STUDY GUIDE

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY | UNIT 5

Random Sampling

Table of Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Test Your Prerequisite Skills ............................................................................................................. 3
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 1: Parameter, Statistic, and Sampling Plan
- Warm Up! ................................................................................................................................. 4
- Learn about It!......................................................................................................................... 5
- Let’s Practice!........................................................................................................................... 9
- Check Your Understanding! ................................................................................................ 12
Lesson 2: Sampling Distributions
- Warm Up! ............................................................................................................................... 16
- Learn about It!....................................................................................................................... 17
- Let’s Practice!......................................................................................................................... 18
- Check Your Understanding! ................................................................................................ 23
Lesson 3: Problems Involving Random Sampling
- Warm Up! ............................................................................................................................... 24
- Learn about It!....................................................................................................................... 24
- Let’s Practice!......................................................................................................................... 25
- Check Your Understanding! ................................................................................................ 29
Challenge Yourself! .......................................................................................................................... 31
Performance Task ............................................................................................................................ 31
Wrap-up ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Key to Let’s Practice! ......................................................................................................................... 33
References ........................................................................................................................................ 35

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Table of Contents
GRADE 11/12 | STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

UNIT 5

Random Sampling
During election period, we often hear different
survey results representing the choice of the
constituents of the different candidates. Do you
have any idea how survey companies come up
with their data?

Gathering and collecting data from every

individual in a population is tedious, costly, and
sometimes close to impossible. For this reason, it
would be more practical to collect data from a
subset of the population. But how do you know if the sample truly represents the whole
population? This can be ensured by using methods of random sampling.

In the previous unit, you learned how to convert a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable. You were also able to calculate probabilities and percentiles using the
standard normal table and solve problems involving normal curve.

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to distinguish between a parameter and a
statistic, illustrate random sampling, and learn the different methods of obtaining samples
from a population.

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Test Your Prerequisite Skills

• Dividing whole numbers and expressing the quotient as decimal

• Finding the mean and median of a set of data

Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will
help you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in studying
the lessons in this unit. Show your complete solution.

1. Divide the following and express the answer in four decimal places if necessary.
a. 2 ÷ 15
b. 3 ÷ 20
c. 1 ÷ 30
d. 4 ÷ 25
e. 3 ÷ 50

2. Find the mean and median of the following sets of data.

a. 15, 20, 14, 17, 19
b. 7, 8, 5, 8. 9, 10, 8, 9
c. 23, 30, 25, 29, 31, 32, 32, 31, 29, 30
d. 78, 84, 87, 69, 75, 88, 70, 76, 78, 80
e. 56, 65, 48, 54, 45, 65, 49, 55, 54, 48, 60, 55, 58, 56, 58

Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to
• illustrate random sampling;
• distinguish between a parameter and a statistic;
• identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean); and
• solve problems involving random sampling.
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Lesson 1: Parameter, Statistic, and Sampling Plan

Warm Up!

OPM Mix!

Materials Needed: pen and paper

Instructions:
1. This activity can be done individually or by pair.
2. List 15–20 OPM (Original Pinoy Music) artists.
3. Make a survey of the whole class on who is each student’s favorite music artist
from your list.
4. Record the frequency in a table similar to the following:

OPM Artist Frequency Percentage

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Learn about It!

Recall that a population is a group where members have something in common, that is,
the total set of observations that can be made. Some examples include the population of
women aged 20 and above, the population of registered voters in Quezon City, and the
population of daily maximum temperatures for the month of April in Baguio City. A sample
is a smaller group or subset of the population in question.

The data from the population and the sample can

both be described or measured. We call these
descriptions parameter and statistic, respectively.
They are very similar, such that they describe groups
like “50% of Filipino people prefer brand 𝑋 of
toothpaste.” The difference between them is that
parameter describes an entire population while statistic describes only the sample.

