REPORT ON MAKING BIODEGRADABLE

PLASTIC USING MILK (CASEIN PLASTIC)

PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT IN CHEMISTRY OF
GRADE XI.

Submitted by
Name: Ayena khatun
Roll no: 6
Grade: XI (Science)
Batch: 2081/82

Supervised by:
Anil Poudel

Submitted to
Department of Chemistry
Global Collegiate School
Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
April, 2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our special thanks goes to our Principal Mr. Baburam Panta for providing such
platform to carry out this research.

We are highly obliged expending gratitude to our respected teacher (Name of

teacher ) for his/her kind guidance, helpful suggestions, and good supervision and
knowledge to complete this work.

We are also gratitude to our respected coordinator Mr. Narayan Sharma, his helpful
suggestions, guidance to prepare this report.

We are heartily thankful to all respected teachers of GCS as well as Lab Assistants
and Library of this institution for their kind support during my study period.

As well as we would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Ganesh Koirala for
sharing the history, present information of zoo & for his kind guidance.

Similarly we are extremely grateful to our respected father & mother for providing
us their great support in each & every part of our life.

We also express thank to Mr. MN Nepal for helping in preparation of this report as
well as computer typing & setting.

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 ABSTRACT

The field visit on selected area was held on 9th August 2016 for a single day. The
present survey entitled “Status of Pheasants in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur”
deals with the present status of Pheasant species in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur.

Altogether 7 species of five genera of pheasants belonging to galliformes order,

phasianidae family have been recorded from survey area. Among them 3 species
were native (Tragopan satyra, Lophura leucomelana, Pavo cristatus) & 4 species
were exotic (Syrmaticus reevesii, Chrysolophus pictus, Chrysolophus amherstiae, Lophura
nycthemera).

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CONTENTS

Title Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURE iv

CHAPTER-I: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Pheasants of Nepal 1

1.3 Objectives of study 2

1.4 Justification 2

1.5 Significance of the study 2

1.6 Limitation of study 3

CHAPTER-II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

CHAPTER-III: MATERIALS AND METHODS 5-6

3.1 Study area

3.1.1 Location 5

3.1.2 Climatic and biodiversity 5

3.1.3 Historical review of Central Zoo, Jawalakhel 5

3.2 Method

3.2.1 Field visit 6

3.2.2 Collection of data 6

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3.2.3 Analysis 6

CHAPTER-IV: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 7-8

CHAPTER-V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 9

REFRENCES 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: List of pheasants according to their scientific name, local name, IUCN status
& Origin.

Table 2: Number of pheasants found in survey areas.

LIST OF FIGURES
Chart 1. Bar diagram showing the number of pheasants fauna found in survey areas.

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 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nepal is rich in avifaunal diversity due to its wide variety of forest & other habitat
types ranging from bare rock & scrub in the alpine zone to tropical rainforests in the
low lands (Baral & Inskipp, 2005). More than 876 species of birds have been recorded
(IUCN, 2009).
Pheasants are large, ground dwelling birds inhabit diverse habitats in tropical &
temperate forest of Asia & Africa. Depending on the taxonomic view point, the
number of birds varies from 9,800 to 10,050 species in the world. Among 51 species
of pheasants belonging to 16 genera have been recognized so far, 50 species survive
in the world (Appendix 2). The pheasants are Asian in their native distribution except
single Congo peafowl Afropavo congensis, which is endemic to The Democratic
Republic of Congo in Central Africa (Fuller & Garson, 2000).
The 1st serious author on ornithology was Aristotle (385-322 B.C) of ancient Greece
& the 1st classification of birds was developed by Francis Willoughby & John Ray in
their 1676 volume Ornithologiae later on Carlous Linnaeus modified in 1756 to
devise the taxonomic classification. Taxonomically pheasants are classified as
follows:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Aves
Order : Galliformes
Family : Phasianidae
There are marked differences present within each group of pheasants in anatomical,
morphological and biological characteristics. The main morphological characteristics
of the various genera of pheasants reside in the general pattern and color of the
feathers, presence or prominence of wattles, crest, hackles and spurs, shape and
structures of tail, wings and bill (Delacour, 1977). In comparing pheasants to
mammiferous animals, they exhibit most analogy with ruminants in internal
structures. It is evident from their food habit that they primarily feed on vegetative
materials though they also consume insects and other invertebrates.
Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly
decorated with bright colors and adornments such as wattles and long tails. Males are
usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play a part in rearing the
young. Pheasants normally eat seeds and some insects. The male tragopans, or horned
pheasants (Tragopan species), of Asia also, are among the world’s most colourful
birds. They show a bright apron of flesh under the bill during courtship, and short
fleshy horns. The white-spotted plumage may be mainly red, yellow, or gray.

