UNIT 1

Python: Introduction – Numbers – Strings – Variables - Lists – Tuples – Dictionaries - Sets

- Comparison.

1. INTRODUCTION

What is Python

• Python is a general-purpose, dynamic, high-level, and interpreted

programming language.
• It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop applications.
• It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data structures.
• Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and
integrate systems more efficiently.
• It is used for web development,software development,mathematics,system scripting
Python Features

Python provides many useful features which make it popular and valuable from
the other programming languages. It supports object-oriented programming,
procedural programming approaches and provides dynamic memory allocation.
We have listed below a few essential features.

1) Easy to Learn and Use

Python is easy to learn as compared to other programming languages. Its syntax

is straightforward and much the same as the English language.

2) Expressive Language

Python can perform complex tasks using a few lines of code. A simple example,
the hello world program you simply type print("Hello World"). It will take
only one line to execute, while Java or C takes multiple lines.

3) Interpreted Language

Python is an interpreted language; it means the Python program is executed one

line at a time. The advantage of being interpreted language, it makes debugging
easy and portable.

4) Cross-platform Language

Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX,
and Macintosh, etc.
5) Free and Open Source

Python is freely available for everyone. It is freely available on its

official website [Link]. It has a large community across the world
that is dedicatedly working towards make new python modules and functions.
Anyone can contribute to the Python community. The open-source means,
"Anyone can download its source code without paying any penny."

6) Object-Oriented Language

Python supports object-oriented language and concepts of classes and objects

come into existence. It supports inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation,
etc.

7) Large Standard Library

It provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine
learning, web developer, and also for the scripting. There are various machine
learning libraries, such as Tensor flow, Pandas, Numpy, Keras, and Pytorch,
etc.

9) GUI Programming Support

Graphical User Interface is used for the developing Desktop application.

PyQT5, Tkinter, Kivy are the libraries which are used for developing the web
application.

10) Integrated

It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, and JAVA, etc. Python
runs code line by line like C,C++ Java. It makes easy to debug the code.

11. Embeddable

The code of the other programming language can use in the Python source code.
We can use Python source code in another programming language as well. It
can embed other language into our code.

12. Dynamic Memory Allocation

In Python, we don't need to specify the data-type of the variable. When we

assign some value to the variable, it automatically allocates the memory to the
variable at run time.

Python History and Versions

o Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.
o The implementation of Python was started in December 1989 by
Guido Van Rossum at CWI in Netherland.
o In February 1991, Guido Van Rossum published the code (labeled
version 0.9.0) to [Link].
o In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like lambda,
map, filter, and reduce.
o Python 2.0 added new features such as list comprehensions,
garbage collection systems.
o On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was
released. It was designed to rectify the fundamental flaw of the
language.
o ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of
Python language, which was capable of Exception Handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba Operating System.

Python Applications:

1) Web Applications

We can use Python to develop web applications. It provides libraries to handle

internet protocols such as HTML and XML, JSON, Email processing, request,
beautifulSoup, Feedparser, etc.
2) Desktop GUI Applications

The GUI stands for the Graphical User Interface, which provides a smooth
interaction to any application. Python provides a Tk GUI library to develop a
user interface.

3) Console-based Application

Console-based applications run from the command-line or shell. These

applications are computer program which are used commands to execute.

4) Software Development

Python is useful for the software development process. It works as a support

language and can be used to build control and management, testing, etc.

5) Scientific and Numeric

This is the era of Artificial intelligence where the machine can perform the task
the same as the human. Python language is the most suitable language for
Artificial intelligence or machine learning. It consists of many scientific and
mathematical libraries, which makes easy to solve complex calculations.

6) Business Applications

Business Applications differ from standard applications. E-commerce and ERP

are an example of a business application. This kind of application requires
extensively, scalability and readability, and Python provides all these features.

