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CHAPTER NO: 12
TRIGONOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Trigonometry has been derived form Greek words: Trei (three), Goni
(angles) and Metron (measurement).
It is measurement of triangle.
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY: Trigonometry, branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships

between the sides and angles of triangles and with the properties and applications of the
trigonometric functions of angles. The two branches of trigonometry are plane trigonometry, which
deals with figures lying wholly in a single plane, and spherical trigonometry, which deals with triangles
that are sections of the surface of a sphere. The earliest applications of trigonometry were in the
fields of navigation, surveying, and astronomy, in which the main problem generally was to determine
an inaccessible distance, such as the distance between the earth and the moon, or of a distance that
could not be measured directly, such as the distance across a large lake. Other applications of
trigonometry are found in physics, chemistry, and almost all branches of engineering.

Angle:
Two rays with a common starting point form an angle.
OR Union of two rays at a point.
 Common point is called point of intersection or vertex.
 Rays are called initial arm/side and terminal arm/side.
B

Angle

 Unknown angle is denoted by 𝜽’ , ∝ or x° etc.

O A

 An angle is said to be positive, if the rotation is anti clock wise

(counter clock wise). Or terminal side of angle turns anti –clock
wise.
B

O 𝜽
A Initial arm
 An angle is said to be negative , if the rotation is clock wise. Or
terminal side of angle turns clock wise.

O A
α Initial arm
B
 Above the x-axis (horizontal line), called angle of elevation and

 ACUTE ANGLE: It is less then 90° (or)

below the x-axis is angle of depression.

0 < 𝜽 < 90

Angle between 0° and 90° . or The terminal side of an
angle rotates anti clock wise and lies in the first quadrant .
(Or)

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* RIGHT ANGLE: = 90° (The terminal side of an angle rotates anti clock wise
and lies on positive y. axis ) .
 OBTUSE ANGLE: It is greater than 90° and less than 180° (or)
90 < 𝜽 < 180 or (The terminal side of an angle rotates anti clock wise and
lies in the second quadrant ).
°

 REFLEX OR REFLEXIVE ANGLE: Between 180° and 360°.

180° < 𝜽 <360°

 Straight line is equal to 180° or called half rotation or semi circle.

(Or) Below the x – axis

 COMPLETE ANGLE: angle which is equal to360° or 2 radians or one

circle or one rotation or one revolution.
TYPES OF TRIANGLE: Triangle is the first type of polygon.
(i) Scalene/Different sided triangle:
Each side is different in measurement, so each angle is different .
(ii) Isosceles Triangle:
Two sides are equal/ congruent.
 If two sides of a triangle are equal then their opposite angles are
also equal .
(iii) Equilateral triangle:
All sides of a triangle are equal / congruent .

also equal . Each angle = 60°

 If all sides of a triangle are equal then opposite angles of sides are

If each angle is acute means less than 90°.

(iv) Acute angled triangle:

 Equilateral is also acute angled triangle.

If one angle is 90° and others two are acute.

(v) Right angled triangle:

 It may be isosceles triangle.

If one angle is greater than 90° and others are acute.

(vi) Obtuse angled triangle:

 Sum of three angles of a triangle is 180°

Unit/ measurement of an angle:
An angle is measured commonly in degrees and radians.
TWO SYSTEMS:
(i) SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM:
 Involving the number 60.
 Angular measurement of angles in which one complete turn is
divided into 360 parts . Each part is called degree, the degree is

 Sexagesimal is also called D° M ' S ¿ rule.

divided into 60 minutes and the minute is divided into 60 seconds.

360°

One turn of rotation O x – axis

180°
O
½ half /semi turn or rotation

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 x-axis

y
¼ or quarter rotation

90°
O x
' ' 1
1 °=6 0 ∨1 =
60 °
' '' '' 1 '' '' 1
1 =6 0 ∨1 = 1 °=360 0 ∨1 =
60' 3600 °
 This Sexagesimal system is also known as English System, because
this system of angles owes its origin to the English and 90, 60
multiple of 6 and 10.
(ii) CIRCULAR SYSTEM:
It is radian system.
Radian is the measure of an angle, subtended at the centre of the
circle by an arc, whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
In given figure.
B
L or ‘s’