1.2 Pheasants of Nepal

Nepal is located in South Asia which extend 26⁰ 22' to 30⁰ 27' North latitude and 80⁰
4'to 88⁰ 12' Eastern longitude. Nepal is rich in topographic contrast, floristic diversity

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and ethnic variation. It has a great variety of climate and vegetation within
comparatively small country.
More than 876 species of birds have been recorded (IUCN, 2009). Among them eight
species of Pheasants are found in Nepal; the national bird is Impeyan Pheasant or
Danphe (Lophophorous impejanus), Satyr Tragopan or Monal (Tragopan satyra),
Blood Pheasant or Chilme (Ithaginis cruentus), Koklass Pheasant or Phukras
(Pucrasia macrolopha), Cheer Pheasant or Cheer (Catreus wallichii), Kalij Pheasant
or Kalij (Lophura leucomelana), Red Junglefowl or Luinche (Gallus gallus), and Blur
Peafowl or Mayur (Pavo cristatus). They are certainly full of colours as to be found in
a contrasting habitat. Out of 8 pheasants species distributed in Nepal 6 species are
restricted to Himalayan [Link] Pheasant or Danphe (Lophophorous
impejanus) & Cheer Pheasant or Cheer (Catreus wallichii) are list as protected Birds
(pheasants) in Nepal with IUCN and CITES category.
Pheasants are ornamental birds. Their plumage has breath taking colour; so they are
regarded as the jewels of avian kingdom. They are generally long tailed as Peacocks
(Pavo cristatus) & short tailed as Crimson horned pheasants (Tragopan satyra).
Pheasants in Nepal are fairly well distributed in various biotic zones & altitudinal
gradients (from 100-4500 m). They generally feed vegetables shoots, seeds, insects
etc. Pheasants in general are indicators of biodiversity & are sensitive to
environmental & climatic changes. Pheasants are also taken as game birds in Nepal.
They are so called because of meat & plumage as well as entertainment by making
fight among them. Some Hindu deities such as Kartika, the god of war made peacock
as their carrier. Pheasants are also used in medicines values.

1.3 Objective of study

1.3.1 General objective
To discover the pheasants fauna present in the central zoo of Nepal.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
⮚ To know the indigenous and exotic species of pheasants fauna present in
central zoo.
⮚ To find out the status of pheasants.
⮚ To know their distribution, habitats and feeding behavior.

1.4 Justification

Pheasants have both Ecological and economical importance (Indicator of habitat

quality, Game bird-recreational-sport, social, religious, egg, meat feathers, medicine,
ornamental) so survey of pheasants is necessary to study. A case study in “Survey of
Pheasants in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur” deals with the present status of
Pheasant species in survey area. It can also be applicable to anyone who is interested
on knowing about the pheasant fauna in central zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur.

1.5 Significance of the study

Some significance for selecting this study is mentioned as below.
⮚ Narrow range of ecological tolerance & highly sensitive to environmental
changes.
⮚ Indicator (global change).

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 ⮚ Game birds.
⮚ Role in ecosystem (detritivores in nutrition).

1.6 Limitation of the study

Since the survey was student project so some factors which influence the study are as
follows:
* Economic problems.
* Study was carried out for short period hence unable to collect all
information & to ascertain the behaviors about pheasants.
* Necessary equipment were not available for survey.

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 Chapter II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Smithsonion National Zoological Park is the largest zoo inhabiting about 1,800
animals from 300 different species reside at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
which contains giant pandas, great apes, big cats, Asian elephants, birds, amphibians,
reptiles, small mammals, etc.
Among 51 species of pheasants belonging to 16 genera have been recognized so far,
50 species survive in the world (Appendix 2).
IUCN (2009) reported 876 species of birds have been recorded from Nepal. Among
them eight species are of Pheasants.
Ghimire (2069) reported 115 species in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel. Among them 57
species of birds were recorded. Among birds only 8 species of pheasants (4 native
species & 4 exotic species) were recorded.
Khanal (2013) reported 861 animals of 108 species in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel.
Among them 53 species of birds were recorded. In bird species 8 species of pheasants
were recorded.
Agrahari (2013) reported 1014 animals of 116 species in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel.
Among them 57 species of birds were recorded of which 8 species are represented by
pheasants.