7) Audio or Video-based Applications

Python is flexible to perform multiple tasks and can be used to create

multimedia applications. Some multimedia applications which are made by
using Python are TimPlayer, cplay, etc. The few multimedia libraries are given
below.

o Gstreamer
o Pyglet
o QT Phonon

(8)Enterprise Applications
Python can be used to create applications that can be used within an Enterprise
or an Organization. Some real-time applications are OpenERP, Tryton, Picalo,
etc.
[Link] in python

o The number data types are used to store the numeric values inside the
variables. Number objects are created when some value is assigned to a
variable. For example, a = 5 will create a number object a with value 5.
o Int (signed Integer object) : they are the negative or non-negative
numbers with no decimal point. There is no limit on an integer in python.
1. float(floatingpointnumbers) :
The float type is used to store the decimal point (floating point)
numbers. In python, float may also be written in scientific notation
representing the power of
10. for example, 2.5e2 represents the value 250.0.
• Complex(complexnumbers)
Complex numbers are of the form a+bj where a is the real part of the
number and bj is the imaginary part of the number. The imaginary i is
nothing but the square root of
-1. It is not as much used in the programming.

Number type conversion:

The various types of numbers like int, float, complex are also as the functions in
python. It is similar to the wrapper classes of Java which is mostly used for
typecasting.

There are the following functions which are used to perform type conversion.

o int (a) converts a to integer.

o float(a) converts a to float.
o complex(a) converts a to complex.
o complex (a,b) converts a and b to complex numbers with real part a and
imaginary part b.

Example

i="123456"
print(type(i))
num = int(i)
print(num)
 print(type(nu
m)) j = 190.98
print(int(j));

Output:

<class
'str'>
12345
6
<class
'int'>
190

Python Number functions

There are various in-built functions which can be directly used to perform
various calculations on the numbers defined in the program.
function Description
abs(x) The (positive) distance between x and 0.
ciel(x) The ceiling value of x, i.e., the smallest integer that is not less than x.
cmp(x,y) Compares x and y. It returns 0 if x == y, -1 if x<y, 1 if x > y.
exp(x) The exponent of x that is ex.
fabs(x) The absolute value of x.
floor(x) The floor value of x, i.e., the greatest integer that is less than x.
log(x) The natural log value of x.
log10(x) The base 10 log of x is returned.
max(x1,x The maximum of the sequence is returned.
2
,.....)
min(x1,x The minimum of the sequence is returned.
2,
....)
modf(x1, A tuple is returned containing the fractional and integer parts of a floating
x point
2,......) number. The integer part is also returned as a float.
pow(x,y) Returns x ** y.
round(x[, The value of x is rounded to n digits.
n])
sqrt(x) The square root of x is retuned.

3. Python String

➢ Python string is the collection of the characters surrounded by single

quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes.

➢ The computer does not understand the characters; internally, it stores

manipulated character as the combination of the 0's and 1's.

➢ Each character is encoded in the ASCII or Unicode character. So

we can say that Python strings are also called the collection of
Unicode characters.

Syntax:

str = "Hi Python !"

Creating String in

Python

We can create a string by enclosing the characters in single-quotes or double-

quotes. Python also provides triple-quotes to represent the string, but it is
generally used for multiline string or docstrings.

str1 = 'Hello Python'

print(str1)

#Using double
quotes str2 =
"Hello Python"
print(str2)

#Using triple quotes

str3 = '''''Triple quotes are generally used for represent the multiline or docstring'''
print(str3)

Output:
 Hello Python
Hello Python
Triple quotes are generally used for
represent the multiline or
docstring

Strings indexing spliṄng

Like other languages, the indexing of the Python strings starts from 0. For
example, The string "HELLO" is indexed as given in the below figure.

Consider the following example:

1. str = "HELLO"
2. print(str[0])
3. print(str[1])
4. print(str[2])
5. print(str[3])
6. print(str[4])
7. # It returns the IndexError because 6th index doesn't exist
8. print(str[

6])

Output:

H
E
L
L
O
IndexError: string index out of range
splitting

• the slice operator [] is used to access the individual characters of the string.
• However, we can use the : (colon) operator in Python to access the
substring from the given string. Consider the following example.

Here, we must notice that the upper range given in the slice operator is always
exclusive i.e., if str = 'HELLO' is given, then str[1:3] will always include str[1]
= 'E', str[2] = 'L' and nothing else.

