Basics to Immune
System
Manoj Baranwal
Professor
Department of Biotechnology
Immune system
Defense system
Fight against
Foreign attack includes bacteria, virus, fungi,
parasites, toxins and pollutants
Self altered cell such as cancer or virus infected
cells
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Immune Cells
Bone Marrow
Lymphoid progenitor Hematopoeitic Myeloid progenitor
Stem cells
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes Granulocytes Monocytes
T cells
B cells Neutrophils Macrophages
Natural Killer Basophils cells
cells Eosinophils
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Innate System
• First line of Defense
• It does not has memory response
• Major cells which participates are phagocytic cells
(Neutrophils and Macrophages), Natural killer cells
Adaptive System
• It acquired after exposure of different antigens
• It has Memory response
• Major cells: T and B cells
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Barrier of Innate immunity
Mechanical/Physical barrier
Tight junction in Skin (Epithelial cells)
Air or fluid (Longitudinal flow ) Nasal cilia (Mucus)
Chemical Barrier
Low pH, Enzyme (Pepsin) Enzymes in tears and Saliva
(Stomach) (Lysozyme)
Antimicrobial peptides
(Defensins, Cathelicidins and Histatins)
Microbiological Barrier
Normal Microbiota create competitive environment
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Experiments to confirm the existence
of chemical barrier
Step1: Fingers exposed to Staphylococcus aureus
and Escherichia coli
Step2: Finger impression on Culture plates
Step3: Observation after over night incubation
Plate with S. aureus— Growth (Colony)
Plate with E. coli— No growth
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Pathogen-Host interactions
Receptor (Host): Pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR)
Macrophages, neutrophils, and Dendritic cells
Patterns (Pathogen): Pathogen associated molecular
patterns (PAMP)
PAMP present on microbes but absent on Host
Common PAMP
Mannose-rich oligosaccharides,
Peptidoglycans
Lipopolysaccharides in the bacterial cell wall
Unmethylated CpG DNA
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Pattern recognition proteins (Soluble
molecules)
Soluble phagocytosis-enhancing proteins are called opsonins
Opsonins
Two surfactant collectin proteins (SP-A and SP-D)s are found in the
blood as well as in mucosal secretions
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), is found in the blood and respiratory
fluids.
C-reactive protein (CRP).
Opsonization
It is the process in which particles (pathogen) get coated with protein.
Coating facilitates the phagocytosis of pathogen by phagocytic cells
(Macrophages and Dendritic cells).
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Membrane bound Receptor
Scavenger receptors and Toll like receptor
Scavenger receptors: It recognises different
anionic polymers and acetylated low-density
lipoproteins present on pathogen
.
Toll like receptor
•Horseshoe-shaped protein
•Single-pass transmembrane proteins
•Extracellular region composed of 18-25 copies of a leucine-rich repeat
(LRR).
• Toll-IL-l receptor (TIR) domain in their cytoplasmic tail that is
interacts with other singling molecules
•On binding to Ligands, TLRs gets activated and form dimers or
oligomers
The image was partially modified (Source: Kuby immunology. WH Freeman New York (2013))
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Ten TLRs are reported in mammal
T LRs Molecular pattern
TLR-1 :TLR-2 Lipomannans (mycobacteria)
heterodimer Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive
bacteria)
TLR-3 Double-stranded RNA (viruses)
TLR-4 LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive
bacteria)
TLR-7 and TLR-8 Single-stranded RNA (viruses)
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Acknowledgement
During preparation of the content and figure, the following books were referred
1. Owen, J.A., J. Punt, and S.A. Stranford, Kuby immunology. WH Freeman New York
(2013)
2. Murphy, K. and C. Weaver, Janeway's immunobiology. Garland Science (2016)
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