And ∠AOB as the central angle

‘r’ be the radius of circle r
1 radian
Whose rays cut off an arc ^
AB on the circle O r A

m∠AOB =
^
AB
=1 radian
∵ radius = arc length
radius

RELATION BETWEEN RADIAN AND DEGREE MEASUREMENT:

In any circle of radius ‘r’ units, a central angle of one radian
intercepts an arc of length ‘s’ , thus an arc length is directly proportional
to the measure of its central angle.
1 1
arc length= ∨ of circumference
2 πr 2 π
π radians=180 ° degrees
Then
180
1 radian = degrees ≅ 57.3°
π
Similarly;
π
1 degree = radians ≅ 0.01745 radians
180

π
90 °= radians
2
2π
120 °= radians
3

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3π π
135 °= radians 30 °= radians
4 6
5π π
150 °= radians 45 ° = radians
6 4
π
60 °= radians
3
2nd 1st
Quadrant Quadrant
180 °=π radians
0 °=0 radians
360 °=2 π radians
3rd 4th
Quadrant Quadrant
7π 5π
210 °= radians 300 °= radians
6 3
5π 7π
225 °= radians 315 °= radians
4 4
4π 11π
240 °= radians 330 °= radians
3 6

3π
270 °= radian
2

RELATION BETWEEN ARC-LENGTH, RADIUS AND CENERAL ANGLE(CENTRAL

Let ‘r’ be the radius and ‘𝜽 ’ be the central angle of a circle

ANGLE :

measured in radians and ‘S’ be the arc length.

𝛉
r
S θ
= then
2 πr 2 π O r

S=θr A
S S
θ= ∨r=
r θ

 Radius ‘r’ and arc length 'S' are measured in same units and ‘θ ’ is in
number of radians .

SECTOR AND ITS AREA:

Bounded region of circle between two radii , called sector .
If A is the area of the sector by the arc length ‘S’ and radius ‘r’ then

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1 2 1
A= θ r or A= rs
2 2

Where ‘θ' is a centeral angle , r is

radius and S is arc length

QUADRANT:
A plane is divided into four equal parts by x-axis and y-axis, each

called quadrant and is 90°.

one is

ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION:

An angle in standard position, if its terminal side lies in the
quadrant.

i-e 30°, 45°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 210°, 300° and so on.
 It is also plane angle.

QUADRANTAL ANGLES:

i-e 90°, 180°, 270°, 360° and so on

If the terminal arm/side of an angle falls on x-axis or y-axis.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS:

Relation between two sides and included angle of a triangle is called
ratio.
Consider a right-angled triangle ABC in which ‘𝜽’is an acute angle, then.

Perpendicular a
sin θ= = B
Hypotenuse c
90°-𝜽
Base b
cos θ= = Hypotenuse c
Hypotenuse c
Perpendicular a
θ
tanθ= = a (Perpendicular)
Base b
𝜽
Base b
cot θ= =
P erpendicular a
Hypotenuse c
sec θ= = A b(Base) C
base b
Hypotenuse c
cosec θ= =
Perpendicular a

Note : PERPENDICULAR: opposite side of supposed acute angle in right

angled triangle .
BASE: adjacent side of supposed acute angle in right angled
triangle .
HYPOTENUSE: opposite side of right angle in right angled triangle .
USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1 1 1
sin θ= or  Cosec θ=
csc θ Cosec θ sin θ

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or
1 1
cos θ= sec θ=
sec θ cos θ

or
1 1
tanθ= cot θ=
cot θ tan θ

sin θ cos θ
tanθ= o cot θ=
cos θ sinθ

Let m∠×OP =θ radians in standard position , OP be any terminal arm/side whose coordinates
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION OF ANY ANGLE

be P( x , y)

Y
P(x , y)

𝜽 Q x
O
‘r’ be the distance from origin O (0, 0) to P(x, y).
i.e r =√ x 2 + y 2
then six trigonometric functions of ' θ ' are:
y r
sin θ= , csc θ∨cosec θ= (y ≠ 0)
r y

x r
cos θ= , sec θ= (x ≠ 0)
r x

y x
tanθ= (x ≠ 0) , cot θ= (y ≠ 0)
x y

Remarks: - Let (90 °−θ) be a supposed acute angle then ,

COMPLEMENTARY LAWS OF ANGLES
b
sin ( 90 °−θ )= =cos θ
c

θ
B
90°- 𝜽
a
cos ( 90° −θ )= =sinθ
c
b
tan ( 90° −θ )= =cot θ c a
a
c
Cosec ( 90° −θ )= =sec θ
b

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𝜽
c
sec ( 90°−θ )= =Cosec θ
a
a
cot ( 90 °−θ )= =tan θ A b C
b

Note: co-ratio of complementary angles is always equal.

