►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

8 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates

►Cartesian Coordinate System for x-y axis (rectangular coordinate system)

y

y P(x,y) O = origin
x′Ox = horizontal axis = x-axis
y′Oy = vertical axis = y-axis
x′ O x x The number x is called the x-coordinate of P.
The number y is called the y-coordinate of P.
The coordinate of P = P (x,y)

y′

►Four Quadrants of Coordinate Geometry

y

3 P (2, 3)
nd
II (2 quadrant) I (1st quadrant)
2
Q (-2, 1)
1
x
-3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3
-1
R (-2, -2) -2
III (3rd quadrant) -3 IV (4th quadrant)
S (3, -3)

- In quadrant I ⟹ P (2, 3) - In quadrant II ⟹ Q (–2, 1)

- In quadrant III ⟹ R (–2, –2) - In quadrant IV ⟹ S (3, –3)

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

► Midpoint Formula
y A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) and M is a midpoint of AB,
B
y2 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
y M x= , y=
2 2
A
y1
x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
M(x,y) =  1 , 
x1
x  2 2 
O x x2

► The Length of a Line Segment in XY-plane

y

BC = y 2 − y1 , AC = x 2 − x1

By the Pythagoras Theorem,

AB2 = BC2 + AC2

AB2 = ( y 2 − y1 ) + ( x 2 − x1 )
2 2

AB = ( y2 − y1 ) + ( x 2 − x1 )
2 2

►Point of division on a line segment (Section Formula)

y
A(x1 , y1) , B(x2 , y2) and P (xp , yp).
B
n (x2 , y2)
P
AP : PB = m : n
m (xp , yp)
A
(x1 , y1)

► The Gradient of the Straight Line

run

rise rise rise

run run
Fig (1) Fig (2) Fig (3)

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

rise 2 1
gradient1 = = =
run 4 2
rise 4
gradient2 = = = 2
run 2
rise −2 1
gradient3 = = =–
run 4 2

► Gradient Formula
y
y2 B (x2, y2)
vertical change
gradient =
y2-y1 horizontal change

rise BC y2 −y1
y1 C gradient = slope = m = = =
A (x1, y1) run AC x2 −x1

x
O x1 x2 y 2 − y1 y1 − y 2
x2-x1 m= =
x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2

m=0
m = undefined
m>0 m<0
x
O
- If a segment is horizontal, m is zero. (∵ y1 = y2)
- If a segment is vertical, m is undefined (∵ x1 = x2)
- If a segment rises from left to right, m is positive.
- If a segment descends from left to right, m is negative.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Lines in the Coordinate Plane

(1) On a non-vertical line all segments have the same gradient.
Three or more points that lie on the same straight line are said to be collinear.

D
C A, B, C, D are collinear.
B mAB = mAC = mAD = mBC = mBD = mCD
A

(2) Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same gradient.

ℓ1 ℓ2
m1
m2

ℓ 1 // ℓ 2 ⟺ m1 = m2

(3) Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is –1.

ℓ1

m1 ℓ2
1
ℓ 1 ⏊ ℓ 2 ⟺ m1 = − m (or) m1 m2 = –1
2
m2

►Gradient-Intercept Form
The line passes through the point (0, c) at Y-axis and P (x, y).

y ℓ
y−c
P(x,y) m=
x−0

(0, c) y = mx + c
x

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Point-gradient form
Line (ℓ) passes through the point (x1, y1) and having a slope m. If P (x, y) is any
other point on the line. y
y−y1
m= P (x, y)
x−x1

y – y1 = m (x – x1) (x1, y1)

ℓ
O x

►Two - Point form

Line (ℓ) passes through the point (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and having a slope m.
y2 −y1
m= y (x2, y2)
x2 −x1

y – y1 = m (x – x1) (x1, y1)

ℓ
O x

►Area of polygon using ‘shoestring’ method

If the vertices of the triangle ABC are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), then

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of triangle ABC = + ‒
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
1
= x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − x2 y1 − x3 y2 − x1 y3
2

The product in the direction are given positive signs and the products in the direction
are given negative signs.