Suppose you want to know the mean income of teachers in Makati City. The mean here is
a parameter of a population. But if you draw a random sample of 100 teachers and
determine their mean income, the mean you get here is a statistic of a sample. If you get a
mean income ₱17 500 from the sample, you conclude that the population mean income 𝜇 is
likely to be close to ₱17 500 as well. This is an example of a statistical inference.

In Warm Up!, can you name which is the parameter and which is the statistic?

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Simple Random Sampling

A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which every member of

the population has an equal chance of being chosen as the sample.

In most cases, getting a parameter is close to impossible, much more if the population is
very large. So at times, for practicality, we just collect data from a sample. But how do we
know if the statistic is reliable? The knowledge of sampling plan or experimental design
would be useful. The simplest way of getting samples is by using simple random sampling.

Let us illustrate this through an example.

Suppose you want to survey Grade 11 students in your school about their preference in the
use of e-learning. You found out that there are 240 Grade 11 students and due to time
constraints, you can only ask 50 students.

To do simple random sampling, use a class

list to assign a number for each student from
001 to 240. Then prepare 10 pieces of paper
and write the numbers 0 to 9. Put the papers
inside a container and randomly draw a
paper. The number drawn is the first digit of
your 3-digit number. Return and mix the
paper in the container. Draw another paper to represent the second digit. Return the paper
again, and then draw a number for the third digit. The 3-digit number formed will determine
a specific student that will be part of your sample. Repeat the same procedure until you get
50 students.

The above method is easy to understand. However, it is tiring and time-consuming

especially for a big population. If your population has a large number of elements, it is
recommended to use a random number generator.

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To do this, you will have to arrange the elements

of the population in order, and then use a
computer or a scientific calculator to generate as
many random numbers as required. The sample
will be composed of those elements which
correspond to the random numbers.

Stratified Random Sampling

Another way of obtaining samples is using stratified

random sampling. Stratified random sampling
involves selecting a simple random sample from each
of a given number of subpopulations proportionally.
Each subpopulation is called a stratum (plural: strata).

This type of sampling method is used when the

population is heterogeneous. That is, every element
of population does not match all the characteristics of
the predefined criteria. Instead, the elements differ from one another on a characteristic.
Common criterions used for stratification are gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic
status. However, the criterion varies greatly depending on the context and goal of the study.

For example, if a study is taking young adults into consideration, the population may need
to be divided into subgroups like male young adults and female young adults, educated
young adults and uneducated young adults, high income young adults and low income
young adults, etc.

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Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling is a sampling method where the population is first divided into separate
groups called clusters. Then a simple random sample of clusters from the available clusters
in the population is selected. This sampling technique is usually used when the elements of
a population are spread over a wide geographical area.

For example, if the population is composed of all citizens residing in the Philippines, the
clusters could be citizens from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Data is then gathered from
a selected cluster.

1-in-𝒌 Systematic Random Sampling

Another organized method is using 1-in-𝑘 systematic random sampling. A 1-in-𝑘 systematic
random sampling involves the random selection of one of the first 𝑘 elements in an ordered
population, and then the systematic selection of every 𝑘th element thereafter. In this
method, the value of 𝑘 is first calculated by dividing the population size by the sample size.

Let us use our earlier example.

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Suppose in 240 grade 11 students, you can only choose 50 students as members of your
sample.

To select which students will be part of the sample, we just divide the population size 240
by the sample size 50, which results in 4.8 or 5 when rounded off to a whole number. That
means every 5th student among the 240 grade 11 students will be included in the sample.
The researcher may also opt to start on any randomly selected number from 1 to 240 then
select every 5th element successively until the desired sample size is completed.

Multistage Sampling

It is a sampling technique where two or more probability techniques are combined. It is

usually used when it is not possible to obtain a representative sample with only one of the
aforementioned techniques. It can be described as sampling within the sample. The final
unit or element of the population that is used in the study is obtained after sampling at
several stages.

Let’s Practice!

Example 1: Suppose a researcher wants to know the average weight of females aged 25
years or older in Cavite. From a random sample of 100 females, the researcher
obtains the average weight of 55 kilograms. Identify the parameter and
statistic.

