PERFORMING

COMPUTER
OPERATIONS
ELC311203
COMMON COMPETENCIES
COMPUTER

is a machine which manipulates data

according to a list of instructions which
makes it an ideal example of data
processing system.

NEXT > ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

• Searching of information
• Online businesses and easy transaction
• Instant communication
• Storage of vast amounts of information
• Fast development of technology of all
kinds.

NEXT > DISADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES
• Leads exposure of sensitive information
to kids
• Wastes of time and distraction
• Greater complexity of life
• Generates a lot of extra work
• Some people think we are becoming
deskilled

NEXT > CLASSES OF COMPUTERS

CLASSES OF COMPUTERS
 ANALOG
• spelt analogue in British English is a form
of computer that uses continuous physical
phenomena such as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic qualities to model the problem
being solved.
CALCULATOR
• is a device for performing
mathematical calculations,
distinguished from a computer by
having a limited problem solving
ability and an interface optimized
for interactive calculation rather
than programming.
DESKTOP
• is a personal computer (PC) in a
form intended for regular use at a
signle location, as opposed to a
mobile laptop or portable computer
DESKTOP REPLACEMENT
• (Mobile Workstation) is a personal
computer that provides that full
capabilities of a desktop computer
while remaining mobile.
EMBEDDED
• is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform on or few
dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints

HOME
• was a class of personal computer entering the market in 1977 and
becoming common during the 1980s
LAPTOP
• is a personal computer designed for
mobile use that is small enough to
sit on one’s lap.
MAINFRAME
• is a computer with a microprocessor
as its central processing unit
MINICOMPUTER
• (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-user
computers that lies in the middle range of the
computing spectrum, in between the largest
multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and
the smallest single-user systems
(microcomputers or personal computers).
MICROCOMPUTER
• is a computer with a microprocessor as its
central processing unit. Another general
characteristic of these computers is that they
occupy physically small amounts of space when
compared to mainframe and minicomputers.
PERSONAL COMPUTER
• is any general-purpose computer
whose original sales price, size, and
capabilities make it useful for
individuals, and which is intended
to be operated directly by an end
user, with no intervening computer
operator.
PORTABLE
• is a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another and
incudes a display and keyboard.
PDA'S (PERSONAL
DIGITAL ASSISTANT)
• is a handheld computer, also known
as a palmtop computer.
PLC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• is a digital computer used for

automation of electromechanical
processes, such as control of
machinery on factory assembly
lines, control of amusement rides,
or control of lighting fixtures.
SERVER
• computer program that provides
services to other computer
programs (and their users), in the
same or other computer
SUPER-COMPUTER
• is a computer that is ate the
frontline of current processing
capacity, particularly speed of
calculation.
TABLET PC
• is a laptop or slate-shaped mobile computer, equipped with a touch screen
or graphics tablet/screen hybird technology which allows the user to
operate the computer with a stylus or digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a
keyboard or mouse.
VIDEO GAME CONSOLE
• is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces
a video display signal which can be used with a display device (a television,
monitor, etc.) to display a video game.
WORKSTATION
• is a high-end microcomputer
designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to
be used by one person at a time,
they are commonly connected to a
local area network and run multi-
user operating systems
PORTABLE DATA ENTRY
TERMINALS
• are handheld devices that are used to record or capture data away from the
mainframe computer that they are linked to
CLASSIFICATION OF DEVICES
Input Devices | Output Devices | Storage Device
INPUT DEVICES
• Any devices or peripherals used to
provide data and controls signals to
an information processing system
KEYBOARD
• Primary input device of most
computer systems

• designed to enter text, characters

and other commands into the
computer.
TYPES OF KEYBOARD
AT KEYBOARD
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
AT KEYBOARD CONNECTOR (DINS)
DIN DEUTSCHE INDUSTRIAL NORMALE
• is a series of uniformity standards
developed in Germany, which apply
to commonly manufactured items.
 5-pin DIN
Used on earlier PC keyboards and
various audio

6-pin Mini-DIN
Used on mouse, keyboard and other
devices (PS/2 connector)
AT KEYBOARD PORT
PS/2 KEYBOARD
• Personal System/2 or PS/2 is used
for connecting some keyboards and
mice to a PC compatible computer
system.
PS/2 KEYBOARD
Pin Name
• +Keyboard Data
• Unused
• Ground
• +5volts
• Clock
• Unused
PS 2 CONNECTOR PS 2 PORT
USB KEYBOARD
INFRARED / IR KEYBOARD
• defines physical specifications communications protocol standards for the
short-range exchange of data over infrared light
BLUETOOTH
• is a wireless protocol utilizing
short-range communications
technology facilitating data
transmission over short distances
from fixed and/or mobile devices
MOUSE
• pointing device that lets you move
the cursor or pointer on the screen
easier

TECHNOLOGIES: Early Mice

WORLD’S FIRST TRACKBALL
THE FIRST MOUSE
SMAKY MOUSE
LATEST MOUSE: 3 BASIC TYPES
 1. MECHANICAL MOUSE

• has a rubber or metal ball on its

underside and it can roll in every
direction
HOW DO IT WORKS?

