REVIEWER
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
Fourth Quarter Examination
I. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Interview Method
• Uses oral-verbal questions and responses
• Can be structured or unstructured
• Allows clarification of answers
• Best when in-depth responses are needed
Keyword: Face-to-face or verbal interaction
Observation Method
• Researcher observes behavior or events
• Can be:
o Structured (with checklist/schedule)
o Unstructured (no fixed format)
• No direct questioning
Keyword: Watching and recording behavior
Questionnaire Method
• Uses written questions
• Respondents answer independently
• Can be distributed to many people
• Cost-effective and time-saving
Keyword: Paper-pencil or online survey
Testing Method
• Uses standardized or researcher-made tests
• Often used in experiments
• Measures performance, ability, or knowledge
Keyword: Measuring performance through tests
II. STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
• Uses specific variables
• Follows a pre-defined schedule or checklist
• More objective and organized than unstructured observation
III. PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS
These are used when data are:
• Numerical
• Normally distributed
• Measured using interval or ratio scale
Paired Samples t-Test
Used when:
• Same group is tested twice
• Two related conditions
• Example: Before and after test
Keyword: Same participants, two conditions
Independent Samples t-Test
Used when:
• Two different groups
• Comparing their means
• Example: Tutoring Group A vs Tutoring Group B
Keyword: Two separate groups
One-Way ANOVA
Used when:
• Three or more independent groups
• One independent variable
Keyword: 3 or more groups (different participants)
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Used when:
• Same participants
• Three or more conditions
Keyword: Same participants, 3+ conditions
IV. PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
Conclusions
• Summarizes findings
• Answers research questions
• Based on data analysis
• No new information
Recommendations
• Suggestions for action
• Based on findings
• Can include:
o Policy recommendations
o Improvement strategies
o Future research directions
Research Methodology
• Explains:
o Research design
o Participants
o Instruments
o Data gathering procedure
o Statistical treatment
V. WRITING A GOOD CONCLUSION
Steps:
1. Know your research objectives
2. Collect findings
3. Summarize findings
4. Formulate conclusions based on evidence
✔ Must answer research questions
✔ Must be connected to data
Do not introduce new data
VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RECOMMENDATION
A good recommendation:
• ✔ Is feasible
• ✔ Has positive impact
• ✔ Is achievable
• ✔ Has time frame
• ✔ Uses available resources
• ✔ Addresses a gap or problem
VII. PURPOSES OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SECTION
• Policy recommendations
• Improvements or changes
• Solutions to identified problems
• Suggestions for future research
• Continuation of effective practices
VIII. WRITING THE DATA COLLECTION NARRATIVE
Format Guide:
The research titled “_____” will use the _____ method.
The data collection method is appropriate because _____.
You may choose:
• Survey
• Experiment
• Test
• Secondary Data Analysis
IX. WRITING THE STATISTICAL TREATMENT NARRATIVE
Format Guide:
Having the research problem “_____”, the study will use _____ as the statistical treatment.
The chosen statistical treatment is _____.
Since the study involves _____, this statistical test is appropriate.
X. RESEARCH QUESTIONS, FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSIONS
✔ Research Question – What you want to know
✔ Research Finding – What the data showed
✔ Conclusion – What can be inferred from the findings
Example:
Research Question:
Is there a relationship between study habits and grades?
Finding:
There is a significant positive correlation.
Conclusion:
Better study habits lead to higher grades.
QUICK REVIEW TABLE
Situation Statistical Test
Same group, two tests Paired t-test
Two different groups Independent t-test
3+ groups (different participants) One-way ANOVA
Same group, 3+ conditions Repeated Measures ANOVA