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 Chapter-III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area

Central zoo lies in Jawalakhel of Lalitpur district which is in hilly region & have sub-
tropical climatic condition. It is one good place for animal’s research at same place.
The zoo includes different animals, birds, reptiles, library, a children's playground,
picnic areas, and paddleboats on the lake.

Fig 1. Map of study area (Source: www. [Link]/Nepal)

3.1.1 Location

Central Zoo lies in Southern part of the Kathmandu valley in Lalitpur district which
extends 27⁰ 64' North latitude & 85⁰ 31' Eastern longitudes. Total area of Central Zoo
is 6Hectaer (15 acres) & is located from 2 km from the Patan.

3.1.2 Climate & Biodiversity

The area is characterized by sub-tropical climatic zone.
In this zoo there are 969 animals of 105 species (34 species mammals, 48 species
birds, 10 species of reptiles & 13 species of aquarium fishes). There are both native &
exotic species. Some protected animals of Nepal present in zoo are Asian elephant
(Elephas maximus), one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), swamp deer (Cervus

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duvaucelii), leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), Assamese monkey (Macaca assamensis),
wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnae), four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis),
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), Ghariyal
(Gavialis gangeticus), Asian rock python (Python molurus), Golden monitor lizard
(Varanus flavescens).
Besides this different arthropods (butterflies, beetles, insects etc) other invertebrates
as well as common lizards, crows, pigeons, sparrows are also recorded from here
which are out of captivity.

3.1.3 Historical Review of Jawalakhel Zoo

The history of the zoo goes back to very ancient time in China & in the Middle East.
The king Emperor & Royalties attached with places initiated the collection of animals
& birds for variety of reasons; for intellectual curiosity, for demonstrating power &
prestige, hunting, for private, public spectacle or entertainment etc.
The 1st modern zoo was established in Vienna (Austria) in the year 1752 followed by
Paris (France) in 1793. London (England) in1826 etc.
In Nepal, the then Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana established
zoo in 1932 A.D., as a private collection of animals & birds. After the end of Rana
Regime in 1950 A.D., the facility was take over by Government of Nepal & opened to
the public in 1956 after converting it to today’s central zoo (Sadhar Chidiyakhana in
Nepali). In December 1995, the government handed over responsibility of zoo to the
National Trust for Nature Conservation. Although work is not complete, the NTNC
has been upgrading the facilities so that animals can live in larger enclosures that
simulate their natural environment. It is also working towards turning the zoo into a
research and educational facility, as well as remaining a tourist [Link] zoo is
home to about 969 animals in 105 species, including 34 species of mammals, 48
species of birds, 10 species of reptiles & 13 species of aquarium fishes (shrawan
2073)

3.2 Methods

3.2.1 Field Visit

The field visit on Central zoo was held on 25th Shrawan 2073.

3.2.2 Collection of Data

Due to short time period for research, collection was based on primary & secondary
data.
a) Primary Data

Primary data was collected by observing the area & listed out pheasant species,
photography as well as taking interviews with staffs of zoo.
b) Secondary Data

It was collected by using different books, articles, websites, thesis, documents

from zoo & colour photograph from internets etc.

3.3 Analysis
Analysis of present standards for the accommodation & care of animals in Central zoo
was done taking into account of shade & shelter structure, cleanliness, animal health
& care, access for the public, list of animals with scientific name, common name,

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 IUCN status, with their numbers. The data obtained was entered in MS Excel 2013
and calculated so as to represent in bar-diagram.
A check list of pheasant species was prepared for project work (report).

Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Present study shows the various species of pheasants. They are listed according to
various scientific names, local names, IUCN status & Origin.
Table 1. List of pheasants according to their scientific name, local name, IUCN status
& Origin.
S.N Scientific name Local name Common name IUCN Origin
status
1 Tragopan satyra Monal Satyr Tragopan NT Native
2 Lophura Kalij Kalij Pheasant LC Native
leucomelana
3 Pavo cristatus Mayur Peafowl LC Native
4 Syrmaticus Reeves’s Kalij Reeves’s Pheasant VU Exotic
reevesii
5 Chrysolophus Sunaulo Kalij Golden Pheasant LC Exotic
pictus
6 Chrysolophus Lady Amherst’s Lady Amherst’s LC Exotic
amherstiae Kalij Pheasants
7 Lophura Seto Kalij Silver Pheasant LC Exotic
nycthemera
* NT= Near Threatened LC=Least Concern VU=Vulnerable

The given table show the detail about species of pheasants which are found in study
area with their scientific name, local name, IUCN status & Origin. In our survey in
study area, 7 species of pheasants were found. Among them 3 species were native
(Tragopan satyra, Lophura leucomelana, Pavo cristatus) & 4 species were exotic
(Syrmaticus reevesii, Chrysolophus pictus, Chrysolophus amherstiae, Lophura
nycthemera).

Table 2. Number of pheasants found in survey areas:

S.N. Scientific Name Numbers

1 Tragopan satyra 4
2 Lophura leucomelana 6
3 Pavo cristatus 2
4 Syrmaticus reevesii 3
5 Chrysolophus pictus 15
6 Chrysolophus amherstiae 6
7 Lophura nycthemera 8

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 16
15

14

12

10
n0 of species s

8
8

6 6
6

4
4
3

2
2

0
Tragopan Lophura Pavo cristatus Syrmaticus Chrysolophus Chrysolophus Lophura
satyra leucomelana reevesii pictus amherstiae nycthemera

Fig 2. Number of pheasants in the Central Zoo

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 Chapter IV
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion & recommendations are drawn on the basis of collected data’s as follows.
4.1 Conclusion
Our selected area for field visit was Central Zoo. Both native & exotic pheasant’s
species were found there. A survey study was done in shrawan for single day.
Altogether 7 species of five genera of pheasants belonging to galliformes order,
phasianinae family have been recorded from survey area. Among them 3 species were
native (Tragopan satyra, Lophura leucomelana, Pavo cristatus) & 4 species were
exotic (Syrmaticus reevesii, Chrysolophus pictus, Chrysolophus amherstiae, Lophura
nycthemera).
Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly
decorated with bright colors and adornments such as wattles and long tails. Males are
usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play a part in rearing the
young. Pheasants normally eat seeds and some insects.

4.2 Recommendations
From above survey study following recommendations is suggested:
⮚ The size of captivity is not enough to play so area should be increased to make
them as in natural native habitat.
⮚ Collection of indigenous wild animal & birds must be initiated.
⮚ Unwanted plants & grasses should be cleaned in their habitats which makes
their shelter smaller.
⮚ Quarantine facility has to be developed & regulation of strict quarantine
procedure is started.
⮚ Sick bird’s management facility has to be provided properly.

And it is strongly recommended establishing another zoo in big area which helps
in detail research as well as for recreational purpose.

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 REFRENCES

⮚ Agrahari, A. (2013): survey of animals in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel.

Unpublished report of [Link]. submitted to CDZ, TU, Kirtipur.
⮚ Chalise, M. K. (2008). Nepalka Samrakshit Banyajantu, (Nepal’s Protected
Wildlife) in Nepali. Shajha Prakashan, (A Corporate publishing house)
Lalitpur Kathmandu Nepal, page 116+12.
⮚ Fuller, R. A. & P. J. Garson (2000) pheasants. Status and conservasition
action plan.2000-2004. WPA/Birdlife/SSC Pheasants specialist Group
IUCN, Gland Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.& the the world pheasants
Association , Reading, UK.
⮚ Ghimire, G. (2012): survey of animals in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel.
Unpublished report of [Link]. submitted to CDZ, TU, Kirtipur.
⮚ IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1.
<[Link]>.
⮚ Khanal, S. (2013): survey of animals in Central Zoo, Jawalakhel.
Unpublished report of [Link]. submitted to CDZ, TU, Kirtipur.
⮚ Poudel (2008), Distribution & habitat use of pheasant in the headwater
forest of Seti khola, Annapurna conservation area, Nepal.(A thesis
submitted to central department of zoology)
⮚ Shrestha, T.K. (2001). Birds of Nepal Vol. I & II, B. Shrestha Kathmandu.
⮚ [Link]
⮚ [Link]/animals

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