Chapter One
Introduction
Conferring to UNDESA (2005), Agenda 21 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development supports that conservational comprehensive administration of waste is
unique of the ecological problems of fore most anxiety in maintaining the quality of
Earth’s environment particularly at what time it emanates to justifiable expansion in all
nations. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the September
2000 UN Millennium acquiescereiterated sustainable Solid waste management.
Similarly in Agenda 21, MDGs circuitously supports sustainable SWM in the seventh
goal that discourses ecological sustainability. And this in turn aims to stand-in the
incorporation of the ideologies of sustainable development (SD) into republic strategies
and databases (UNDP, 2007).
Waste generation started to the degree that man ongoing peripatetic the world. The
desertion of the wandering lifespan in advanced ages directed to the conception of
enduring societies. Pendingin recent times, discarded was assumed a little importance
in further most metropolises, meeting accommodations and administration workplaces
answerable for community health and protection (Pichtel, 2005). It remained only
method into the nineteenth era that the impression of gathering and disposing of waste
in a methodical manner developed share of the overall drive to recover community well
being (Vlachos, 1993). In present metropolises solid waste is detached and is
whichever directed to dumping or is recycled for succeeding usage. Quick town
expansion encrustation emerging countries have originated with thoughtful ecological
challenges regarding solid waste administration. Solid waste ascending from resident,
communal and business sections is cumulative in amount and diversity as a result of
budding population, growing criterions of living in absolute nations and the expansion of
machinery (Dickerson, 1999). Solid waste management is a collective stint that includes
an extensive variety of accomplishments and practices that pronounces undesirable
residues of any given culture. All forms of human activity result in the generation of
waste that might be able to cause alterations in the surroundings and impairment to
creatures, floras and ecological unit. Conversely, solitary a watchful supervision would
frontier grievance through to the surroundings and marmalade threatened capitals
(Powell, 2001).SWM is an imperative façade of maintainable expansion for some state
and global creativities importantly establishment the organization of SWM.
The essential environmental matter in manufacturing and emerging countries all through
the world is in what way to finest classify and accomplish waste torrents (Twardowska,
2004). By development endures to yield, the supervision of solid waste pretenses major
public health and environmental difficulties in urban areas of numerous developing
republics. Therefore expansion necessity be sustainable such that it is founded on a
combined attitude and interface among community, social, economic and
environmental. Sustainability consequently means dropping the environmental footprint
while instantaneously refining the value of life for present and future generations within
the dimensional confines of the sphere (Lundström, 2007). SWM has remained an
essential portion of every social civilization and strategies differ together within and
amongst emerging republics. The individualities and amount of MSW ascending from
local, commercial, and industrial actions in a constituency is not solitary the
consequence of mounting residents, expanding values of existing and technology
advance, but too due to the richness and type of the district’s natural resources
(Dongqing et. al, 2010).
The tactic for SWM contrasts and ought to be harmonious with the environment of
aassumed society. Countless studies on MSW management in emerging nations have
discovered that waste magnitudes and configuration diverge affording to the
characteristics of a habitation, and the organization must be modified to convinced
boundaries communal to these backgrounds. Particular of these limitations are
recognized to the ingenuousness of MSW management chastisement in evolving
countries on the one hand as well as novel rules to control solid waste not analytically
obligatory since of an absence of precision in the responsibilities and accountabilities of
the stakeholders involved. On the supplementary, primitive be governed by on the
competence of community authorities for municipal solid waste assortment and
dumping (Puentes, 2004).
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a priority for urban communities
throughout the world (Huang and Chang, 2003). The supervision of Municipal Solid
Waste is a vastly abandoned capacity of the inclusive ecological management in
furthermost emerging nations. Emergent states are nowadays really worried with the
significances of inappropriate conduct of Solid Waste. Municipal Solid Waste
organization in utmost small and intermediate revenue realms enticements on a
substantial percentage of the Municipal financial plan, hitherto existing applies stance a
thoughtful danger to the setting and to community wellbeing. Waste management
formation is a subsection of environs arrangement in that the ecological problems being
measured is decrease, recycle, reprocessing and dumping of possessions in a way that
diminishes total biophysical and socioeconomic influences. In record rising republics like
India and Pakistan Municipal solid waste controlling mostly encompasses prime and
tributary assortment and open dumping of above ninety percent of the collected
discarded materials. Merely sixty percent of the waste produced is essentially collected
in most Pakistani cities. The uncollected waste lies in empty plots, beside streets,
boulevards and railway lines, drainage system, storm drains and open gutters in general
city limits (Batool and Nawaz, 2009).