Solution: In the study, 100 females are chosen as sample and it was shown that their
average weight is 55 kg. The statistic describes the sample. Therefore, 55 kg is
the statistic in the study.

Moreover, the parameter is the mean weight of all females aged 25 years or
older in Cavite.
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Try It Yourself!

You want to know the mean income of teachers in the National Capital Region. You
draw a random sample of 100 teachers and determine that their mean income is
₱25,000. Identify the parameter and statistic in the study.

Example 2: As part of customer their customer survey, every 26th customer entering a
fast-food restaurant is asked to select his/her favorite food offered by the
restaurant. Determine whether the survey employs simple random sampling,
stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, or 1-in-𝑘 systematic random
sampling.

Solution: Since this survey chooses every 𝑘th element as member of the sample, it
employs a 1-in-𝑘 systematic random sampling.

Try It Yourself!

Teachers in a large municipality comprised of four school districts are to be surveyed

about the amount of their unpaid salary loans. What sampling technique can be used
in this survey? Explain.

Example 3: A research about presidential candidate preference requires 1200 registered

voters in the Philippines. From the 17 regions in the Philippines, 5 regions are
selected. From each selected region, 2 provinces are selected. From each
selected province, 4 cities/municipalities are selected. From each
city/municipality, 2 barangays are selected. Finally, 5 voters are randomly
selected from each barangay. What type of sampling technique is illustrated?

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Solution: In determining the origin of the sample voters, cluster sampling is used, where
each political unit is considered as a cluster. In determining the sample voters
from each barangay, simple random sampling is used. Thus, the research used
multistage sampling.

Try It Yourself!

An advertising firm, interested in determining how much to emphasize TV

advertising in the whole country, decides to conduct a survey to estimate the
average number of hours per week that a household spends watching TV in Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. Assuming that 50%, 25%, and 25% of the population are in
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, respectively, the advertising firm interviews 50
respondents from Luzon, 25 respondents from Visayas, and 25 respondents from
Mindanao. What kind of sampling is employed in the study?

Real-World Problems

Example 4: A company that sells beverage nationwide wants to

conduct a research to find out which of their beverage
products are most preferred by their customers. What
type of sampling method can be used? Explain.

Solution: In the research, the target population will be the market where their beverage
products are sold. Since their products are sold nationwide, the geographic
region of their target population is large. The population is not only spread
over a wide geographical region but is also dispersed. A multistage sampling
can be employed in this survey. After determining select cities/municipalities
in the country, they can still divide each into strata: lower class, middle class,
and upper class. This is because people belonging to different classes may
have different beverage preferences.
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Try It Yourself!

The schools’ division superintendent wants to study the quality of education in the
whole division by giving a standardized test to select students. What sampling
method can be used to determine the students who will take the test? Explain.

Check Your Understanding!

I. Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The group surveyed when the survey is not administered to all members of the
population is called a sample.
2. Sampling can be done when it would be impractical to survey the entire
population.
3. The choice of sampling technique is dependent on the research questions and
objectives and the achievability of gaining access to the data
4. Simple random sampling involves creating subgroups of the entire population,
usually based on the geographic location.
5. Cluster sampling is uses strata in determining samples.

II. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following employs simple random sampling?

a. picking a house randomly and then picking 5 more on the same street
b. drawing names randomly from a covered box
c. selecting every 10th person that you see
d. picking a random location on a map and then the nearest two houses are
chosen

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2. A teacher divides her classroom into juniors and seniors. In each group, she
divides her students into boys and girls. From each of these four new groups, she
picks one student randomly. What type of sampling method does she use?
a. cluster sampling
b. multistage sampling
c. stratified random sampling
d. systematic random sampling

3. Cluster sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are types of what
kind of sampling method?
a. direct sampling
b. indirect sampling
c. random sampling
d. non random sampling