Consider the following

example: str =

"JAVATPOINT"
print(str[0:])
print(str[1:5])
print(str[2:4])
print(str[:3])
print(str[4:7])

Output:

JAVATPOINT
AVAT
VA
JAV
TPO

We can do the negative slicing in the string;

 it starts from the rightmost character, which is indicated as -1. The second
rightmost index indicates -2, and so on. Consider the following image.

Consider the following example

1. str = 'JAVATPOINT'
2. print(str[-1])
3. print(str[-3])
4. print(str[-2:])
5. print(str[-4:-1])
6. print(str[-7:-2])
7. # Reversing the given string
8. print(str[::-1])
9. print(str[-

12])

Output:

T
I
NT
OIN
ATPOI
TNIOPTAVAJ
IndexError: string index out of range

Reassigning Strings

Updating the content of the strings is as easy as assigning it to a new string. The
string object doesn't support item assignment i.e., A string can only be replaced
 with new string since its content cannot be partially replaced. Strings are
immutable in Python.

Example
1. str = "HELLO"
2. print(str)
3. str = "hello"
4. print(st

r)

Output

HELLO
hello

Deleting the String

As we know that strings are immutable. We cannot delete or remove the

characters from the string. But we can delete the entire string using the del
keyword.

1. str = "JAVATPOINT"
2. del str[1]

Output:

TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion

Now we are deleting entire string.

str1 = "JAVATPOINT"

del str1

print(str1)

NameError: name 'str1' is not defined

format() method

• The format() method is the most flexible and useful method in formatting strings.
 • The curly braces {} are used as the placeholder in the string and
replaced by the format() method argument. Let's have a look at the given
an example:

1. # Using Curly braces

2. print("{} and {} both are the best
friend".format("Devansh","Abhishek")) 3.
4. #Positional Argument
5. print("{1} and {0} best players
".format("Virat","Rohit")) 6.
7. #Keyword Argument
8. print("{a},{b},{c}".format(a = "James", b = "Peter", c = "Ricky"))

Output:

Devansh and Abhishek both are the best friend

Rohit and Virat best players
James,Peter,Ricky

STRING METHODS
• Python String capitalize()
This method returns a copy of the original string and converts the first character
of the string to a capital (uppercase) letter, while making all other characters in
the string lowercase letters.
Eg
name = "geeks FOR
geeks"
print([Link]())
output:
Geeks for geeks

• String count()

This function is an inbuilt function in Python programming language that

returns the number of occurrences of a substring in the given string. In this
article, we will explore the details of the count() method
Eg

my_string = "GeeksForGeeks"
char_count = my_string.count('e')
print(char_count)

outpu
t4
Python String islower()
This method checks if all characters in the string are
lowercase. Eg

print("geeks".islower())
output:
True

Python String isupper()

This method returns whether all characters in a string are uppercase or not.
Eg
print(("GEEKS").isupp
er()) output:
True

Python join()

This is an inbuilt string function in Python used to join elements of the

sequence separated by a string separator. This function joins elements of a
sequence and makes it a string.

Example:

str = '-'.join('hello')
print(str)

Output:
h-e-l-l-o

Python String lower()

This method converts all uppercase characters in a string into lowercase
characters and returns it. In this article, we will cover how lower() is used in a
program to convert uppercase to lowercase in Python.

Eg

text = 'GeEks FOR geeKS'

print("Original String:")
print(text)
print("\nConverted
String:")
print([Link]())

Output:

Original String:
GeEks FOR geeKS

Converted string:
geeks for geeks

Python String swapcase()

This method converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and vice versa
of the given string and returns it.
Eg
string =
"gEEksFORgeeks"
print([Link]())
string =
"geeksforgeeks"
print([Link]())
string =
"GEEKSFORGEEKS"
print([Link]())
Output:

GeeKSforGE
EKS
GEEKSFORG
EEKS

Python String upper()

This method converts all lowercase characters in a string into uppercase
characters and returns it. In this article, we’ll explore Python’s upper() method
in-depth
Eg
original_text = "geeks for geeks"
uppercase_text =
original_text.upper()
print(uppercase_text)
output:
GEEKS FOR GEEKS
[Link] Variables

✓ Python Variable is containers that store values.

