Indus Valley Civilization – (Bronze Age Civilization)

• Discovered by – Daya Ram Sahni (1921)

• Main Sites – Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal

• Mohenjo-Daro – Famous for Great Bath

• Lothal – Dockyard

• Harappa – Granary

• Worship of Mother Goddess.

Vedic Period

• Aryans came from Central Asia

• Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda)

• Gyatri mantara Mentioned in Rigveda (by Vishwamitra)

• Varna System (Beginning) – 4 divisions (Brahmana,

Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra)

• Worship – Indra, Agni, Varuna, Surya

Jainism –

• Founder – Rishabhanatha (1st Tirthankara)

• 24th Tirthankara – Mahavira (540–468 BCE)

• Parents – Siddhartha (father), Trishala (mother).

• (Nirvana) – At Pavapuri (Bihar) in 468 BCE

• Two sect – Svetambara & Digambara

Buddhism –

• Founder – Gautama Buddha (563–483 BCE).

• Birth – Lumbini (Nepal)

• Parents – Suddhodana (father), Mahamaya (mother).

• Wife & Son – Yashodhara (wife), Rahula (son).

• Holy Book - Tripitak

• First Sermon – At Sarnath (Dharmachakrapravartana)

• (Mahaparinirvana) – Kushinagar (483 BCE).

• Sects – Hinayana & Mahayana.

Buddhist Councils –

• 1st → Rajgriha, Ajatashatru.

• 2nd → Vaishali, Kalasoka.

• 3rd → Pataliputra, Ashoka

• 4th → Kashmir, Kanishka

Haryanka Dynasty –

• Founder – Bimbisara (544 BCE)

• Capital – Rajgriha

• Ajatashatru was the Son of Bimbisara

• Udayin was the Son of Ajatashatru.

• Udayin → founded Pataliputra.

Shishunaga Dynasty

• Founder – Shishunaga

• Capital – Initially at Rajgriha, later shifted to Vaishali.

• Kalashoka Son & successor of Shishunaga.

• Transferred capital from Vaishali to Pataliputra.

Nanda Dynasty –

• Founder – Mahapadma Nanda

• Dhanananda was the Last Nanda ruler.

Maurya Dynasty -

• Founder – Chandragupta Maurya (Chanakya)

• Capital – Pataliputra.

• Defeated Seleucus Nikator (Greek general of Alexander)

• Megasthenes (Greek ambassador) → wrote Indica.

• Bindusara - Son of Chandragupta.

• Ashoka the Great - Son of Bindusar.

• fought Kalinga War (261 BCE)

• converted to Buddhism,

• Rock Edicts & Pillar Edicts → Major sources of Mauryan

history.

• Ashoka’s titles → Devanampriya, Priyadarshi

• Last ruler → Brihadratha

• Rudradaman I → greatest Śaka ruler

• Greatest ruler → Kanishka (The kushanas)

• Last ruler → Vasudeva I. (The kushanas)

• Sunga Dynasty – Founder – Pushyamitra Sunga

• Bharut Stupa – Famous Monument (Sunga Dynasty)

• Satavahana Dynasty - Founder – Simuka

• Pandya Dynasty - Region – Southernmost Tamil Nadu

(Madurai as capital).

• Founder of Medieval Cholas → Vijayalaya Chola.

• Built Brihadeeswarar Temple → UNESCO World Heritage

site.

• Kanva Dynasty - Founder – Vasudeva Kanva

Gupta Dynasty-

• Founder – Sri Gupta

• Capital – Pataliputra

• Samudragupta was the Greatest Gupta ruler,

“Napoleon of India”.

• Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) - Son of Samudragupta.

• Nalanda University.- Built by Kumaragupta I

Mahmud of Ghazni –

• Total Expeditions – 17 major invasions

• Famous Raid – Somnath Temple

Delhi Sultanate-

• Founded by – Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206 CE).