4. This is a type of sampling where each element of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
a. irregular sampling
b. error free sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. simple random sampling

5. Interviewing all members of a given population is called a/an _____.

a. sample c. audit
b. census d. experiment

6. If a researcher selected ten schools at random and then interviewed each of the
teachers in those schools, the researcher used what kind of sampling method?
a. simple random sampling
b. stratified random sampling
c. cluster random sampling
d. two-stage random sampling
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Use the following information for questions 7 and 8:

A researcher who wanted to determine the benefits of using a new study

technique to Statistics students obtained permission from a school district to
select 50 senior high school students as participants. The researcher selected 50
senior high school students at random. The researcher selected 25 of them to
participate in the new study program. The researcher gave a training session on
traditional study techniques to the other 25 students and asked them to use these
methods.

7. Who is the target population in this study?

a. Statistics students in the district
b. All students in the district
c. All Statistics students
d. The 25 students who learned the new study techniques

8. What method of sampling is used in the study?

a. simple random sampling
b. stratified random sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. convenience sampling

9. How is stratified sampling carried out?

a. Divide the population into homogenous groups and proportionally select
random sample from each group.
b. Systematically choose samples by getting, say, every 8th entry in a list.
c. Divide the population into groups and select all members of a random
group as samples.
d. Assign numbers to each member of the population then randomly select
numbers

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10. Which is an advantage of using simple random sampling?

a. It eliminates risk of getting biased respondents.
b. It is easy to use and likely represents the population
c. It is the easiest to use if the target population is spread out in a large
geographical area.
d. It has been established in the courts to be superior to stratified random
sampling.

III. Identify the sampling technique illustrated in the following.

1. Every 8th person boarding a plane is searched thoroughly.
2. At a university, five math classes are randomly selected out of 15 and all of the
students from each class are interviewed.
3. A researcher randomly selects and interviews thirty male and thirty female
teachers.
4. A researcher for an airline interviews all of the passengers on ten randomly
selected flights.
5. Based on 5 000 responses from 12 000 survey forms sent to its alumni, a big
university estimated that the average monthly salary of its alumni is ₱25 500.
6. A college student interviews everyone in a Mathematics class to determine the
percentage of students that live in a dormitory.
7. A market researcher randomly selects 100 drivers under 35 years of age and
50 drivers over 35 years of age.
8. All of the teachers from 100 randomly selected senior high schools are
interviewed.
9. To avoid working late, the quality control manager examines the last 20 items
produced that day.
10. The names of 50 contestants are written on 50 cards. The cards are placed in
a bag then three names are picked from the bag.

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Lesson 2: Sampling Distributions

Warm Up!

Height Is Might!

Materials Needed: computer with Microsoft Excel

Instructions:
1. This activity should be done individually.
2. Open the Microsoft Excel on your computer. Rename the
worksheet as “Two Dice.”
3. Type “Die 1” on cell A1, “Die 2” on cell B1, and “Sample
Mean” on cell C1.
4. List all the possible combinations when rolling two dice.
5. On cell C2, type “=Average(A2:B2).”
6. On cell C2, position the cursor on the lower right until the
“+” appears. It means you can drag the cursor downward
to copy the formula.
7. Your sheet should look like the figure at the right.
8. Copy the sample mean starting in cell F3. Write the
frequency of each mean starting in cell G3.
9. You can also use the formula
“=COUNTIF($C$2:$C$37,F3).” Drag the formula until the
last sample mean.
10. Find the probability of each mean beside the frequency by
dividing each frequency by the sum of the frequencies.
11. Create a histogram of the sample mean and the probability.

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Learn about It!

The graph you created in Warm Up! is the sampling distribution of the sample mean when
two dice are rolled.

Samples help to make inferences about a population. When we get a statistic from a
sample, we want this to represent the corresponding parameter of the population as
accurately as possible. But what if we get another set of samples? Will the statistic be equal
to the statistic of the first sample? Clearly, different samples will give different values for
the same statistic. Thus, we are interested in determining the distribution of the possible
values of the statistic for all possible sets of samples. This distribution is called the sampling
distribution of a sample statistic.