✓ A Python variable is a name given to a memory location. It is the basic
unit of storage in a program.

Rules for Python variables

• A Python variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character.
• A Python variable name cannot start with a number.
• A Python variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ).
• Variable in Python names are case-sensitive (name, Name, and
NAME are three different variables).
• The reserved words(keywords) in Python cannot be used to name the
variable in Python.

Variables Assignment in Python

• Here, we have assigned a number, a floating point number, and a string to

a variable such as age, salary, and name.

age = 45
salary =
1456.8 name
= "John"
print(age)
print(salary)
print(name)

Output:

45
1456.8
John

Global and Local Variables

✓ Local variables in Python are the ones that are defined and declared
inside a function.
 We can not call this variable outside the

function. # This function uses global variable s

def f():

s = "Welcome geeks"
print(s)
f()

Output:

Welcome geeks

✓ Global variables in Python are the ones that are defined and declared
outside a function, and we need to use them inside a function.

# This function has a

variable with # name same
as s.
def f():
print(s)

# Global scope
s = "I love
Geeksforgeeks" f()

Output:

I love Geeksforgeeks

[Link] List:

✓ A list is a collection of items separated by commas and denoted by

the symbol []. A list is a collection of different kinds of values or items.
✓ Since Python lists are mutable, we can change their elements after forming.
✓ The comma (,) and the square brackets [enclose the List's items] serve as separators.

List Declaration
list1 = [1, 2, "Python", "Program", 15.9]
list2 = ["Amy", "Ryan", "Henry", "Emma"]
 print(list1)
print(list2)
print(type(list
1))
print(type(list
2))
Output:

[1, 2, 'Python', 'Program', 15.9]

['Amy', 'Ryan', 'Henry', 'Emma']
< class ' list ' >
< class ' list ' >

Characteristics of Lists

The characteristics of the List are as follows:

o The lists are in order.

o The list element can be accessed via the index.
o The mutable type of List is
o The rundowns are changeable sorts.
o The number of various elements can be stored in a list.

Ordered List Checking

1. a = [ 1, 2, "Ram", 3.50, "Rahul", 5, 6 ]
2. b = [ 1, 2, 5, "Ram", 3.50, "Rahul", 6 ]
3. a == b

Output:

False

List Indexing and Splitting

✓ The indexing procedure is carried out similarly to string processing.

The slice operator [] can be used to get to the List's components.

✓ The index ranges from 0 to length -1. The 0th index is where the List's
first element is stored; the 1st index is where the second element is
stored, and so on.
 We can get the sub-list of the list using the following syntax.

1. list_varible(start:stop:step)
o The beginning indicates the beginning record position of the rundown.
o The stop signifies the last record position of the rundown.
o Within a start, the step is used to skip the nth element: stop.

The start parameter is the initial index, the step is the ending index, and the
value of the end parameter is the number of elements that are "stepped"
through. The default value for the step is one without a specific value. Inside the
resultant Sub List, the same with record start would be available, yet the one
with the file finish will not. The first element in a list appears to have an index
of zero.

list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

1. print(list[0])
2. print(list[1])
3. print(list[2])
4. print(list[3])
5. print(list[0:6])
6. print(list[:])
7. print(list[2:5])
8. print(list[1:6:

2]) Output:

1
2
3
4
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[3, 4, 5]
[2, 4, 6]

.
 # negative indexing example
1. list = [1,2,3,4,5]
2. print(list[-1])
3. print(list[-3:])
4. print(list[:-1])
5. print(list[-3:-1])
Output:

5
[3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
[3, 4]

Negative indexing allows us to obtain an element, as previously mentioned. The

rightmost item in the List was returned by the first print statement in the code
above. The second print statement returned the sub-list, and so on.

