►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

10 Integration

►Integration as the reverse of differentiation

The function, y = f(x)

dy
Differentiate with respected to x, = f ' ( x)
dx
 dy 
Integrate with respected to x,
  dx  dx =  f ' ( x) dx = F ( x) + C

► Integration Formula

x n +1
1.  x dx =
n
+ C , ((nn−11)) where C is an arbitary constant.
(n + 1)
2.  k dx = kx + C (k = constant)
1 ax
 e dx = e +C
ax
3.
a
1
4.  sin x dx = − cos x + C , sin ax dx = −
a
cos ax + C

1
5.  cos x dx = sin x + C ,  cos ax dx = sin ax + C
a

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Addition formula
(ax + b) n +1
6.  (ax + b) dx =
n
+ C , n  −1 and a  0
(n + 1)(a)
1 ax +b
 e dx =
ax + b
7. e +C
a
1
8.  sin (ax + b) dx = − cos (ax + b) + C
a
1
9.  cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + C
a

►Kinematics

ds
1. v =
dt
dv d 2s
2. a = (or ) a = 2
dt dt
3. s =  v dt

4. v =  a dt

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Area under curve by Integration

From the investigation, we can conclude that the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = f(x), the lines x = a and x = b, and the x-axis is given by the definite integral.
b

 f ( x) dx , where f(x) ≥ 0 and a ≤ x ≤ b.

a
In general, the area enclosed by the curve y = f(x),
the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b (a < b) is given by

b b

∫ a
f ( x ) dx when f(x)  0 (i.e. above the x-axis)
∫ a
f ( x ) dx when f(x) , 0 (i.e. below the x-axis)
y y
y = f(x) y = f(x)

and a b x
0

x
0 a b

The area enclosed by the curve x = f(y),

the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b (a < b) is given by

∫ a
x dy when x = f(y)  0

y=b

y=a x = f(y)

x
0

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Area bounded by a line and a curve

y
y = g(x) The figure shows the region bounded by
B
y = f(x)
the line y = f(x) and the curve y = g(x).
Suppose that the line and the curve intersect at
A
the points A and B, where the x-coordinates of
A and B are a and b respectively.
x
0 a b

Then the shaded area enclosed between y = f(x) and y = g(x)

= (area under y = f(x) between x = a, x = b and the x-axis)
– (area under y = g(x) between x = a, x = b and the x-axis)
b b
=
∫a ∫ g( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx −
a
b
=
∫ [f ( x ) − g( x )] dx
a

►Area bounded by the graphs of two functions

If the two function f(x) and g(x) intersect at x = a

and x = b, then the area, A, enclosed between the

two curves is given by the formula:

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Solid Volume of revolution

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the x-axis between x = a and
b

x = b is given by : Volume, V = π  y 2 dx
a

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the y-axis between y = c and
d
y = d is given by : Volume, V = π  x 2 dy
c

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Solid Volume of revolution (between two curves (or) line and curve )

If the two function f(x) and g(x) intersect at x = a and x = b

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the x-axis between two curves
(or) line and curve is

(  f ( x) − g ( x) ) dx
b
V =
2 2

If the two function f(y) and g(y) intersect at x = c and x = d

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the y-axis between two curves
(or) line and curve is

(  f ( y) − g ( y) ) dy
d
V =
2 2

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Additional Exercises
1. Find

 (3x + 5 x − 2) dx
3
 − 8x  3x( x − 7) dx
2
(a) 4
dx (b) (c)
2
5u 3 + 2 u 3x 7 + x 2 3 2 
(d)  du (e)  23 x dx (f)   x + 3  dx
u  x

 (3x − 4) dx
3
(g) 4
(h)  5 x +1 dx (i)  (5 − 4 x ) 3
dx

 x
(j)  7 sin(5x − 3) dx (k)  (2 cos 3x − 3 sin 2 x) dx (l)   x + cos 2  dx
 1  3  2  
(m)   2 sin 3x + 2 cos 2 x dx (n)  sin  4 x + 2  dx (o)  5 cos 4 − 2 x  dx
2 + e3 x 2e x + 9 x 2e3 x
 e dx  e x+1 dx  18x 2e x dx
2 −5 x
(p) (q) (r)

 2 
3 4 

 (5x + 2) dx 1  2 x − x  dx  (3 + cos 2 x) dx
2
(s) (t) (u) 0
1

 

 (2 cos x − sin 2 x) dx  (sin 3x − cos 2 x) dx

2
 5 e − 2 x dx
3 2
(v) (w) (x)
6 4 0

3 5 2 3 + 8e 2 x
(y) 2 e 2 x −1
dx (z)  0 2e x
dx

𝑑𝑦
2. A curve is such that the gradient function, = 3x2 ‒ 4x + 1.
𝑑𝑥
Given that the curve passes through the point (0, 5), find the equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑦
3. A curve is such that the gradient function, = cos x – sin x.
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Given that the curve passes through the point ( 2 , 3), find the equation of the curve.