Dynasties – 5 main dynasties:

• Slave Dynasty

• Khalji Dynasty

• Tughlaq Dynasty

• Sayyid Dynasty

• Lodi Dynasty
(Slave) Dynasty

• Qutb-ud-din Aibak slave of Muhammad Ghori

• Qutb-ud-din Aibak – Founder, built Qutb Minar &

completed by Iltutmish.

• Iltutmish – introduced Iqtadari system, coins.

• Razia Sultana – First & only female ruler of Delhi

Sultanate.
Khalji Dynasty

• Jalal-ud-din Khalji – Founder, relatively peaceful reign.

• Alauddin Khalji – Greatest Khalji ruler

• Introduced Market reforms, price control, military

expansion.

• Expanded empire to South India

Tughlaq Dynasty

• Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq – Founder,

• Muhammad bin Tughlaq – (shifting capital).

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq – Built canals, mosques, and forts.

Lodi Dynasty

• Bahlul Lodi – Founder, established Afghan rule.

• Sikandar Lodi – Shifted capital to Agra, agriculture.

• Ibrahim Lodi – Last Sultan,

• defeated by Babur at Battle of Panipat (1526 CE) →

• start of Mughal Empire

Vijayanagara Empire –

• Founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I (Sangama

dynasty)

• Capital - Vijayanagara (Hampi)

• Four dynasties - Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu

• Greatest ruler - Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) of Tuluva

dynasty
Babur – (Mughal Empire)

• First Battle of Panipat (1526) - defeated Ibrahim Lodhi,

established Mughal rule

• Battle of Khanwa (1527) - defeated Rana Sanga of

Mewar

• Autobiography - Baburnama
Humayun –

• Second Mughal emperor, son of Babur.

• Defeated by Sher Shah Suri at Battle of Chausa (1539)

and Kannauj (1540)

• Reclaimed throne in 1555

Akbar-

• Son of Humayun, succeeded at age 13

• Second Battle of Panipat (1556) - defeated Hemu,

• Din-i-Ilahi Formulated

• Abolished Jizya tax (1564) on non-Muslims

• Navratnas - Nine gems/scholars in his court

Jahangir

• Son of Akbar.

• Wife - Nur Jahan

Shah Jahan

• Son of Jahangir

• Built Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Jama Masjid..

Aurangzeb

• Son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal

• Re-imposed Jizya tax (1679) on non-Muslims (abolished

by Akbar)
Maratha Empire –

• Founder – Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

• Sambhaji Son of Shivaji.

• Balaji Vishwanath – strengthened Maratha influence in

North India.
Medieval India Wars

• First Battle of Tarain (1191) – Prithviraj Chauhan vs

Muhammad Ghori; Prithviraj won.

• Second Battle of Tarain (1192) – Prithviraj Chauhan

defeated; Muhammad Ghori gained control.

• Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Akbar vs Rana Pratap;

tactical Mughal victory.
Portuguese in India-

• First Arrival – Vasco da Gama (1498 CE) reached Calicut

by sea.

British in India –

• First Arrival – 1600 CE, via East India Company (EIC)

granted Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I.

• Established factories in Surat (Gujarat), Madras

(Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata).
• Battle of Plassey (1757) → Control of Bengal → start of
political power.

• Battle of Buxar (1764) → Control over Bihar & Odisha;

granted Diwani rights (revenue collection).

• Revenue systems → Permanent Settlement (Bengal) by

Lord Cornwallis in 1793

• Revolt of 1857- Known as First War of Indian

Independence / Sepoy Mutiny.
• Warren Hastings (1773–1785) – First Governor-General;
administrative & judicial reforms

• Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793) – Permanent Settlement;

Cornwallis Code

• Lord Wellesley (1798–1805) – Expansionist; Subsidiary

Alliance system.

• Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835) – Sati Abolition

(1829); education reforms.
• Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856) – Doctrine of Lapse;
railways & telegraphs.