Updating List Values

Due to their mutability and the slice and assignment operator's ability to update
their values, lists are Python's most adaptable data structure. Python's append()
and insert() methods can also add values to a list.

Consider the following example to update the values inside the List.

Code

1. # updating list values

2. list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
3. print(list)
4. # It will assign value to the value to the second index
5. list[2] = 10
6. print(list)
7. # Adding multiple-element
8. list[1:3] = [89, 78]
9. print(list)
10. # It will add value at the end of the list
11. list[-1] = 25
12. print(li

st)
 Outpu:

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 2, 10, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 89, 78, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 89, 78, 4, 5, 25]

The list elements can also be deleted by using the del keyword. Python also
provides us the remove() method if we do not know which element is to be
deleted from the list.
Consider the following example to delete the list elements.

Code

1. list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
2. print(list)
3. # It will assign value to the value to second index
4. list[2] = 10
5. print(list)
6. # Adding multiple element
7. list[1:3] = [89, 78]
8. print(list)
9. # It will add value at the end of the list
10. list[-1] = 25
11. print(li

st)

Output

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 2, 10, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 89, 78, 4, 5, 6]
[1, 89, 78, 4, 5, 25]

Python List Operations

The concatenation (+) and repetition (*) operators work in the same way as
they were working with the strings. The different operations of list are

1. Repetition
 2. Concatenation
3. Length
4. Iteration
5. Membership

[Link]

The redundancy administrator empowers the rundown components to be

rehashed on different occasions.

1. list1 = [12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

2. l = list1 * 2
3. print(l)
Output:

[12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

[Link]

It concatenates the list mentioned on either side of the operator.

Code

1. # concatenation of two lists

2. # declaring the lists
3. list1 = [12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
4. list2 = [9, 10, 32, 54, 86]
5. # concatenation operator +
6. l = list1 + list2
7. print(l)

Output:

[12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 9, 10, 32, 54, 86]

[Link]

It is used to get the length of the

list Eg

list1 = [12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23, 27, 39, 40]
 len(list1)

Output:

[Link]

The for loop is used to iterate over the list elements.

Code

1. # iteration of the list

2. # declaring the list
3. list1 = [12, 14, 16, 39, 40]
4. # iterating
5. for i in list1:
6. print(i)

Output:

12
14
16
39
40

[Link]

It returns true if a particular item exists in a particular list otherwise false.

Code

1. # membership of the list

2. # declaring the list
3. list1 = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]
4. # true will be printed if value exists
5. # and false if
not 6.
7. print(600 in list1)
8. print(700 in list1)
9. print(1040 in
list1) 10.
11. print(300 in list1)
12. print(100 in list1)
13. print(500 in list1)

Output:

False
False
False
True
True
True

Python List Built-in Functions

Python provides the following built-in functions, which can be used with the lists.

1. len()
2. max()
3. min()

len( )

It is used to calculate the length of string

1. list1 = [12, 16, 18, 20, 39, 40]

2. len(list1)

Output:

Max( )

It returns the maximum element of the list

1. list1 = [103, 675, 321, 782, 200]

2. print(max(list

1)) Output:

782

Min( )
 It returns the minimum element of the list

1. list1 = [103, 675, 321, 782, 200]

2. print(min(list

1)) Output:

103

[Link]

Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of dataA
tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.

Tuples are written with round brackets.

Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.

Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] etc.

Example
tuple =("apple", "banana","cherry")
print(tuple)

Accessing Values in Python Tuples

Tuples in Python provide two ways by which we can access the elements of a tuple.

• Using a positive index

• Using a negative index

Python Access Tuple using a Positive Index

Using square brackets we can get the values from tuples in

Python. var = ("Geeks", "for", "Geeks")

print("Value in Var[0] = ",

var[0]) print("Value in
Var[1] = ", var[1])
print("Value in Var[2] = ",
var[2])

Output:

Value in Var[0] =
Geeks Value in
Var[1] = for Value in
Var[2] = Geeks
Access Tuple using Negative Index

In the above methods, we use the positive index to access the value in Python,
and here we will use the negative index within [].

var = (1, 2, 3)
print("Value in Var[-1] = ", var[-1])
print("Value in Var[-2] = ", var[-2])
print("Value in Var[-3] = ", var[-3])

Output:

Value in Var[-1]
= 3 Value in
Var[-2] = 2
Value in Var[-3]
= 1

Different Operations Related to Tuples

Below are the different operations related to tuples in Python:

• Concatenation

• Nesting

• Repetition
 • Slicing

• Deleting

• Finding the length

• Multiple Data Types with tuples

• Conversion of lists to tuples

• Tuples in a Loop

Concatenation of Python Tuples

To Concatenation of Python Tuples, we will use plus operators(+).

