►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

11 Trigonometry
arc (part of circle)

sector
centre

chord radius

segment

►The Relation between Degree and Radian Measure

B
The circumference of a circle = 2πr
r
r Number of arcs = 2π ≈ 6.28 arcs
1 radian A One full rotation = 2π radians
O r One full rotation = 360˚
2π radians = 360˚
π radians = 180˚
360
1 radian = ≈ 57˚ 19ʹ
2

1˚ = = 0.01746 radian
180

►Arc length and Area of sector of a circle

The length of arc is proportional to the angle θ.
ℓ Length of arc AB Angle substebded by arc AB
A B =
Length of circumference Angle substended by circumference
r r  θ
θ =
O
2ππ 2

 (in radians) =
r


= (or )  = r ( in radian)
r

101
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

ℓ
A B The area of sector is proportional to the angle θ.
area of sector AOB θ
r θ
r =
Area of circle 2
O A θ
=
πr 2
2

1 2 1
A= r  = r ( in radian)
2 2

►Six Trigonometric Ratios

O = Opposite side
O H A = Adjacent side
 H = Hypotenuse

Sine Cosine Tangent Cotangent Secant Cosecant

(sin θ) (cos θ) (tan θ) (cot θ) (sec θ) (cosec θ)

O A O A H H
H H A O A O

1 1
Note : : sin  = ⇔ cos ec  =
cos ec  sin 
1 1
cos  = ⇔ sec  =
sec  cos 
1 1
tan  = ⇔ cot  =
cot  tan 

sin  cos 
tan  = ⇔ cot  =
cos  sin 

102
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Basic Identities
A
By Pythagoras’ Theorem
c2 + a2 = b2 --------(1)
2 2
b c a
c 2
eq (1) ÷ b ⇒   +   = 1
b b
θ
B a C sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

2 2
2 c b
eq (1) ÷ a ⇒   +1=  
a a

tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ

2 2
2 a b
eq (1) ÷ c ⇒ 1 +   =  
c c

1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

►Unit Circle

When θ is acute angle.

sin θ = y
P
cos θ = x
1
y 𝑦
tan θ =
 𝑥
O x X
N ‒1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ‒1 ≤ y ≤ 1
‒1 ≤ cos θ ≤ ‒1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
P(x,y) = P(cos θ, sin θ)

103

Hinthar International School

►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►ASTC diagram

II I
sin (+)
cosec (+) All (+)
Other (-)

III IV
tan (+) cos (+)
cot (+) sec (+)
other (-) other (-)

►When θ is basic acute angle

For positive angle For negative angle

90˚ -270˚

0˚, 360˚ 0˚, -360˚

180˚ θ -180˚ θ

270˚ -90˚

sin (–θ) = –sin θ

cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = –tan θ
cot (–θ) = –cot θ
sec (–θ) = sec θ
cosec (–θ) = –cosec θ

104
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

When θ is acute angle.

1. ASTC diagram ကို အရင်ကကည်ပ ြီး Sign သတ်မတ

ှ ် ါ
2. X axis ( + ‒ ) အခ ြီးမပ ြောင်ြီး (180˚±θ, 360˚±θ, … )
3. Y axis ( + ‒ ) အခ ြီးပ ြောင်ြီး (90˚±θ, 270˚±θ, … )

sin (90˚–θ) = cos θ sin (90˚+θ) = cos θ

cos (90˚–θ) = sin θ cos (90˚+θ) = –sin θ
tan (90˚–θ) = cot θ tan (90˚+θ) = –cot θ
cot (90˚–θ) = tan θ cot (90˚+θ) = –tan θ
sec (90˚–θ) = cosec θ sec (90˚+θ) = –cosec θ
cosec(90˚–θ) = sec θ cosec(90˚+θ) = sec θ

