The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is built around two primary sub-units that work together to process data:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The component that executes all mathematical operations (like addition, subtraction)
and logical decisions (like $AND\(,\)OR, $NOT). [1]
Control Unit (CU): The component that manages the flow of data through the computer, directing the processor and
other hardware on how to execute instructions
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The binary system uses exactly two digits: 0 (zero) and 1 (one). Because there are only two digits, the system is a
base-2 or radix-2 system. Each of these individual digits is referred to as a bit (binary digit). [1, 2, 3, 4]
To get a better grasp of the binary system, consider how it compares to our everyday numbering: [1]
Decimal (Base-10): Uses 10 digits (0 through 9). Each position represents a power of 10.
Binary (Base-2): Uses 2 digits (0 and 1). Each position represents a power of 2. [1, 2, 3, 4]
Binary is the foundational language of computing. Computers rely on this system because it perfectly matches the
electrical states of hardware—such as transistors—where 0 represents an "off" or low voltage state, and 1 represents
an "on" or high voltage state. [1, 2]
For example, a binary sequence like \(1010\) can be converted to a decimal number through positional multipliers
based on the powers of two (\(2^3, 2^2, 2^1, 2^0\)
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RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are two primary types of computer
memory. RAM is volatile, temporary storage used by the CPU to run active programs. ROM is non-
volatile, permanent memory that stores essential, unchangeable system instructions needed to boot up
your device. [1]
A computer system is an electronic device designed to process raw data into usable information. It achieves this
through four foundational operations: Input, Processing, Storage, and Output. [1, 2]
The primary functions that power these operations include:
Input: Captures raw data and instructions from the user through devices like keyboards or mice, and sends it into the
system. [1, 2]
Processing: Manipulates and transforms the incoming data into meaningful information. This is handled by the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) based on software instructions. [1, 2]
Storage: Preserves data and instructions for current operations (Memory/RAM) or saves them for future use (Hard
Drives, SSDs). [1, 2]
Output: Presents the processed data in a format the user can understand, such as visuals on a monitor or audio
through speakers. [1, 2]
Control & Communication: Coordinates the flow of data across hardware components and allows the computer to
interact with external networks or systems. [1]
A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer. It serves as the central backbone that physically
connects and allows communication between all essential hardware components—such as the CPU, RAM, storage,
and graphics card—while distributing power to keep the entire system running smoothly.
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A CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary "brain" of a computer, responsible for executing
instructions from hardware and software. It processes data, performs calculations, and manages the
flow of information across the system, making it the most critical component for overall device
performance