PMTH002- Mathematical Techniques & Analysis
Chapter 1- Data Types & Structures
1.1 Introduction to Data & Tables
- Statistics is the branch of mathematics that involves collecting, organizing, analysing &
presenting numerical data about a particular situation.
- Descriptive statistics deals with the tabular or graphical presentation of data
- Variable refers to the characteristics being measured, counted or observed.
- Data array is the raw data obtained from a survey arranged in a table form to obtain a
frequency distribution table
- Statistical inference is the process of arriving at conclusions, predictions, forecasts or
estimates based on that data.
Chapter 3- Measures of Dispersion
1. Introduction to Measures of Dispersion (MOD)
2. Range
3. Inter Quartile Range
4. Variance & Standard Deviation
5. Box & Whisker Plot
3.1 Introduction to Measures of Dispersion
- Refers to the variability of the distribution
- How spread out or scattered from its average value
- How far is the data spread away from the mean
MOD:
1. Range
2. Inter-Quartile Range
3. Variance
4. Standard Deviation
Note to rmb:
**All MOD must have relevant units
**All MOD must have 4d.p.
**All final ans for continuous data must be in 2 d.p. with units
Chapter 4- Measures of Skewness
4.1 Introduction to Measures of Skewness
CHAPTER 6: PROBABILITY - AN INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Probabilities
2. Probability of an Event
3. Types of Events
4. Notations and Definitions
5. Complementary Event Law
6.1 Introduction to Probabilities
● Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given
events together with the outcomes’ relative likelihoods and distributions.
● Probability means the chance that a particular event (or set of events) will occur expressed
on a linear scale from 0 (impossibility) to 1 (certainly), also expressed as a percentage
between 0 and 100%.
● Statistic is the analysis of events governed by probability.
6.2 Probability of an Event
𝑛(𝐸)
P(E) =
𝑛(𝑆)
● Experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes.
● Outcome is the result of a single trial of an experimet. (sample space)
● Event is one or more outcomes of an experiment.
● Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.
6.3 Types of Event
Types of Event Meaning
Mutually Exclusive Both events cannot happen at the same time.
Non-Mutually Exclusive Events which can occur together or at the same time.
Independent Events Occurrence of 1 event does not affect the other event.
Dependent Events (Conditional Where the outcome of one event is dependent on another
Probability Events) event.
Complementary An event either occurs or it does not occur.
** rmb the examples
6.4 Complementary Events
When the event is defined as A, so the complementary event will be NOT A (𝐴)
P(A) + P(𝐴) = 1
**IF NO, then UNKNOWN
CHAPTER 8: PROBABILITY LAWS
1. 5 laws:
I. Complementary Law
II. Additional Law
III. Conditional Law
IV. Multiplication Law
V. Multiplication Law for Independent Events
2. Use various methods of sample space:
I. Lists & Grids
II. Venn Diagram
III. Tree Diagram
IV. 2 Way Table
8.1 Complementary Law
When the event is defined as A, so the complementary event will be NOT A (𝐴)
P(A) + P(𝐴) = 1 or P(𝐴) = 1 - P(A)
8.2 Addition Law
To find the probability of event A or B, we must first determine whether the events are mutually
exclusive/ non-mutually exclusive.
Addition Rule:
Non-mutually exclusive events: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
Mutually exclusive events: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
Keyword: OR
When two events, A and B, are non-mutually exclusive, P(A ∩ B) ≠ 0
When two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, P(A ∩ B) = 0
8.3 Conditional Probability
● The conditional probability of an event B in relationship to an event A is the probability that
event B occurs given that event A has already occurred.
● The notation for conditional probability is P(B|A), read as the probability of B given A.
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐵)
Keyword: GIVEN/ IF
**Sample space shld be available for conditional questions.
**Look for the event inside the conditions, so, determine the conditions first.
Effects of conditions to events
1. What information can we obtain from conditional probability?
- Effect of the first event on the second
- Whether or not the events are dependent
2. When a question: “A or B is more likely to say yes?’ What does it mean?
- Does saying yes depends on being A or B
- A&B is the condition. Saying yes is the event.
3. What if the conditional probability and the probability of the event are the same?
P(E|A) = P(E|B) = P(E). What does it mean?
- The event E is independent and does not depend on either A or B.
8.4 Multiplication Law - Independent and Dependent Events
The probability of simultaneous occurrence of two independent events is the product of their separate
probabilities.
For Independent Events,
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
For Dependent Events,
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B|A)
or
P(A ∩ B) = P(B) × P(A|B)
Keyword: AND
8.5 Summary of Probability