The sampling distribution is a probability distribution of a statistic obtained from all

possible samples of a particular size from a population. In other words, it is the distribution
of the statistic if we were to repeatedly draw samples from the population. If we want
determine how far sample statistics are likely to vary from each other and from the
population parameter, sampling distributions can be helpful.

In repeated random sampling, we are provided with the following information: (1) what
values of the statistic can occur; and (2) how often each of these values occurs. There are
three ways of determining the sampling distribution of a statistic:

1. Derive the distribution mathematically using the laws of probability.

2. Use a simulation to approximate the distribution. Draw a large number of samples
of size 𝑛, calculate the value of the statistic for each sample, and tabulate the results
in a relative frequency histogram. When the number of samples is large, the
histogram will be very close to the theoretical sampling distribution.
3. Use statistical theorems to derive exact or approximate sampling distributions.

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Suppose that a sample of size 𝑛 = 10 is taken from a population. The mean of the 10
numbers is calculated. A new sample of size 10 is taken and the mean is again calculated.
This process is repeated an infinite number of times. The distribution of the infinite number
of sample means obtained is called the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Let’s Practice!

Example 1: The figure below shows 4 balls labeled accordingly.

Two balls are chosen randomly with replacement.
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
mean of the labels of the balls chosen.

Solution: List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then solve for the
sample mean of each sample.

Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Mean Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Mean

1 1 1 3 1 2
1 2 1.5 3 2 2.5
1 3 2 3 3 3
1 4 2.5 3 4 3.5
2 1 1.5 4 1 2.5
2 2 2 4 2 3
2 3 2.5 4 3 3.5
2 4 3 4 4 4

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean using a probability

distribution table. Recall that the probability of each sample mean is computed
by dividing its frequency by the total frequency of all possible sample means.

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Sample Mean Probability

1
1 16
1
1.5 8
3
2 16
1
2.5 4
3
3 16
1
3.5 8
1
4 16

Try It Yourself!

A six-sided die is rolled twice and the mean of the two results is solved. Construct
the sampling distribution of the sample mean of the results of the two rolls.

Example 2: Using the same experiment in Example 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample range of the label of the balls chosen.

Solution: Since the sample range is also a statistic, its sampling distribution can also be
constructed. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then
solve for the sample range of each sample.

Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Range Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Range

1 1 0 3 1 2
1 2 1 3 2 1
1 3 2 3 3 0
1 4 3 3 4 1
2 1 1 4 1 3
2 2 0 4 2 2
2 3 1 4 3 1
2 4 2 4 4 0
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Construct the sampling distribution of the sample range using a probability

distribution table.

Sample Range Probability

1
0 4
3
1 8
1
2 4
1
3 8

Try It Yourself!

Using the same experiment in Try It Yourself! 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample range of the results of the two rolls.

Example 3: Let “max” be the highest value in a set. Using the same experiment in Example
1, construct the sampling distribution of the sample max of the label of the
balls chosen.

Solution: Since the sample max is also a statistic, its sampling distribution can also be
constructed. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then
solve for the sample max of each sample.

Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Max Ball 1 Ball 2 Sample Max

1 1 1 3 1 3
1 2 2 3 2 3
1 3 3 3 3 3
1 4 4 3 4 4
2 1 2 4 1 4
2 2 2 4 2 4
2 3 3 4 3 4
2 4 4 4 4 4 20

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Construct the sampling distribution of the sample max using a probability

distribution table.

Sample Mean Probability

1
1 16
3
2 16
5
3 16
7
4 16

Try It Yourself!

Using the same experiment in Try It Yourself! 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample max of the results of the two rolls.

Real-World Problems

Example 4: A box contains four candy bars with varying sugar content as shown below.