𝑑𝑦
4. A curve is such that the gradient function, = 2e2x + e–x .
𝑑𝑥
Given that the curve passes through the point (0, 4), find the equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑦
5. A curve is such that = kx – 5 where k is a constant.
𝑑𝑥
1
The gradient of the normal to the curve at the point (2, ‒1) is − .
3
Find the equation of the curve.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Kinematics

6. The velocity ms‒1, of a ball after t seconds, is given by v = 8 + 10t – t2 . (t ≥ 0)

(i) Find the acceleration after t seconds.
(ii) Calculate t when the acceleration is zero.
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, find the maximum velocity.

7. The velocity, v ms‒1, of a particle after t seconds is given by v = 12t – 8t3 . (t ≥ 0)

Given that the initial displacement is 10m, find
(i) an expression for s in terms of t
(ii) the displacement when t = 2.

8. The displacement, s metres, of a particle after t seconds is given by s = 25t + 30t2 – 5t3.
(i) Find an expression for the velocity and acceleration in terms of t.
(ii) Work out the velocity and acceleration after 3 seconds.

9. The velocity, v ms‒1, of a particle after t seconds is given by v =160 – 32t.

(i) Find an expression for the acceleration.
At t = 0, the particle’s displacement is 384m from its starting point.
(ii) an expression for this displacement.
(iii) the time when the particle passes through the origin.

10. The velocity, , v ms‒1, of a particle after t seconds is given by v = 24 + 6t – t2.

(i) Find an expression for its acceleration.
(ii) Calculate its acceleration sfter 2 seconds.
(iii) When s = 0, t = 0, expression for its displacement.
(iv) Find the displacement when t = 2.

11. A particle moves in a straight line so that, t seconds after passing a fixed point O, its
displacement, s metres, is given by s = t3 – 6t2 + 9t + 56. Find
(i) its velocity when t = 4,
(ii) its acceleration when t = 4,
(iii) the values of t when it is instantaneously at rest,
(iv) the total distance travelled in the first 2.5 seconds of its motion,
(v) the distance of the particle from O when t = 2.5

12. A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s metres, from a fixed-point A, is
given by s = 6t + 2 cos 3t, where t is the time in seconds after passing A. Find
(i) the initial position of the particle,
(ii) an expression for the velocity and the acceleration of the particle in terms of t,
(iii) the time at which the particle first comes to a rest and its distance from A at this instant.

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Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

13. A stone thrown into the air rises a distance of s metres in t seconds, where s = 20t – 5t2.
(i) Find the velocity of the stone when t = 1.5 and when t = 3.5.
(ii) Explain what is meant by a negative velocity.
(iii) Find the maximum height reached by the stone.
(iv) Find the values of t when the particle is 15 m above the ground.
Explain why there are two answers.

14. An object P moves in a straight line so that its velocity, v ms−1, is given by v = 2t2 – 7t + 3,
where t is the time in seconds after leaving a point A which is 5 m away from O. Find
(i) an expression, in terms of t, for the displacement of P from O,
(ii) the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest,
(iii) the distance of P from O at t = 2.
(iv) the total distance travelled by P in the first 5 seconds of its motion.

15. A particle starts from a point O and moves in a straight line with a velocity, v ms−1, given by
v = t + sin 2t, where t is the time in seconds after leaving O. Calculate the displacement of
𝜋
the particle when t = 2 , and its acceleration at this instant.
1
− t
16. A particle travels in a straight line so that its velocity, v m s−1, is given by v = e 3
,
where t is the time in seconds after leaving a fixed-point O.
Calculate, correct to 2 decimal places,
(i) the acceleration of the particle when t = 3,
(ii) the distance travelled in the 2s to 3s of motion after leaving O.