GENERAL ANGLE (CO- TERMINAL ANGLE):-

There are many angles whose initial and terminal arms/sides are same, called co- terminal

Let an angle ∠AOB with initial arm ⃗

angles.

If m∠AOB =θ radians , where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π

OA and ⃗OB is its terminal side/arm with vertex.
B

m∠AOB =θ

O 𝜽
A
B

m∠AOB =θ+2 π (after one revolution)

O A

m∠AOB =θ+ 4 π (after two revolution)

m∠AOB will be
Similarly Clock wise:

𝜽 - 4𝝅 (after two revolution)

ALLIED ANGLES:-
The angles associated with basic angles of measure θ to a right angle or its multiple are called
allied angles.
i.e. 90 ° ±θ , 180 ° ± θ , 270 ° ±θ , 360 ° ± θ and so on

SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN QUADRANTS:-

Let θ is a general angle in the standard position.
r =√ x 2 + y 2 is always positive
(i) If ' θ ' is in the first quadrant, then a point p (x , y) on its terminal side has both ‘x’ and ‘y’
co-ordinates are ‘+ve’.
 All trigonometric functions are ‘+ ve’ in the first quadrant.
(ii) If ‘θ ' is in the second quadrant, then P(x, y) on its terminal side has negative x-coordinate
and positive y-coordinate.
y x y
 sin θ= is +ve> 0, cos θ= is−ve<0 , tanθ= is – ve<0 ,
Cosec θ is + ve > 0 , sec θ is – ve < 0 and cot θ is – ve < 0
r r x

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(iii) If ‘θ ' is in the third quadrant, then P(x, y) on its terminal side has negative x and y
[Link].
 sin θ is−ve< 0, cos θ is−ve <0, tanθ=¿+ ve> 0 ¿
Cosec θ is−ve <0, sec θ is−ve <0 and cot θ is+ ve>0

(iv) If ‘θ ' is in the fourth quadrant, then P (x, y) on its terminal side has positive x and
negative y co. ordinates.
 sin θ is−ve< 0, cos θ is+ ve> 0, tanθ is−ve <0
Cosec θ is - ve¿ 0, sec θ is+ ve> 0, cot θ is−ve< 0
Y- axis

2ndQuadrant 1st Quadrant

S(sine and its csc +ve) A(all ratios positive)

X' –axis X-
axis

T(tan and cot +ve) C(cos and sec +ve)

th
3rd Quadrant 4 Quadrant

Y'-axis
FUNDAMENTAL/BASIC IDENTITIES OF TRIGONOMETRY:-
2 2 2 2
(i) sin θ+cos θ=1 or x + y =1 ¿)
(ii) 1+ tan θ=Sec θ ( iii ) 1+cot θ=Cosec θ∨Csc 2 θ
2 2 2 2

∵ H= Hypotenuse,
 These identities are also called Pythagorean identities, because derived by Pythagoras theorem.
2 2 2
H =P + B P = Perpendicular, B = Base
From:-
2 2
sin θ+cos θ=1
Corollary:-
2 2 2 2
sin θ=1−cos θ∨cos θ=1−sin θ
From:-
2 2
1+ tan θ=Sec θ
2 2 2 2 2 1
tan θ=Sec θ−1∨1−Sec θ=−tan θ∨1+ tan θ= 2
cos θ
From:-
2 2
1+cot θ=Cosec θ
2 2 2 2 2 1
cot θ=Cosec θ−1∨1−Cosec θ=−cot θ∨1+ cot θ= 2
sin θ

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DISTANCE FORMULA:-
Let P ( x 1 , y 1) and Q ( x 2 , y 2) be two points and ‘d’ is the distance between them, then
d=|PQ|=√ ¿ ¿
OR = √¿¿ Y
Q ( x2 , y2)

X' X

P ( x1 , y1) R (x2 , y1)

Y'
 Distance formula between two points can be derived by Pythagoras theorem.