Candy Bar Sugar Content (in g)

A 93
B 95
C 101
D 105

Two candy bars are picked at random as sample. The sugar content of the
chosen bars are checked and the mean is solved. What is the probability the
mean sugar content of the chosen bars is at least 100 g.

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Solution: To solve the problem, the mean sugar content of all possible samples of 2
candy bars should be determined. Thus, we need to construct the sampling
distribution of the sample mean sugar content with sample size 𝑛 = 2.

List all the possible samples of size 2 without replacement. Then solve for the
sample mean of each sample. Since we are only interested whether the
sample mean is at least 100 or not, we will create a random variable that will
denote whether the sample mean satisfies this condition. Let 𝑥 be a sample
statistic whose value is 1 if the sample mean is at least 100, or 0 otherwise.

Sample Sample Mean 𝒙

93, 95 94 0
93, 101 97 0
93, 105 99 0
95, 101 98 0
95, 105 100 1
101, 105 103 1

Construct the sampling distribution of 𝑥 using a probability distribution table.

𝒙 Probability
2
0 3
1
1 3

Thus, the probability that the average sugar content of the sample candy bars
1
is at least 100 g is 3.

Try It Yourself!

Using the same information in Example 4, what is the probability that the mean sugar
content of the sample candy bars is at most 99 g.
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Check Your Understanding!

1. A box contains 6 balls labeled from 0 to 5. Three balls are drawn without
replacement. Construct the sampling distribution of the following sample statistics
of the labels of the balls drawn.
a. sample mean
b. sample range
c. sample max (the highest number in a set)
d. sample min (the lowest number in a set)

2. A coin is tossed thrice. If it lands with heads up, 1 is recorded. Otherwise, 0 is

recorded. Construct the sampling distribution of the following sample statistics of
the recorded results of the coin tosses.
a. sample mean
b. sample mode
c. sample range
d. sample max (the highest number in a set)
e. sample min (the lowest number in a set)

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Lesson 3: Problems Involving Random Sampling

Warm Up!

What People Need in Life

Materials Needed: pen and paper

Instructions:
1. This activity involves the whole class but data gathering and analysis will be done
individually.
2. Everyone in the class will write his/her name in a small piece of paper.
3. All the papers will be placed in a covered box.
4. The class president will draw 10 papers from the box.
5. The ten students drawn will answer the question “What are the 3 things that people
need most in life?” The sample students must be presented with six choices.
6. The class president will report the 3 things that are chosen by the most number of
students.

Learn about It!

The activity in Warm Up! is an example of a simple survey where simple random sampling
is done. All of the students had an equal chance of being chosen since all their names are
included in the draw.

Let us work on more problems involving random sampling through the examples provided
in Let’s Practice!.

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Let’s Practice!

Example 1: A random sample of people residing in a city was obtained by selecting every
15th person who passed by the busiest corner in the business district. Will the
sample have the characteristics of a random sample selected from the city’s
residents? Explain.

Solution: The sample may not be representative of the population of the city since only
residents who go to the business district had a chance of being included in the
sample. This implies that the respondents are mostly business owners and
employed workers. Thus, this does not include students, senior citizens,
unemployed adults, and other groups.

Try It Yourself!

A random sample of students in a university was obtained by selecting 15 students

who passed a certain mathematics course and 15 students who failed it. Will the
sample have the characteristics of a random sample selected from the university’s
students? Explain.

Example 2: A population consists of 𝑁 = 500 experimental units, each of which is labeled

a number from 1 to 500. Using a number generator that gives a random
number from the set {000 ,001, 002, … , 997, 998, 999}, a random sample of 𝑛 =
20 experimental units is chosen. Given the following table showing the random
number assigned to each experimental unit, what is the probability that any
experimental unit is selected for inclusion in the sample? Does every
experimental unit have the same chance of being chosen?

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Experimental Unit Assigned Random Numbers

1 001 and 501
2 002 and 502
… …
499 499 and 999
500 500 and 000

Solution: The table assigns two random numbers to each of the 500 experimental units.
2 1
Thus, each experimental unit has a 1000 or 500 chance of being included in the
sample and has the same chance of being chosen.