If it takes the vertices in an anticlockwise direction around the shape, then the inside of the
modulus sign will be positive.
If it takes the vertices in a clockwise direction around the shape, then the inside of the
modulus sign will be negative.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Additional Exercises
Mid-point and Distance

1. Find the distance between these points in surd form and find the mid-point of these points.
(a) A (‒3 , 7) and B (6, ‒2).
(b) C (2 , 3) and D (5, 7).
(c) E (5, 2) and F (1, 6)

2. The distance between two points P(7, a) and Q(a+1, 9) is 15. Find the possible values of a.

3. The coordinate of the mid-point of the line segment joining A(-5, 11) and B(p, q) are
(2.5,-6). Find the value of p and q.

4. Three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(-10, 1), B(6, -2), C(14, 4).
(a) Find the mid-point of AC.
(b) Find the coordinate of D.
(c) Find the length of diagonal AC and BD in surd form.

5. Show that the vertices A(-2,0), B(0, 2√3) and C(2, 0) are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle.

Dividing a Line in a given ratio.

6. Find the coordinates of the point which divide AB in the given ratios.
(a) A (1, 5) : B (‒2, 8) in the ratio 1:2 (b) A (3, ‒7) : B (‒2, 8) in the ratio 3:2
(c) A (‒2, 5) : B (5, 2) in the ratio 4:3 (d) A (4,2) : B (6, 8) in the ratio 2:2

7. Given that the points P(-3, -4) and Q(2, 0). Find the coordinates of the point R on directed
line segment QP that partition QP in the ratio 1 : 4.

8. Find the coordinate of P so that P partitions the segment

(a) AB in the ratio 3 : 4 is A(-9, 9) and B(5, 2).
(b) BA in the ratio 1 : 5 is A(8, 10) and B (2, 4).

9. The straight line y=2x‒2 intersects the curve x2 – y = 5 at the points A and B.
Given that A lies below the x axis and the point P lies on AB such that AP : PB = 3 : 1,
find the coordinates of P.

Gradient of a straight line, Parallel and Perpendicular line

10. Work out the gradient of the line joining these pairs of points.
(a) (‒2, 7) and (4, 5) (b) (4, 3) and (6, 4) (c) (‒3, 2) and (‒4, -2).

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11. (a) The line joining (2, ‒5) to (4, a) has gradient ‒1. Work out the value of a.
(b) The line joining (2, ‒4) to (5, b) has gradient 3. Work out the value of b.

12. Calculate the gradient of the following straight lines on the graphs.

B y C y D y
4 4 4
2 (1, 3)
2 2
x x x
− 6 −4 − 2 O 2 −4 −−2 2O 2 4 −4 −−2 2O 2 4
−2
(−4, −4)
−4 −4 −4

E y F y G y

4 4 2
2 2 1
x x x
−4 −2
−2
O 2 4 O
−4 −2−2 2 4 −2 −1−1O 2 4
−4 (1, −4) −4 (2, −4) −2

13. Find the equations of the straight lines with the given y-intercepts.

B y C y D y

8 (5, 8) 4 10
(1, 9)
6 2 (3, 1) 8
x 6
4
3 O
−4 −2−2 2 4 4
2
2
x −4 x
O 2 4 6 −4 −2 O 2 4

E y F y G y

4 4 8
2 2 (−2, 4)
4
x x x
−4 −2−2O 2 4 −4 −−2 2O 2 4 − 8 − 4−4 O 4 8
(2, −2)
−4 −4 −8
−10

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

14. Find the equation of the straight line with the given points.

B y C y D y

(5, 14) (4, 11)

x
(2, 8) O
(2, 3) (−1, −5)
x (−3, −7)
O
x
O

E y F y G y

x (−1, 1)
O
(3, 6)
O x

(5, 2)
(1, −7)
x
O
(2, −10)
(1, −5)

15. Find the slope and y-intercept for the following equations.
1
(a) y = x – 2 (b) y = –3x – 3 (c) 3y = x+6
2
1
(d) y = – x + 1 (e) 2x ‒ 6y = 3 (f) x – y = 3
2
16. Find the equation of the straight line with the given slope and y-intercept.
(a) slope 3, y-intercept 4 (b) slope 2, y-intercept ‒5

17. Find the equation of the line which:

(a) has a slope of 5 and passes through the point (2, 9)
(b) has a slope of 1 and passes through the point (1, –2)

18. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (4, 13) and (‒15, 6).
Write your answer in the form ax + by + c = 0.

19. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (22, 9) and (6, 8).
Write your answer in the form y = mx + c.

20. Show that the line through A(3n, 0) and B(0, 7n) is parallel to the line through C(0, 21n)
and D(9n, 0).

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21. Prove that the triangle whose vertices are H(-12, 1), K(9, 3) and M(11, -18) is a right
triangle.

22. The coordinates of 4 points are O(0, 0), A(2, k), B(2k, 9) and C(3k, 2k + 7).
Find the value(s) of k if
(a) the points O, A and B are collinear,
(b) OA is parallel to BC.

23. The vertices of ∆ABC are A(0, 1), B(−1, −2) and C(2, k).
Find the value of k if ∠ABC = 90˚.

24. The coordinates of 3 points are A(1, 3), B(5, 1) and C(k, −1).
(i) Find the coordinates of the midpoint, M, of AB.
(ii) If MC is perpendicular to AB, find the value of k.
(iii) Calculate the length of MC.

25. The line x + 3y = 1 intersects the curve 5y = 20 – 3x – x2 at the points P and Q.

Calculate the gradient, length and mid-point of PQ.

26. Find the equation of the line passing through the point
(a) (−2, 5) and parallel to the line 3y + 7x = 29,
(b) (−1, −6) and perpendicular to the line 42x – 7y = 5,
(c) (4, 8) and parallel to the line 3x + y = 17,
(d) (2, −3) and perpendicular to the line y + 2x = 13.

27. The line ℓ1 has equation 3x + 2y = 12. The line ℓ2 has equation y = 2x – 1.
The lines ℓ1 and ℓ2 intersect at the point A.
(a) Find the coordinate of A.
(b) Find the equation of the line through A which is perpendicular to the line ℓ1.

28. The coordinate of three points are A (1, 5), B(9, 7) and C (k, ‒6).
M is the midpoint of AB and MC is perpendicular to AB.
(a) Find the coordinates of M.
(b) Find the value of k.

29. The coordinates of triangle ABC are A(2, ‒1), B(3, 7) and C(14, 5).
P is the foot of the perpendicular from B to AC.
(a) Find the equation of BP.
(b) Find the coordinates of P.
(c) Find the lengths of AC and BP.
(d) Use your answer to part c to find the area of triangle ABC.

30. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining A(3, 2) and B(7, 10).

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31. The figure shows a quadrilateral ABCD in which the

y
points A and D lie on the y-axis and x-axis respectively.
C is the point (16, 11) and the equation of AB is y = 2x + 4.
If AD and BC are perpendicular to AB, find C(16, 11)
(i) the coordinates of A and of D,
A
(ii) the equation of BC,
(iii) the coordinates of B, x
O D
(iv) the length of CD.

32. In the fiure, the coordinates of three points A, B and C are A(−3, 1), B(6, 3) and C(1, 8).
(i) Find the gradient of BC and of AB.
y
(ii) If H is the point on the y-axis such that B,
C and H lie on the same line,
8 C(1, 8)
find the coordinates of the point H.
D 6
(iii) Find the coordinates of the point D such
4
that ABCD is a parallelogram. B(6, 3)
2
(iv) Find the equation of the perpendicular A(–3, 1)
x
bisector of BC. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6

34.
33. ABCD is a trapezium, where AB is parallel
The figure shows a rectangle ABCD
to DC. AM is the perpendicular bisector of in which A is (−2, 5) and B is (7, 2).
DC and AM is parallel to BC. It is given that D is a point on the y-axis.
A lies on the y-axis and the coordinates of C
y
and D are (7, −1) and (−5, −3) respectively.
y D

B C
A
A(–2, 5)
x B(7, 2)
O C(7, –1) x
O
M
D(–5, –3) Find
Find (i) the equation of AB and of AD,
(i) the coordinates of M and A, (ii) the coordinates of C and of D.
(ii) the equation of AB and of BC, The line DA produced cuts the x-axis
(iii) the coordinates of B, at the point K. Find
(iv) the area of the trapezium ABCD. (iii) the coordinates of the point K,
(iv) the area of ∆BAD and of ∆BAK.

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