sin (180˚–θ) = sin θ sin (180˚+θ) = –sin θ

cos (180˚–θ) = –cos θ cos (180˚+θ) = –cos θ
tan (180˚–θ) = –tan θ tan (180˚+θ) = tan θ
cot (180˚–θ) = –cot θ cot (180˚+θ) = cot θ
sec (180˚–θ) = –sec θ sec (180˚+θ) = –sec θ
cosec (180˚–θ) = cosec θ cosec (180˚+θ) = –cosec θ

sin (270˚–θ) = –cos θ sin (270˚+θ) = –cos θ

cos (270˚–θ) = –sin θ cos (270˚+θ) = sin θ
tan (270˚–θ) = cot θ tan (270˚+θ) = –cot θ
cot (270˚–θ) = tan θ cot (270˚+θ) = –tan θ
sec (270˚–θ) = –cosec θ sec (270˚+θ) = cosec θ
cosec (270˚–θ) = –sec θ cosec (270˚+θ) = –sec θ

sin (360˚–θ) = –sin θ sin (360˚+θ) = sin θ

cos (360˚–θ) = cos θ cos (360˚+θ) = cos θ
tan (360˚–θ) = –tan θ tan (360˚+θ) = tan θ
cot (360˚–θ) = –cot θ cot (360˚+θ) = cot θ
sec (360˚–θ) = sec θ sec (360˚+θ) = sec θ
cosec (360˚–θ) = – cosec θ cosec (360˚+θ) = cosec θ

sin (–θ) = –sin θ

cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = –tan θ
cot (–θ) = –cot θ
sec (–θ) = sec θ
cosec (–θ) = –cosec θ

105
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Compound angle formula

sin (α+β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

sin (α–β) = sin α cos β – cos α sin β

cos (α+β) = cos α cos β – sin α sin β

cos (α–β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

tan  + tan 
tan (α+β) =
1 − tan  tan 

tan  − tan 
tan (α–β) =
1 + tan  tan 

►Double angle formula

sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α

cos 2α = cos2 α – sin2 α = 2cos2 –1= 1 – 2sin2 α
2 tan 
tan 2α =
1 − tan 2 

C
γ
1
Area of ∆ ABC = ab sin C
b a 2
1
= ac sin B
2
A α β 1
B = bc sin A
c 2

►Sine Law
a b c sin  sin  sin 
= = and = =
sin  sin  sin  a b c

►Cosine Law
b2 + c2 − a 2
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosα and cos α =
2bc
a 2 + c2 − b2
b = a + c – 2ac cos β
2 2 2
and cos β =
2ac
a 2 + b2 − c2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos γ and cos γ =
2ab

106
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The graph of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x

1 y = sin x

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

‒1

y
y = cos x
1

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

‒1

y = tan x

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

1st Solution
Equation 2nd Solution 3rd Solution 4th Solution
(Calculator)

sin x = k x = sin‒1 k 180˚ ‒ x

cos x = k x = cos‒1 k 360˚ ‒ x 1st solutions ± 360˚ 2nd solutions ± 360

tan x = k x = tan‒1 k 180˚ + x

107
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Trigonometry in three dimensions

►Solid Geometry Shape

►The angle between a line and a plane

The size of the angle between the line AB and the shaded
B
plane, drop a perpendicular from B. It meets the shaded plane at C.

Then join AC.

A C
The angle between the lines AB and AC

represents the angle between the line AB and the shaded plane.

The line AC is the projection of the line AB on the shaded plane.

n1
►The angle between the two planes

The angle between the two planes is equal to the n2

α θ
angle between lines in each plane that are perpendicular

to the line formed by the intersection. α θ

There are two possibilities for angle between the two planes.

They are acute angle θ and obtuse angle α.