Eg
tuple1 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = ('python',
'geek') print(tuple1 +
tuple2)

Output:

(0, 1, 2, 3, 'python', 'geek')

Repetition Python Tuples

We can create a tuple of multiple same elements from a single element in that tuple.

Eg

tuple3 =
Output:
('python',)*3
('python', 'python', 'python')
print(tuple3)
 Dictionary

• Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.

• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and do
not allow duplicates.
• Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values:
Eg:

thisdict = { "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964}

Accessing Values in Python Tuples

Tuples in Python provide two ways by which we can access the elements of a tuple.

• Using a positive index

• Using a negative index

Python Access Tuple using a Positive Index

Using square brackets we can get the values from tuples in

Python. var = ("Geeks", "for", "Geeks")

print("Value in Var[0] = ",

var[0]) print("Value in
Var[1] = ", var[1])
print("Value in Var[2] = ",
var[2])

Output:

Value in Var[0] =
Geeks Value in
Var[1] = for Value in
Var[2] = Geeks
Access Tuple using Negative Index

In the above methods, we use the positive index to access the value in Python,
and here we will use the negative index within [].

var = (1, 2, 3)

print("Value in Var[-1] = ", var[-1])

print("Value in Var[-2] = ", var[-2])
print("Value in Var[-3] = ", var[-3])

Output:

Value in Var[-1]
= 3 Value in
Var[-2] = 2
Value in Var[-3]
= 1

Different Operations Related to Tuples

Below are the different operations related to tuples in Python:

• Concatenation
• Nesting

• Repetition

• Slicing

• Deleting

[Link]

• Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.

• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and do
not allow duplicates.
• Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values:

Example
thisdict = { "brand": "Ford", "model":"Mustang", "year":1964 }

Accessing Items

You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square brackets:

Example

Get the value of the "model" key:

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]

There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:

Adding elements to a Dictionary

• Addition of elements can be done in multiple ways.

• One value at a time can be added to a Dictionary by defining value
along with the key
Eg

Employee = {"Name": "Dev", "Age": 20,

"salary":45000,"Company":"WIPRO"} print(type(Employee))

print("printing Employee data ")

print(Employee)

print("Enter the details of the new employee ");

Employee["Name"] = input("Name: ");

Employee["Age"] = int(input("Age: "));

 Employee["salary"] = int(input("Salary:

")); Employee["Company"] =

input("Company:"); print("printing the

new data"); print(Employee)

Output

<class 'dict'>
printing Employee data ....
Employee = {"Name": "Dev", "Age": 20,
"salary":45000,"Company":"WIPRO"} Enter the details of the new
employee....
Name: Sunny
Age: 38
Salary: 39000
Company:Hcl
printing the new
data
{'Name': 'Sunny', 'Age': 38, 'salary': 39000, 'Company': 'Hcl'}

Deleting Elements using del Keyword

The items of the dictionary can be deleted by using the del keyword as given below.

1. Employee = {"Name": "David", "Age": 30, "salary":55000,"Company":"WIPRO"}

2. print(type(Employee))
3. print("printing Employee data ")
4. print(Employee)
5. print("Deleting some of the employee data")
6. del Employee["Name"]
7. del Employee["Company"]
8. print("printing the modified information ")
9. print(Employee)
10. print("Deleting the dictionary: Employee");
11. del Employee
12. print("Lets try to print it again ");
13. print(Employee)
Output

<class 'dict'>
printing Employee data ....
{'Name': 'David', 'Age': 30, 'salary': 55000, 'Company': 'WIPRO'}
Deleting some of the employee
data printing the modified
information
{'Age': 30, 'salary': 55000}
Deleting the dictionary:
Employee Lets try to print it
again
NameError: name 'Employee' is not defined.