Try It Yourself!

Twelve players from a basketball club check in to a hotel for an out-of-town game.
Ten of them will share a basic room good for ten guests while the remaining two will
share a deluxe twin room with spa and other special amenities. All of them wanted
the deluxe twin room so they decided to determine which two will stay in it by a simple
raffle. The twelve names are put into a hat and the contents are shaken well. Included
in the team are John and Greg who are bestfriends. What is the probability that John
and Greg will be drawn?

Example 3: A population consists of 𝑁 = 5 numbers: 2, 4, 5, 9, and 12. If a random sample

of size 𝑛 = 3 is selected without replacement, find the sampling distribution of
the sample median.

Solution: There are 10 possible random samples of size 𝑛 = 3. Each of these is equally
1
likely to be chosen with probability . Determine the sample median for all
10
possible samples.

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Sample Sample Median

2, 4, 5 4
2, 4, 9 4
2, 4, 12 4
2, 5, 9 5
2, 5, 12 5
2, 9, 12 9
4, 5, 9 5
4, 5, 12 5
4, 9, 12 9
5, 9, 12 9

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample median using a probability

distribution table.

Sample Median Probability

3
4
10
4
5
5
3
9
10

Try It Yourself!

Using the same experiment in Example 3, construct the sampling distribution of the
sample statistic 𝑥 if 𝑥 is the number of even integers in the sample.

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Example 4: In a certain school district with 500 teachers, the

supervisor wants to survey about the number of
teachers who use ICT in their classroom discussions.
She wants to get a sample of 50 teachers and classify
the participants according to age bracket. What type
of sampling method should she employ and how
many teachers should be included in the sample per age bracket, given the
following population of teachers in the district classified according to age
bracket?

Age Bracket Population

20-29 68
30-39 195
40-49 172
50+ 65

Solution: Since the supervisor aims to classify the participants according to age
bracket, stratified random sampling should be employed, where the strata
will be based on the age brackets.

Determine the sample size per age bracket by dividing the population of each
age bracket by the population size then multiplying the quotient to the sample
size. Then round off the results. We will have the following number of samples
from each age bracket.

Age No. of Samples

20-29 7
30-39 20
40-49 17
50+ 6

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Try It Yourself!

In a junior high school with 580 students, a researcher wants to sample 60 students
where Grades 7 to 10 are represented. The population of Grades 7, 8, 9, and 10
students are 120, 150, 130, and 180, respectively. How many respondents from each
grade level should the researcher select if he wants to employ stratified random
sampling?

Check Your Understanding!

1. The sampling distribution of a statistic is ___.

a. using repeated samples and finding a probability
b. the distribution of values taken by a statistic in all possible samples of the same
sample size from the same population
c. the way that sample results different from each other
d. the distribution of values in a sample of size 𝑛

For questions 2–4, consider the situation below.

A certain public high school has 2000 students. The principal wants to obtain information
from parents regarding school homework policies.

2. The principal takes a numbered list of all students in the school and randomly selects
samples whose parents will participate. Which sampling technique does this
illustrate?
a. systematic
b. simple random
c. cluster
d. stratified
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3. The principal wants to be sure she has a proportionate sample of parents based on
the grade level of the students. Which sampling method should she consider using?
a. systematic
b. simple random
c. cluster
d. stratified

4. The target population in her study are ____.

a. students in the school
b. parents of students in the school
c. elementary school pupils in the district
d. parents of elementary school pupils in the district

5. Patrick wanted to have a proportional allocation of sample per stratum in a

population of 352. The following are the strata and their corresponding populations:
125 Chinese, 84 Japanese, 94 Filipinos, and 49 Koreans. How many samples from each
stratum should he select if his sample size is 100?

6. During the course of his study, Felipe noted that 514 patients were categorized based
on their developmental stage. The following were listed: Adolescence 163, Young
Adult 201, and Late Adult 150. Compute for the number of samples Felipe should
select from each stratum using stratified random sampling if he needs 40 patients
for a study.