Find the areas using integration

17. Find the area of the region R bounded by the curve the equation y = (4 – x) (x + 2) and the
positive x-axis and positive y-axis.

18. Sketch the graph and find the area of the enclosed region between curve y = x2 – 5x + 6 and
x axis.

19. Find the area of the enclosed region between curve y = x (x – 3) and x axis.

20. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = ‒ (x + 4) (x – 1) and the x axis.

21. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = x (x + 1) (x ‒ 1) and the x axis.

22. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = ‒(x+2)(x‒2)(x‒1)and the x axis.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

23. The figure shows part of the curve y = cos x – sin x. y

Calculate the area of the shaded region, y = cos x – sin x

leaving your answer in surd form.

x
O π
4

y
y = 3x(x – 2)
24. Find the total area enclosed by the curve
y = 3x(x – 2), the x-axis and the line x = 3.

x
0 2 3

y
25. Find the total area of the shaded regions
y = 3 sin 2x
enclosed by the curve y = 3 sin 2x, 3
3π
3𝜋 4 x
the x-axis and the line x = . 0 π π
2
2
–3

y
26. The figure shows the sketch of the curve x = y(3 – y).
(0, 3)
Find the area enclosed by the curve and the y-axis. x = y(3 – y)

x
O

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

27. Find the shaded area of the following.

(a) (b) (c)

y y
y
y = x3
27 y=4 x

y = 1 + e1 – x

x x x
0 0 4 0 1

y (e)
1
y (d) x
y = e2 – 2

2 y = 1 + sin x

x
x 0 ln 4 3
0 3π
–1
2

(f) (g)

y
y
y = 1 + ex – 1

2 x= y2 +2

2
x y=1
0 1

x
–1 0 1 2

28. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2 + 2 and the line y = 5 – 2x.

29. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = 4x – x2 and the line y = 2x.

30. Sketch the curve y = x2 + 1 and the line y = 5. Calculate the area of the region enclosed
by the curve and the line.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

A y = 2x
31. The figure shows part of the curve y = x(5 – x) and
the line y = 2x intersecting at the point A. Find R y = x(5 – x)
(i) the coordinates of A, x
O 5
(ii) the area of the shaded region R.

32. The figure shows part of the curve y= √𝑥 and the y

line y + x = 2 intersecting at the point P. Find y= x

P
(i) the coordinates of P,
y+x=2
(ii) the area of the shaded region.
x
O

y
33. The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2x2, 32
y=
32 1 x2 y = 2x2
part of the curve y = 2 and part of the line y = x
x 2
Find (i) the coordinates of P and of Q, Q
1
y= x
(ii) the area of the shaded region. 2
P
x
O
y

34. y = x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 5

A B C y=5

E O D x

The diagram shows part of the curve y = x3 + 4x2 ‒ 5x + 5 and the line y = 5.
The curve and the line intersect at the points A, B and C. The points D and E are on the
x-axis and the lines AE and CD are parallel to the y-axis.
Calculate the total area of the shaded regions enclosed between the line and the curve.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Solid Volume of Revolution

35. Find the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region under the curve
y = √𝑥 from x = 1 to x = 4 about the x-axis.

36. The region R is bounded by the curve with the equation y = x2 – 1, the x-axis and the line
x = 1 and x = ‒1.
(a) Find the area of R.
(b) Find the volume of the solid formed when the region R is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis.

37. (a) Show that cos 2x = 1 – 2sin2 x

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
(b) Using the part (a) , Show that sin2 2x =
2
(c) The region R is bounded by the curve with the equation y = sin 2x, the x-axis and the
𝜋
line x = 0 and x = .
2
(i) Find the area of R.
(ii) Find the volume of the solid formed when the region R is rotated through 2π
radians about the x-axis.
1
38. The area between the curve y = , the y axis and the lines y = 1 and y = 2 is rotated about
𝑥
the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed.

39. The area between the curve y = x2, the y axis and the lines y = 0 and y = 2 is rotated about
the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed.

40. The area cut off by the x axis and the curve y = x2 – 3x is rotated about the x-axis. Find the
volume of the solid of revolution formed.

41. Sketch the two curves of these equations y = x2 and y = x3 , ‒2 ≤ x ≤ 2.

(a) Find the area of enclosed region R.
(b) Find the volume of the solid formed when the region R is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis.
(c) Find the volume of the solid formed when the region R is rotated through 2π radians
about the y-axis.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

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