Let ‘𝜶’ and ‘𝜷’ be two angles (real numbers) in a unit circle ,
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF TRIGONOMETRY:-

then
cos ( α− β ) =cos α cos β+ sin α sin β
 α > β >0
 Thislaw was introduced by Al−Beruni
DEDUCTION FROM FUNDAMENTAL LAW:-
Put β=−β then , we get
cos ( α + β )=cos α cos β−sin α sin β

π
Put α = + α in fundamental law , we get
2
sin(α + β )=sin α cos β+ cos α sin β

Put β=−β in sin(α + β )=sin α cos β+ cos α sin β

sin(α −β)=sin α cos β−cos α sin β

π
Put α = ∈¿fundamental law, we get
2
π
cos ( −β )=sin β
2

−π
Put β= in fundamental law, we get
2
π
cos (α + )=−sin α
2

Put α = 2 π and β = 𝜽 in sin(α −β)=sin α cos β−cos α sin β , then

sin ( 2 π – θ )=−sinθ

sin(α + β )
∴ tan ( α + β )=
cos (α + β )

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then

sin (α −β)
∴ tan ( α −β )=
then
cos (α −β )

 It is clear that for any angle θ (deduction from above laws of trigonometry:
sin (−θ )=−sinθ , cosec(−θ)=−cosecθ
cos (−θ )=cosθ , sec (−θ ) =secθ
tan (−θ )=−tanθ , cot(−θ)=−cot

Put α = β = θ in sin(α + β )=sin α cos β+ cos α sin β , we get

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE :

2tanθ
sin 2 θ=2 sinθcosθ= 2
1+ tan θ

Put α = β = θ incos ( α + β )=cos α cos β−sin α sin β , we get

2
2 1−tan θ 2
cos 2 θ=cos θ−sin θ= 2
1+tan θ
OR
2 2 1+cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ=2 cos θ−1∨cos θ=
2
OR
2 2 1−cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ=1−2 sin θ∨sin =
2

tan α+tan β
Put α = β = θ in
tan(α+ β )=
1−tan α tan β , we get
2tanθ
tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE:
cos2 θ=cos 2 θ−sin 2 θ
θ
Put θ=
2
2θ 2θ
cosθ=cos −sin
2 2

2 θ 2θ 2θ
cosθ=1−2sin ∵ cos =1−sin
2 2 2
2 θ
2 sin =1−cosθ
2
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θ
sin =±
2
2θ
1−cosθ
2 √
∴ cosθ=2 cos −1
2

2 θ
2 cos =1+cosθ
2

2 θ 1+ cosθ
cos =
2 2
θ
cos =±
2 2 √
1+cosθ

θ
cos
θ 2
∴ tan =
2 θ
sin
2
then
θ
tan =
2 √
1−cosθ
1+cosθ

θ sinθ
OR tan =
2 1+cosθ

θ 1−cosθ
OR tan =
2 sinθ

TRIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE:

3
sin 3 θ=3 sinθ−4 sin θ
3
cos 3 θ=4 cos θ−3 cosθ
3
3 tanθ−tan θ
tan3 θ= 2
1−3 tan θ

CONVERSION OF PRODUCT OF SINES AND COSINES INTO SUM OR

DIFFERENCE:
∴ sin(α+ β )=sin α cos β+ cos α sin β
sin(α −β)=sin α cos β−cos α sin β
then by adding and subtracting, we get.
1
sinα . cosβ=
2
[ sin ( α + β )+ sin ( α− β ) ]
¿
1
cosα . sinβ= [ sin ( α + β ) −sin ( α −β ) ]
2
cos (α + β)=cos α cos β−sin α sin β
cos (α −β )=cos α cos β +sin α sin β

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then by adding and subtracting , we get .

