and down). 1+ Companion cell (Je Phloem fibre ¢ Example: Phloem in the stem of sugarcane. Difference between Xylem and Phi loem : Think | [Feature xy la Can a. plant Function | Transports water and minerals | Transports food lide wtthioae Direction | Only upwards Upwards and downwards xylem or Calls Dead cells (mostly) Living cells phloem? Example | Transport of water in roots | Transport of sugar from leaves O° . VI Wwe Tawa Walp tr Uronspert anil are very tmpartont for Ue of plas. \7IE Key Point : Permanent tissues are made of Colle a t | Eels ere eee ells in permanen' _ mature cells that lose the power __of d to perform specific functions. tissues are mature jon. They become specialised and have fixed (made of one type of cells) 4. Parenchyma —— Parenchyma Cale ake ving land thirsaalled, + Stores food, helps in photosynthesis and healing. + Example: Potato, pith of stem. 2. Collenchyma. * Cells are living with unevenly thickened cell walls. + Provides flexibility and support to growing parts. + Example: Petiole of leaves, young stems. 3. Sclerenchyma * Cells are dead and-have thick, -lignified walls. * Gives strength and rigidity. Thick lignified wall “+ Example: Coconut husk, nutshell, seed coats. In short : “FE Parenchyma — storage, photosynthesis, healing. YW Collenchyma — flexibility and support. HE Selerenchyma — strength and. protection.Definition + Meristematic tissue is made of actively dividing cells. It is responsible for the growth of plants 4. Apical_Meristem — present at the the ipf roots and shoots > Responsible for increase in length of the plant. 2. Lateral Meristem ~ present on the sides of roots and stems. > Responsible for increase in. girth (thickness). 3. Intercalary Meristem — present at the base of leaves or internodes in grasses. —> Responsible for regrowth (helps in rapid growth again). (Side of Stem) (Base of Leaf / Internode) © Gross grows again after cutting ~ due to intercalary. meristem. © Tree stem becomes. thicker with time ~ due to lateral meristem. # Root and shoot increase in length - due to apical meristem, SET Key, idea: Merstematic tsnues have the power to divide and produce new cells. These cells lead to the growth of plants. © Permanent tissue is mode of mature cells. These cells lose the power of division and perform specific functions. Function: ‘Simple Permanent Tissues (made of one type of cell): ¢ Storage of food 1. Parenchyma — Living cells with thin cell wall. Stores food, water and and water helps in photosynthesis. Support 2. Collenchyma - Living cells with unevenly thick walls (at corners). Photosynthesis Provides flexibility and support to the plant Protection 3. Selerenchyma ~ Dead cells with very thick walls. Provides strength Help in transport and mechanical support Cin some cases) Examples Tissue Structure (Diagram) Examples Main Function z) Parenchyma ecocoo © Pulp of fruits @ Storage Sor a Fig, carat + Picts leet ——_ CEleoS Leaf mesophull Collenchyma, + Leaf stalk + Provides flexibility, @ Stem below the # Support eat : Provides strength aa © Seed coat © Protection a # Nutshell Key idea: Permanent tissues have fixed structure and perform specific functions. They do not divide. 9Meristematic tissue _is made of actively sola dividing cells. It is responsible for 2 the growth of plants. —_ J <_ Apical - 1. Apical _Meristem — present at the Meri R leristem tips of roots _and_ shoots. | ge — ___—> Responsible for increase in length. — 2. Lateral Meristem — present on the = = Lateral =e sides of roots and_stems. Meristem — Responsible for increase in girth. 3. Intercalary Meristem — present at ____ tha baa. of leaves “br internodes in pense __ grasses. 7 — Responsible for regrowth. * Grass grows again after cutting. (Intercalary) | SU Tree letecn Veccince ve hcher™ ant ecirae™A( Teter) Sean Apical ~e—» Lateral Meristem (Root Tip) wr Key Idea : Meristematic tissues have cells that keep dividing. That is why they help in growth of plants.Plant tissues are groups of cells __| that work together to perform __| specific functions inthe plant. _ _| They help in growth, protection , ___| transport of materials and storage. yt ec AE ne are 41. Meristematic Tissue — made of actively : dividing cells. Responsible for growth. - ——-2.- Permanent Tissue = rade of mature | Plants have simple = cells that have a fixed structure | as well as complex and perform specific functions. ————— ~ permanent tissues. Sms, © Meristematic tissue at the tip of a root helps the root to grow longer. _____» Bark of the stem is a protective tissue __ EE Key iden | Different plant tissues have different structures | and. functions, but all help the plant to survive = | __and_grow. — - —) NSdefinitions _A_tissue_is a group imilar cells @an working together to perform a _specific function. a 7 SO GS Tissue _ Key Points : in - * Cells are the basic unit of life. © Tissues form organs. * Organs form organ systems. (+ Organ systems work together to form an organism. © Division of labour in multicellular organisms makes the body more efficient. Organism Examples : issue —> movement © Nervous tissue —> control and coordination * Xylem tissue —> transport ef water in plants i Hounare eases FCell > Tissue —> Organ —> Organ System > Orgorsm _# Cells with similar structure and A) ire function form a tissue. | plants and animals different, and why? © How does division of labour increase the efficiency of | So — |, the body? | Cells + Similar Work = Tissue © ena cane