Pakistan has a populace of 160 million, with 35% people living in urban areas. Solid
waste generated in urban areas of Pakistan is estimated at 55,000 tons/day (JICA,
2005). The areas under the jurisdiction of the Lahore City District Government with a
population of 8 million produce 5000 tons/day of MSW (KOICA – World Bank, 2007)
The major obstacles to proper MSW management in Pakistan include lack of reliable
data and research, shortage of trained manpower, inadequate legal and regulatory
cover, poor institutional and administrative arrangements, shortage of equipment,
financial and technical difficulties and a serious shortage of competent private operators
(KOICA – World Bank, 2007). The MSW being produced in the present study area of
DGBT of Lahore City District is estimated in this study at 1369.8 tons/day, 67.02% of
which is organic waste.
Rapidly rising populations, rapid financial growth and rise in public living values have
accelerated the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) beginning its
management to be a major worldwide contest (Seo et al., 2004). Particularly in
municipal cities of developing countries, MSW management (MSWM) is a highly
neglected area (Zhen-shan et al., 2009; Batool and Ch, 2009; Chung and Carlos Lo,
2008; Imam et al., 2008; Berkun et al., 2005; Metin et al., 2003; Ahmeda and Alib,
2004). The consciousness that inappropriate handling of MSW leads to pollution of
water, soil and atmosphere and is a main impact on public health has caused
developing nations to report this issue with cumulative urgency (Batool and Ch, 2009;
Sharholy et al., 2008). In particular, the group of MSW has been identified as a major
problem since in many zones municipal authorities are either unable or unwilling to
providewaste collection services to all inhabitants in their authority. On consistent, up to
50% of citizen’s non appearance variety services in city spaces of low and middle
income countries (Parizeau et al., 2006). There are partial chances for the development
of a maintainable SWM organization as government budgets are limited and more than
often, gathering is disregarded; solitary the appropriate dumping of solid waste is
professed as representing a cost (McBean et al., 2005). Apart from being a practical
issue, MSWM is also powerfully prejudiced by political, legal, socio-cultural, ecological,
economic influences and obtainable means. These factors have interrelationships that
are typically multifarious in waste management systems (Abu Qdais, 2007; Kum et al.,
2005). All these subjects need to be addressed to grasp a justifiable MSWM resolution.
It is usually not the environmental legislation itself that is at the heart of the problem;
some emerging countries have additional sophisticated lawmaking than developed
countries. Somewhat, it is the lack of implementation and the accessibility of viable
alternatives (Fourie, 2006, ISSAM et al. 2010).
Collection of MSW within a cohesive MSW management system is vital for sustainable
development of urban hubs. From a financial point of opinion, assembly and transport of
MSW can spread over 70% of the entire waste management budget (de Oliveira and
Borenstein, 2007; Tavares et al., 2009; United Nations Environment Programme, 2009).
On the further hand, energy consumption, which has an important role in this budget, is
also related to exhaust emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, and contributes to the
environmental impact of collection. Therefore, decisions regarding investment in new
collection methods have to be justified in terms of conservational, technical and financial
feasibility. The collection, categorization, transportation, handling and reprocessing of
MSW in an ecologically welcoming method can clue to resolutions that are supportable
in the intermediate and extended term, captivating into interpretation the needs of urban
development loads (Council of Europe, 2007).
In municipalities MSWM is perceived major of all in the accomplishment of waste
collection, with the determination of collecting left over from its beginning and carrying it
to management points. Points of beginning might correspond with native or
manufacturing users. When domestic consumers are aided, the problem is habitually
called Municipal Solid Waste collection. Domestic handlers naturally yield a low quantity
of waste and a little amount of hazardous waste (Parfitt et al., 2001). Municipal solid
waste management postures aintimidating task for local establishments universally (Li
and Huang, 2006; Fobil et al., 2006). MSW assemblage is a significant and luxurious
public service worldwide and commonly accounts for 75-80% of the MSW management
budget (Simonetto and Borenstein, 2007; ROCEPA, 2010). The MSW collection
service, provided by either the private or public sector, includes many activities and
requires several gatherers and apparatus (García-Sánchez, 2008). The amount of the
MSW, the sort of equipment, and the detachments the MSW transported as well as the
labor required, are all chief issues with noteworthy effects on MSW collection (Kao and
Lin, 2002). Inefficient MSW collection can quickly reduce properties and energy (Alam
et al., 2008). MSW collection competence has therefore attracted cumulative care and
is also a foremost concern amongst countless indigenous environmental consultants
international. Numerous studies have evaluated the performance of waste collection or
supervision databases in diverse countries (e.g. Woodard et al., 2001; Worthington and
Dollery, 2001; Sarkis and Dijkshoorn, 2007; García-Sánchez, 2008), though some
methods cannot be straight practical owing to unusual local structures, comprising high
people density, slight local ways limiting entry to minor collection vehicles, heavy traffic,
and community relatively than private sector MSW collection service. Therefore, this
study discovers a system of emerging an aggregate pointer for assessing local MSW
collection system performance. To assess MSW collection efficiency, the two utmost
common systems are survey (Dajani et al., 1976; Shuhua et al., 2007; Ramzan et al.,
2008; Lin et al., 2010) and key performance indicator (KPI) (e.g., Menezes et al., 2003;
Australian Government, 2006; Tugnoli et al., 2008). Municipal solid waste (MSW)
collection is an essential job for city authorities, containing 5–25% of public consultants’
expenses (McLeod and Cherrett, 2011). Increasing waste capacities, amplified clean
and facility burdens and environmental concerns all execute additional necessities,
increasing the budget of establishing and management MSW collection. Public
authorities also need to take into account the collection requirements for diverse waste
tributaries set in waste lawmaking. In the European Union, for example, new legislation
(European Waste Directive 2008/ 98/EC) for management the ever larger MSW
volumes not solitary enacts the favorite instruction for waste organization, nonetheless
at the same time enacts mandatory recycling heights for dissimilar waste portions. The
way MSW collection is prearranged distresses which waste fractions and in what way
abundant waste is recoverable by domestic source-separation (Best and Kneip, 2011).