7. In a systematic sample of size 40 from a population of 600 with a randomly selected

starting point of 12, the next three selections should be:
a. 42, 92, 137
b. 27, 42, 57
c. 90, 140, 190
d. 24, 36, 48

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Challenge Yourself!

1. Give an example of a situation where both stratified random sampling and cluster
sampling should be used in different stages. Explain your answer.

2. Contrary to current thought about omega-3 fatty acids, new research shows that the
beneficial fats do not help reduce the risk of recurring attacks in heart attack
survivors. The study observed 4 837 men and women being treated for heart disease.
The experimental group received an additional 400 mg of omega-3 daily. Suppose
that this experiment is to be repeated with 50 individuals in the control group and 50
individuals in the experimental group. Suggest the best randomization scheme to get
the 100 individuals for the two groups.

Performance Task

Make an online poll or survey about a topic that is interesting to grade 12 students or any
topic that affects the lives of Filipinos today. The number of respondents should not be less
than 30. Your report must include the following: the title of the survey, sample size,
sampling technique, sample statistic, and interpretation of the results. You have one week
to complete the task.

Performance Task Rubric

Below Needs Successful Exemplary

Criteria Expectation Improvement Performance Performance
(0–49%) (50–74%) (75–99%) (99+%)
Sufficiency of Less than 10 11 to 20 21 to 29 At least 30
Number of respondents are respondents respondents respondents
Respondents gathered. are gathered. are gathered. are gathered. 31

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More than half

The Few of the All
Accuracy of of the
computations computations computations
Computations computations
were all incorrect. are incorrect. are correct.
are incorrect.
The proposal is The proposal The proposal The proposal
Punctuality of
submitted more is submitted is submitted is submitted
Submission
than 3 days late. 2–3 days late. 1 day late. on time.

Wrap-up

Terms Description
Parameter description of data from a population
Statistic description of data from a sample
• Every element has an equal chance
Simple Random Sampling of being selected.
• Elements are selected randomly.
• Elements are selected at a regular
1-in-𝑘 random sampling
interval (may be time, order, or
(Systematic Random Sampling)
space)
• It is used when a population is
Stratified Random Sampling
heterogeneous.
• It is usually used when the target
population is homogenous but is
spread over a wide geographical
Cluster Sampling
region.
• Instead of elements, clusters are
randomly selected.
• It is a sampling method where two
Multistage Sampling or more probability sampling
techniques are combined.
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Key to Let’s Practice!

Lesson 1
1. parameter: mean income of teachers in the National Capital Region; statistic: mean
income of 100 teachers in NCR
2. cluster sampling, where each school district is considered a cluster; other possible
answers with correct explanation
3. stratified random sampling
4. Answers may vary.

Lesson 2
1.
Sample Mean Probability
1
1
36
1
1.5
18
1
2
12
1
2.5
9
5
3
36
1
3.5
6
5
4
36
1
4.5
9
1
5
12
1
5.5
18
1
6
36
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2.
Sample Range Probability
1
0
6
5
1
18
2
2
9
1
3
6
1
4
9
1
5
18

3.
Sample Max Probability
1
1
36
1
2
12
5
3
36
7
4
36
1
5
4
11
6
36

1
4. 2

Lesson 3
1. The sample may not be representative of the students in the university since the
number of students who passed the mathematics course may not be equal to the
number of those who failed. Thus, one of the two subgroups is underrepresented.
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1
2.
66
3.
𝒙 Probability
3
1
10
3
2
5
1
3
10

4. 12, 16, 13, and 19 students should be selected from grades 7, 8, 9, and 10,
respectively.

References

”A Manual for Selecting SamplingTechniques in Research.” Accessed September 24, 2018.

[Link]

“Sampling in Statistics: Different Sampling Methods, Types & Error”. Accessed September
24, 2018. [Link]
statistics/

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