108
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Additional Exercises
Sine Law and Cosine Law

1. Calculate the length of the side marked x and the size of the angle marked θ° in each
of the following.
(a) (b) (c)

60° x mm xm
2m
x cm
35° 140°
40° 25°
9 mm 3m
12 cm

(d) (e) (f)

2 mm

θ°
30° 35 mm 40 m
5 mm
20 m

θ° 4 mm
θ°
22 mm
25 m

2. Calculate the area of the following triangles.

(a) (b)

20 cm
12 mm

30°
14 cm 80° 12 mm

3. Calculate the value of x in each of the following.

(a) (b)

12 cm
9 cm
2
area = 40 cm area = 20 cm2
160°
x°
16 cm

x cm

109
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Arc length and Area of sector of a circle

4. Express each angle in radians. leaving your answer in terms of π .

(a) 120˚ (b) 540˚ (c) 22˚ (d) 150˚

5. Express each angle in degrees, rounding your answer to 3 s.f. where necessary:
2𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) 3c (d)
3 9 7

6. Find θ (in radians) for each of the following, and hence find the area of each figure:
(a) (b) (c)
31.7 cm
8 cm µ
5 cm
6 cm
µ
8 cm
8.4 cm µ

7. For each sector, calculate: (i) the arc length (ii) the area (iii ) the perimeter.

(a) (b) (c)

A P
81 cm
16 cm 2 rad
O Q
0.8c
O
16 cm B

A
8. The figure shows a sxctor OAB of radius 12 m
and a perimeter of 33 m.
(a) Find ∠AOB in radians, O
(b) Find the area of the sector OAB. 12 m
B

9. A circle of radius 5.5 cm has a sector with

an area of 30.25 cm2. 5.5 cm

Calculate the perimeter of this sector.

110
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

10. O is the centre of a circle of radius 8 m.

The points A and C lie on the circumference of the O
circle and OCB is a straight line.
8 m 45°
Given that ∠AOB = 45° and OA is perpendicular to AB, C
find the perimeter and area of shaded region ABC. A
B

11. In the figure, AQB is the minor arc of a circle with R

centre O and radius 17 cm. ARB is a semicircle with AB
as its diameter and Pas its centre. ∆OPB is a right-angled Q
triangle with ∠OPB = 90° and ∠POB = 59°. P
A B
Find (i) the length of AB, 59°
17 cm
(ii) the perimeter of the shaded region.
O
(iii) the area of the shaded region.

12. The figure shows a circle with centre O and radius

26 cm. Triangles OPR and OQR are congruent P
and ∠OPR = ∠OQR = 90°. 26 cm
Given that ∠POQ = 138° , find R
138°
O
(i) the length of QR,
(ii) the perimeter of the shaded region. Q
(iii) the area of the shaded region.
P
13. The figure shows two sectors OAB and OPQ with
A
8 cm
O as the common centre. The lengths of OA and
O 60°
OQ are 8 cm and 17 cm respectively.
Given that ∠AOB = ∠POQ = 60°. B
17 cm
(a) find the perimeter of the shaded region, Q

giving your answer in the form a + bπ, where a and b are rational numbers.
(b) find the area of the shaded region,
giving your answer in the form cπ, where c is rational number.

14. In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium in which AD is

B
parallel to BC, AD = 7 cm, BC = 10 cm and P
A
∠ADC = ∠BCD = 90°. PXD is an arc of a circle
10 cm
centre A and PYC is an arc of a circle centre B. 7 cm
X Y
(i) Show that ∠BAD is approximately 100.2°. D C
(ii) Hence, find the area of the shaded region.

111
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

7
15. In the figure, the length of the minor arc is of the
24
circumference of the circle.
O
(i) Find ∠AOB.
(ii) Given that the diameter of the circle is 14 cm, A B
find the length of the minor arc.

16. In the figure, the area of the shaded sector POQ is

Q
5
of the area of the whole circle.
18
O
(i) Find ∠POQ.
(ii) Given that the are of the shaded sector is 385 cm2,
P
find the diameter of the circle.