Additionally, the prime of a waste collection manner is of standing since waste collection
is revealed to comprise 50–75% of the overall MSW management overheads (Myllymaa
et al., 2008; Sonesson, 2000; Umweltbundesamt, 2009). Therefore, public authorities
are beholding for new fangled customs of establishing MSW collection to diminish costs
and advance performance. Occasions for refining MSW collection systems vary
conferring to the assortment of operating environments all the way through the world. In
developing countries, at issue is to ensure the functioning of basic MSW collection (e.g.
Parrot et al., 2009; Sharholy et al., 2008). Increasing population levels, booming
economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in community living morals have significantly
augmented the municipal solid waste generation proportion in rising countries (Minghua
et al., 2009). Metropolises, generally accountable for waste management in the towns,
have the experiment to make available an operative and competent coordination to the
populations. However, they often face problems beyond the ability of the municipal
authority to tackle (Sujauddin et al., 2008) essentially due to lack of association,
financial resources, complexity and organism multi dimensionality (Burntley, 2007).
Solid waste compeers are a persistently growing problem at global, regional and local
levels. Solid wastes are those organic and inorganic waste materials produced by
various activities of the society, which have lost their charge to the principal user.
Improper discarding of solid wastes poisons all the vibrant constituents of the living
situation including air, land and water at indigenous and universal levels. Metropolitan
society rejects and produces solid substantial frequently due to swift growth in
production and ingesting. The delinquent is further severe in emerging states than in
developed countries, as their economic growth as well as urbanization is more rapid.
This demands management of solid waste at generation, storing, collection,
transference and transportation, handling, and disposal phases in an ecologically sound
mode in agreement with the best ethics of public health, finances, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics and environmental deliberations. Thus, solid waste
management embraces all managerial, financial, authorized, development, and
manufacturing purposes (Ramachandra, 2006; Ramachandra and Varghese, 2003).
Ghose et al, 2006 studied a GIS grounded transportation classical for solid waste
dumping. Abandoned growth of the town population in unindustrialized republics in
recent years has made solid waste management a chief matter. Actual repeatedly, a
significant measure of total expenditures is expended on the gathering of solid waste by
metropolis authorities. Optimization of the overwhelming system for collection and
transport of solid waste consequently constitutes an important module of an effective
solid waste management system. This study designates an effort to design and develop
asuitable storage, assembly and dumping plan for the Asansol Municipality Corporation
(AMC) of West Bengal State (India). A GIS optimal routing model is proposed to control
the least cost/distance efficient gathering paths for conveying the solid wastes to the
landfill. The typical uses material on population compactness, waste generation
capacity, road system and the types of street, storing bins and assemblage vehicles,
etc. The proposed model can be used as a decision support tool by municipal
authorities for efficient administration of the daily processes for transporting solid
wastes, consignment balancing within vehicles, managing fuel consumption and
generating work schedules for the workers and vehicles. The total cost of the proposed
collection systems is estimated to be around 80 million rupees for the fixed cost of
storage bins, collection vehicles and a sanitary landfill and around 8.4 million rupees for
the annual operating cost of crews, vehicles and landfill maintenance. A substantial
amount twenty-five million rupees per year is currently being spent by AMC on waste
collection unaccompanied without any correctstorage and collection system as well as
sanitary landfill. Over an anticipated period of fifteen year, the overall investments is
thus very significant.
Zhang et al, 2014 conducted a study on multi-echelon supply chain model for municipal
solid waste management system. A multi-echelon multi-period solid waste management
system (MSWM) was industrialized by immunizing with multi-echelon source chain.