[Link] Set

A Python set is the collection of the unordered items. Each element in the set
must be unique, immutable, and the sets remove the duplicate elements. Sets are
mutable which means we can modify it after its creation.

Creating a set

A set is created by using the set() function or placing all the elements within a
pair of curly braces.

Example
Days=set(["Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat","Sun
"]) Months={"Jan","Feb","Mar"}
Dates={21,22,17}
print(Days)
print(Months)
print(Dates)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Please
note how the order of the elements has changed in the result.

set(['Wed', 'Sun', 'Fri', 'Tue', 'Mon', 'Thu',

'Sat']) set(['Jan', 'Mar', 'Feb'])
set([17, 21, 22])

Accessing Values in a Set

We cannot access individual values in a set. We can only access all the elements
together as shown above. But we can also get a list of individual elements by
looping through the set.

Example
Days=set(["Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat","Sun"])

for d in Days:
print(d)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following

result − Wed
Sun
Fri
Tue
Mo
n
Thu
Sat

Adding Items to a Set

We can add elements to a set by using add() method. Again as discussed there is
no specific index attached to the newly added element.

Example
Days=set(["Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"])
[Link]("Su
n")
print(Days)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following

result − set(['Wed', 'Sun', 'Fri', 'Tue', 'Mon', 'Thu', 'Sat'])

Removing Item from a Set

We can remove elements from a set by using discard() method. Again as

discussed there is no specific index attached to the newly added element.

Example
Days=set(["Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"])

[Link]("Sun")
print(Days)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following

result. set(['Wed', 'Fri', 'Tue', 'Mon', 'Thu', 'Sat'])

Union of Sets

The union operation on two sets produces a new set containing all the
distinct elements from both the sets. In the below example the element “Wed”
is present in both the sets.

Example
DaysA = set(["Mon","Tue","Wed"])
DaysB = set(["Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat","Sun"])
AllDays = DaysA|
DaysB print(AllDays)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Please note
the result has only one “wed”.
set(['Wed', 'Fri', 'Tue', 'Mon', 'Thu', 'Sat'])

Intersection of Sets

The intersection operation on two sets produces a new set containing only the
common elements from both the sets. In the below example the element “Wed”
is present in both the sets.

Example
DaysA = set(["Mon","Tue","Wed"])
DaysB = set(["Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat","Sun"])
AllDays = DaysA &
DaysB print(AllDays)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Please note
the result has only one “wed”.

set(['Wed'])

Difference of Sets

The difference operation on two sets produces a new set containing only the
elements from the first set and none from the second set. In the below example
the element “Wed” is present in both the sets so it will not be found in the result
set.

Example
DaysA = set(["Mon","Tue","Wed"])
DaysB = set(["Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat","Sun"])
AllDays = DaysA -
DaysB print(AllDays)

Output

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Please note
the result has only one “wed”.

set(['Mon', 'Tue'])

[Link] comparisons:
Set Membership Check
In set we can check if the element exist in the set or not.

Example:
set_1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
print(1 in set_1)
print(5 not in
set_1)

Output:

Tru
e
Fals
e

2. Set Equivalent Check

We use this operation to check whether two sets are equivalent to each other or not.

Example:
set_1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set_2 = {1,2,3,4,5}

print(set_1 == set_2)
print(set_1 != set_2)

Output:

True
True

3. Subset Check

A subset is a set that entirely exists within another. We use this operator to
check whether S1 is the subset of S2 or not.

Example:
set_1 = {1,2,3,4}
set_2 = {3,4,5,6}
print(set_1.issubset(set_2))

Output: False
4. Superset Check

A superset is the opposite of a subset. A set is declared as a superset if all

elements of the another set exist within it.
Example:
set_1 = {1,2,3,4}
set_2 = {3,4}
print(set_1.issuperset(set_2))

Output: True