17. In the figure, AB is an arc of a circle centre O and radius A

16 cm. P is a point on OB such that AP is perpendicular
to OB and ∠AOB = 1.35 radians. 16 cm
(i) Show that OP is approximately 3.50 cm.
(ii) Find the length of AP. 1.35 rad
O P B
(iii) Find the area of the shaded region.

18. The figure shows the major segment ABC representing

the cross section of a train tunnel, centre O and radius B

3.6 m, such that ∠AOC = 2.2 radians.

(i) Show that AC is approximately 6.42 m. O
(ii) Find the length of the major arc ABC, giving your 3.6 m 3.6 m
A 2.2 rad C
answer in terms of π.
(iii) Find the area of the cross section of the tunnel, i.e.
area of major segment ABC.

112
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Problems in three dimensions S

R
Q
P
19. In the rectangular box shown, find: 4 cm

(a) AC (b) AR D C
(c) the angle between AR and the plane ABCD. 5 cm
A 12 cm B

20. A vertical pole BP stands at one corner of a horizontal

P
rectangular field as shown.
If AB = 10 m, AD = 5 m and angle PAB is 22˚ , calculate:
22°
A B
(a) the height of the pole
5m
(b) the angle of elevation of P from C
(c) the length of a diagonal of the rectangle ABCD C
D 10 m
(d) the angle of elevation of P from D.
P S

Q
21. In the cube shown, find: R

(a) BD (b) AS (c) BS

6 cm
d) the angle SBD D
A
e) the angle ASB. 6 cm
B 6 cm C

22. In the square-based pyramid, V is vertically above the V

middle of the base, AB=10 cm and VC=20 cm. Find:

(a) AC 20 cm
D
(b) the height of the pyramid
(c) the angle between VC and the plane ABCD A C

10 cm 10 cm
(d) the angle AVB
B
(e) the angle AVC.

23. In the wedge shown, PQRS is perpendicular to ABRQ; P

PQRS and ABRQ are rectangles with AB=QR=6 m,

Q S
BR=4 m, RS=2 m. Find: A
2m
(a) BS (b) AS (c) angle BSR 6m
R
(d) angle ASR (e) angle PAS. 4m
B

113
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

24. The figure shows a triangular pyramid on a horizontal V

base ABC, V is vertically above B where VB 10 cm,

10 cm
∠ABC = 90˚ and AB=BC=15 cm. Point M is the
A 15 cm
midpoint of AC. Calculate the size of angle VMB. B

M 15 cm

►Angle for four quadrants and Trigonometry equation

C

25. Find the value of θ in the interval 0˚ ≤ θ ≤ 360˚ in the following.

1 1 1 1
(a) sin θ = (b) cos θ = (c) sin θ = − 2 (d) cos θ = − 2
2 2
(e) tan θ = √3 (f) cos θ = ‒1 (g) sin θ = 0 (h) tan θ = 0
(i) cos θ = 0 (j) sin θ = 1 (k) 2 tan θ = 1 (l) tan θ = –√3
√3
(m) 7 sin θ = 5 (n) 2 cos θ = –√2 (o) sin θ = ‒ 0.766 (p) sin θ = – 2

26. Solve these equations for x or θ. Give your answer to 2 decimal places or in terms of π where
appropriate, in the intervals indicated.
√3
(a) sin x = – 2 , ‒180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚ (b) 2 sin x = ‒ 0.3, ‒180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚
(c) cos x = ‒ 0.809. ‒180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚ (d) cos x = 0.84, ‒360˚ ≤ x ≤ 0˚
√3
(e) tan x = 3 , 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 720˚ (f) tan x = 2.90, 80˚ ≤ x ≤ 440˚
1
(g) sin θ = 0, ‒2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π (h) sin θ = , ‒2π ≤ θ ≤ π
√2
1
(i) cos θ = − 2 , ‒2π ≤ θ ≤ π (j) 2(1 + tan θ) = 1 ‒ 5tan θ, ‒π ≤ θ ≤ 2π