1
cosα . cosβ=
2
[ cos ( α + β ) +cos ( α −β ) ]
¿
−1
sinα . sinβ=
2
[ cos ( α + β ) −cos ( α −β ) ]
CONVERSION OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF SINES AND COSINES INTO
PRODUCT:
1
∴ sinα . cosβ =
2
[ sin ( α + β ) +sin ( α −β ) ]
OR 2 sinα . cosβ=sin ( α + β ) +sin ( α −β )

Put 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u , 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v
Adding 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u and 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v, we get.
u+ v
α=
Subtracting 𝜶 + 𝜷 = u , 𝜶 – 𝜷 = v, we get
2

u−v
β=
2
then
sinu+ sinv=2 sin ( u+2 v ) .cos ( u−v2 )
∴ 2 cosα . sinβ=sin ( α + β )−sin ( α−β )
then
sinu−sinv=2 cos ( u+v2 ). sin ( u−v2 )
∴ 2 cosα . cosβ =cos ( α + β )+ cos ( α −β )
then
cosu +cosv =2 cos ( u+2 v ) .cos ( u−v2 )
∴−2cosα . sinβ=cos ( α + β )−cos ( α −β )

cos u−cosv=−2 sin ( u+2 v ). sin ( u−v2 )

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THE VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝜽
1st and 2nd Quadrant
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
Radians 0 π π π π 2π 3π 5π π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Sin𝜽 0 1 1 √3 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2
Cos𝜽 1 √3 1 1 0 −1 −1 −√ 3 -1
√2 √2
∞
2 2 2 2
Tan𝜽 0 1 1 √3 −√ 3 -1 −1 0
√3 √3
Cosec𝜽 ∞ 2 √2 2 1 2 √2 2 ∞
√3 √3
Sec𝜽 1 2 √2 2 ∞ -2 −√ 2 −2 -1
√3 √3
cot𝜽 ∞ √3 1 1 0 −1 -1 −√ 3 ∞
√3 √3

𝜽
3rd and 4th Quadrant
210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
Radians 7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Sin𝜽 −1 −1 −√ 3 -1 −√ 3 −1 −1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2
Cos𝜽 −√ 3 −1 −1 0 1 1 √3 1
√2 √2
∞
2 2 2 2
Tan𝜽 1 1 √3 −√ 3 -1 −1 0
√3 √3
Cosec𝜽 -2 −√ 2 −2 -1 −2 −√ 2 -2 ∞
√3 √3
Sec𝜽 −2 −√ 2 -2 ∞ 2 √2 2 1
√3 √3
cot𝜽 √3 1 1 0 −1 -1 −√ 3 ∞
√3 √3

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Ex. 1 A tower stands vertically on the ground. From a point on the ground which is 30 m away
from the foot of a tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is found to be 45°. Find
the height of the tower.

Ex. 2 The shadow of a building standing on a level ground is found to be 40 m longer when the
Sun's altitude becomes 30° from 45°. Find the height of the tower.

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:

1. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun when the shadow of a pole is V3 times the length of the

pole?

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(a) 30° (b) 45°

(c) 60° (d) None of these

2. The shadow of a tower is 15 m, when the Sun's elevation is 30°. What is the length of the shadow,

when the Sun's elevation is 60"?

(a) 3 m (b) 4 m (c) 5 m (d) 6 m

3. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun, when the shadow of a pole of height x m is —m?

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 75°

4. A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower casts a

shadow of 40 m long on the ground. The height of the tower is

(a) 60 m (b) 65 m (c) 70 m (d) 72 m

5. The tops of two poles of height 24 m and 36 m are connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle

of 60° with the horizontal, then the length of the wire is

(a) 8V3 m(b) 8 m (c) 6V3 m (d) 6 m

6. The shadow of a tower standing on a level plane is found to be 50 m longer when the Sun's

elevation is 30°. When it is 60°, then what is the height of the tower?

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DISTANCE AND DIRECTION PROBLEMS

Question no 01 : Ram started walking towards East. After walking 10m he took a right turn and walked
[Link] took a left turn and walked 30m and again took a left turn and walked [Link] ram how far
and which direction from starting point?

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Question no 02: Kamal goes 12km towards north from a fixed point and then goes 8km towards south
from [Link] the end he goes 3km towards east. How far is he from starting point?

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Question no 03: A person starts walking in north direction and after travelling a distance of 20m takes a
left turn and walks [Link] here he took a right turn and walked 20m and finally took a right turn and
walked [Link] far is he from starting point and in which direction?

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SIR AAMIR ALI SOOMRO @CSS COSEX ACADEMY QASIMABAD, HYDERABAD Page 20