Waste managers, suppliers, industries and providers could be affianced in combined
planned preparation and operational implementation. The primary of MSWM scheme is
collaborating planning of transport and inventory for each organization in waste
collection, delivery and disposal. An efficient inventory management plan for MSWM
would lead to optimized productivity levels under available capacities (e.g.,
transportation and operational capacities). The applicability of the proposed system was
illustrated by a case with three cities, one distribution and two waste disposal facilities.
Solutions of the decision variable values under different significant levels indicate a
consistent trend. With an increased significant level, the total generated waste would be
decreased, and the total transported waste through distribution center to waste to
energy and landfill would be decreased as well.
Herva et al., 2014 studied Environmental assessment of the integrated municipal solid
waste management system in Porto (Portugal). This paper presents the results of the
environmental evaluation of the waste treatment processes occurring at LIPOR (the
Inter-municipal Waste Management System of Greater Porto e Portugal) in the period
2007e2011. To this aim two methodologies are applied, namely the Energy and Material
Flow Analysis (EMFA) and the Ecological Footprint (EF). The welfares of their joint
request are traveled, as well as the practicalities of the indicators resulting to guide the
business in the documentation of the critical points and in the development of their
management perform. The Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) at LIPOR
embraces numerous components, precisely the departure of frequent components for
valorization specifically, wrapping materials -as metals and plastics, glass and paper
and cardboard, the burning of waste with vigor recovery, composting of the biological
fraction and the landfilling of pre-treated waste. From the EMFA, it can be highlighted
that the electricity generated in the energy recovery plant is the most important energy
flow and that it largely exceeds the energy demands from the LIPOR system. According
to the net EF results, the composting and energy recovery parts were found as very
favorable in terms of resources savings. Notwithstanding the datum that the composting
plant has the largest gross in average for the period analyzed, an important counter
footprint effect related with the manufacture of the manure was intended. The energy
retrieval plant demonstrations the lower gross but also an important contribution to the
counter footprint. The undesirable value means that, in terms of the EF, the
comprehensive system is naturally beneficial since of the recovery of resources for
instance the compost and power.
Faisal 2005 has analyzed the generation and characteristics of solid waste in Dhaka
city, along with the associated environmental impacts and prevailing solid waste
management practices. Superior focus was given on the consequence of composting
on last dumping of solid waste and effect of landfill site location on transportation cost.
An estimate of the future generation rate indicates that the present generation rate of
three thousand five hundred tons per day may exceed thirty thousand tons per day by
the year [Link] assorted waste discarded at dumping sites is branded with great
organic content and high moisture percentage approximately 80% along with 50-70%
by weight, respectively. Giving to obligatory landfilling areas, projected assuming 50%
collection efficiency, on the year 2020, land necessities with composting of 40-80% of
the organic wastes variety from 167.11 acres per year to 96.97 acres per year, while
that without any composting stances at 206.31 acres per year. Through composting, the
top rate of greenhouse gas methane cohort would be as low as partial of that for
deprived of a few composting. Results from this education shows that the imminent
selection of dumping sites further than the urban center due to unapproachability of
terrestrial and upper land value will persuade thrice as high daily waste transport cost
as associated to that at present-day.
Naeem and Nasir, 2014 studied solid Waste Management Issues in Small Towns of
Developing World: A Case Study of Taxila City. It reveals that the open dumping and
unbalanced collections of solid waste are generating thoughtful ecological intimidations
in minor municipalities of emerging world like Pakistan. Deprived solid waste
management rehearses absence of capitals and reckless performance of inhabitants is
replicating the wickedest situation in the republic. To accentuate the key solid waste
administration concerns in the insignificant cities of emerging sphere, Taxila is
designated as an incident. Taxila is fronting the poorest solid waste supervision
disputes due to fast development, industrialization, inadequate resources and poor
management. Exposed garbage dump of community solid waste are producing
thoughtful undesirable environmental influences in the area. Investigation conclusions
are obviously representing that due to rapid evolution in populace, increases in solid
waste generation proportion, deprived management and non-implementation of solid
waste legislature and nonexistence of finance are accountable for the solid waste
management catastrophes in the Taxila. Defective solid waste administration structure
is generating negative environmental bearings just like soil and aquatic pollution,
communicable illnesses, obstruction of open sewer and minor waterways and damage
of biodiversity in Taxila.
Significance of the Study
This study may have two main significances.
First it could give certain recommendable material to legislators, solid waste
administrators and environmental protection organizations about present
situation of municipal solid waste management of Ravi town.
Secondly, study could also be significant in setting base-line data to the
subsequent effort who would like to comportment comprehensive and detailed
studies either in study area or any other proposed area.
Objectives
The aims and objectives of the study include:
To create a reliable database on the quantity, composition and municipal waste
management system, based on the current situation in the existing system.
Recycling behavior and economic potential of solid waste.
To explore and evaluate the environmental aspects associated with the current
waste management practices.