27. Find the value of x, in the interval 0˚ ≤ θ ≤ 360˚, for which

(a) sin 4x = 0 (b) cos 3x = ‒ 1 (c) tan 2θ = 1

1 1 1
(d) tan x = −√ (e) sin (‒x) = (f) 2 sin (x – 20) = 1
2 3 √2
√3
(g) tan (θ + 75) = √3 (h) sin (2θ+15˚) = (i) tan (3θ–30˚) = –1
2
1
(j) cos 3θ = –
√2

28. Solve 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0 for ‒π ≤ x ≤ π. Give your answers in multiples of π.

29. Solve, in the interval given, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
  3   1
(a) sin  x −  = 0  x  2 (b) sin 2  x +  = −  x  
 2 4  6 2

114
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

30. Solve these equations in the interval given, giving your answers to 3 significant figures
where appropriate.
1   3
(a ) cos(3 x + 60) = − 90  x  90 (b) cos x +  = 0  x  2
2  4 4

(d ) sin (2 x −  ) = −
1
(c) tan(4 x − 30) = 2 90  x  270 −  x  
2
   1
(e) cos2  x −  = −  x  
 16  4
31. Find the values of x, in the interval ‒π ≤ x ≤ π, that satisfy the equation
2cos2 x + 9 sin x = 3 sin2 x. Give your answers in radians correct to 3 significant figures.

32. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360.

(a) 2 sin x cos x = sin x (b) 3 tan x sin x = 2 tan x
(c) 3 sin2 x = 4 sin x (d) 5 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
(e) cos2 x – cos x = 2 (f) 2 sin x cos x – cos x = 0
(g) 2 sin x = tan x (h) sin2(x - 30˚) = 0.5

33. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

(a) 2 sin2 x – sin x = 1 (b) 2 sin x cos x = 3 cos x
(c) 2 sin x cos x – cos x + 4 sin x – 2 = 0
(d) 8cos2 x – 2 cos x – 5 = sec x. (e) sin 2x = tan x

Show that, Prove that, Verify that,

1 + sin x cos x
34. Prove that + = 2sec x.
cos x 1 + sin x

cot A − tan A
35. Prove that = cos 2 A − sin 2 A .
cot A + tan A

sec2  − 2 sin  − cos 

36. Prove that = .
sec  + 2 tan  sin  + cos 
2

37. Prove that cosec x – sin x = cos x cot x.

1 1
38. Prove the identity + = 2 cos ec2 .
tan  cot 

sin 2 x
39. Prove that 1 − = cos x .
1 + cos x

115
Hinthar International School
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

2
 sin 2x sin 2x 
40. Prove the identity  −  = 4 (1 − sin 2x )
 sin x cos x 

sin x
41. Prove that cosec x − = cot x.
1 + cos x

1 + cos 
( cos ec + cot  ) =
2
42. Prove that .
1 − cos 

3 − 6 cos2 
43. Prove that = 3(sin  + cos )
sin  − cos

1 − sin  1 + sin  2
44. Prove that + = .
1 + sin  1 − sin  cos 

sec x tan x
45. Prove that + = 2sec2 x − 1 .
sec x + tan x sec x − tan x

46. Prove that sin (60˚ + x) – cos (30˚ + x) = sin x.

47. If cot x + cos x = p and cot x – cos x = q, show that pq = cos x cot x. where x is
acute and hence prove that p2 – q2 = 4 pq .

48. Given that x = 3sinθ – 2cosθ and y = 3cosθ + 2sinθ, find the value of the acute
angle θ for which x = y. Show that x2 + y2 is constant for all angles of θ.

tan  + tan  sin( + ) sin105

49. Prove that = . By using this result show that = 2+ 3 .
tan  − tan  sin( − ) sin15

50. Prove that tan A+ cot A = 2 cosec 2A. Find the exact value of tan 112.5˚ + cot 112.5˚.

116
Hinthar International School