• Lord Canning (1856–1858) – Last Governor-General of

EIC

• Lord Canning (1858–1862) – First Viceroy; reforms post-

1857 Revolt.

• Lord Ripon (1880–1884) – Local self-government

reforms; education expansion.
• Lord Dufferin (1884–1888) – Indian National Congress
founded (1885).

• Lord Curzon (1899–1905) – Partition of Bengal (1905);

monuments.

• Lord Chelmsford (1916–1921) – Montagu-Chelmsford

Reforms; Rowlatt Act; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

• Lord Linlithgow (1936–1943) – WWII; Quit India

Movement (1942).
• Lord Mountbatten (1947) – Last Viceroy; oversaw
Partition & Independence (15 Aug 1947).

• C Rajagopalchari – only Indian Governor general (1948-

50)
Modern India Wars -

• Third Battle of Panipat (1761) – Marathas vs Ahmad

Shah Abdali; heavy Maratha loss.

• Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799) – 4 wars; Tipu Sultan vs

British East India Company.

• Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818) – Series of 3 wars;

end of Maratha power.
• Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849) – Punjab annexed by
British.

• First War of Indian Independence (1857) – Also called

Sepoy Mutiny; not a conventional battle but series of
revolts.

• World Wars (1914–1918, 1939–1945) – India contributed

soldiers under British rule.
• Brahmo Samaj – Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Sati abolition,
monotheism

• Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Vedic revival,

Shuddhi movement

• Prarthana Samaj – Ranade, widow remarriage,

education

• Vidyasagar – Widow remarriage, women’s education

• Ramakrishna Mission – Vivekananda, spiritual & social
service
Major Indian National Congress Sessions (1885–1947)

• 1st Session (1885) – Bombay – Presided by W.C.

Banerjee.

• 1905 Session – Banaras – Presided by G.K. Gokhale

(Swadeshi supported).

• 1907 Session – Surat – Split between Moderates and

Extremists.
• 1911 Session – Calcutta – National Anthem ‘Jana Gana
Mana’ sung first time.

• 1916 Session – Lucknow – Lucknow Pact (INC + Muslim

League).

• 1917 Session – Calcutta – First woman President –

Annie Besant.
• 1920 Session – Nagpur – Adoption of Non-Cooperation
Movement.

• 1924 Session – Belgaum – Presided by Mahatma Gandhi

(only time).

• 1927 Session – Madras – Boycott of Simon Commission.

• 1929 Session – Lahore – Presided by Jawaharlal Nehru –

Purna Swaraj Resolution.
• 1938 Session – Haripura – Subhas Chandra Bose as
President.

• 1939 Session – Tripuri – Subhas Chandra Bose resigned;

Rajendra Prasad elected.

• 1946 Session – Meerut – J.B. Kripalani as President.

• 1915 – Gandhiji Return to india

• 1918 – Ahmedabad Mill Strike

• 1918- Kheda Satyagraha

• 1923 – Swaraja Party

• 1927 – Simon Comission

• 1931 – Gandhi Irwain pact

• 1940 – August Offer

Indian National Movement-

• Revolt of 1857 – First War of Independence, ended

Mughal rule, direct British rule.

• Formation of INC (1885, Bombay) by A.O. Hume;

President – W.C. Banerjee.

• Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon.

• Muslim League formed (1906, Dhaka).

• Lucknow Pact (1916) – INC & Muslim League cooperation.

• Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) – Protest against Rowlatt Act;

led to Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

• Khilafat & Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) –

Boycott of schools, courts, goods; suspended after Chauri
Chaura (1922).

• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) – Dandi March

(1930), boycott of salt law.
• Quit India Movement (1942) – “Do or Die”; mass
protests; suppressed but prepared ground for
independence.

• Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) – Tried to resolve issue of

unity vs partition.

• Independence – August 15, 1947, India became free;

partition created India & Pakistan.