• Sensors within the mouse, which are mechanical, detect the direction in which
the ball is moving and moves the pointer on the screen in the same direction. A
mouse pad should be used under the mouse to run on.
 2. OPTOMECHANICAL

• the same as the mechanical mouse except that it uses

optical sensors to the motion of the ball
 3. OPTICAL MOUSE

• uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement

OPTICAL MOUSE CHIP
MOUSE INTERFACES

USB Mouse Bluetooth Mouse

PS2 Mouse
IR Mouse
IMAGE SCANNERS

• converts any images into electronics form by shining light onto the image
and sensing the intensity of reflection at every point.
 KINDS OF SCANNERS
FLATBED SCANNER HANDHELD SCANNER
• A type of optical scanner • A small
that consists of a flat handheld
surface on which you lay scanning device
documents to be scanned used for
and particularly effective digitizing
for bound documents. images.
DIGITAL CAMERA

• A camera that stores images

digitally rather than recording them
on film
TRACKBALL

• a pointing device which look like an

upside-down mouse, activated by
resting your thumb on the exposed
ball and your fingers on the button
PEN OR STYLUS
• an electronic gadget used by writing or printing on a special pad (graphic
tablet) or directly on the screen and can be a pointing device to select
commands.
JOYSTICKS/STIRRING WHEEL
OR GAMEPAD
• a pointing device used mostly for playing games, activates various software
features and generally producing on screen events
TOUCH SCREEN

• some are made up of a grid of sensing

lines which determines the location of
touch by matching the vertical and
horizontal contacts made.
TOUCH PAD

• graphic tablet that translate each

position on the tablet to a specific
location on the screen
BAR CODE READER

• emits a light beam (laser) to reflect the

bars then detects it to be converted
into numerical digits
CARD READER

• reads information that has been

magnetically encoded, usually in two
tracks (punched card reader)
OUTPUT DEVICE

• is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate

the results of data processing carried out by an information
processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world
MONITOR

• computer peripheral device which is

capable of showing a soft copy or
video output to the user
 GUIDELINES FOR SCREEN
RESOLUTION
• 14 inch monitor is adequate for 800 x 600 resolution.
• 15 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768 resolution.
• 17 inch monitor is adequate for 1024 x 768 resolution
• 19 inch monitor is adequate for 1280 x 1024 resolution.
• 21 inch monitor is adequate for 1600 x 1280 resolution.
PRINTER

• is a peripheral which produces a hard

copy (permanent human-readable text
and/or graphics) of documents stored
in electronic form, usually on physical
print media such as paper or
transparencies.
MODERN PRINT TECHNOLOGY
TONER - BASED PRINTER
• printers work using the Xerographic
principle that is used in most photocopiers:
by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print
drum, then using static electricity to
transfer the toner to the printing medium
to which it is fused with heat and pressure.
 COMMON TYPES
LASER PRINTER LED PRINTER
INKJENT PRINTER
• operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material
(ink) onto almost any sized page
ADVANTAGES

• quieter in operation
• print finer
• smoother details through higher print head resolution
• many consumer inkjets with photographic-quality printing are widely
available
DISADVANTAGES

• ink is often very expensive

• Many "intelligent" ink cartridges contain a microchip that communicates the
estimated ink level to the printer
• The lifetime of inkjet prints produced by inkjets using aqueous inks is limited
• care must be taken with inkjet-printed documents
• very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging with dried ink
SOLID INK PRINTERS
• a technology used in computer printers and multifunction devices originally
created by Tektronix in 1986
ADVANTAGES
• Print Quality
• First print time
• Ease of Use
• Waste
• Ozone
• Recycled Paper
• Compatible supplies
DISADVANTAGES
• Clogged Print Heads • Warm-up time
• Incompatible with laser • Power consumption
printers • Excessive Ink Usage
• Ultraviolet resistance • Printer damage from moving
• Solid ink block and • Odor
maintenance roller • Annotations
compatibility • High-speed Moving Parts
• Noise
DYE-SUBLIMATION PAPER
• is a computer printer which employs
a printing process that uses heat to
transfer dye to a medium such as a
plastic card, printer paper, poster
paper, or fabric
ADVANTAGES (compared against inkjet)

• the prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as they exit the printer
• fewer moving parts that can break down
• the whole printing cycle is extremely clean
• no print heads to get clogged
• no liquid inks to clean up
DISADVANTAGES
• Each of the colored panels of the ribbons, and the thermal head
itself, must match the size of the media that is being printed on
• only specially-coated paper can accept the sublimated ink
• sublimated ink will diffuse a small amount before being absorbed by
the paper.
• prints are not razor-sharp
• For photographs, this produces very natural prints, but for other uses
(such as graphic design) slight blurriness
INKLESS PRINTER
THERMAL PRINTER UV PRINTER
• work by selectively heating • use a special UV light bar
regions of special heat- which will be able to write
sensitive paper and erase the paper
MONOCHROME THERMAL PRINTERS
ARE AND USED IN:
• Gasoline Dispensers
• ATM’s
• Cash Registers
• Some older inexpensive fax machine
OBSOLETE AND SPECIAL
PURPOSE PRINTING
TECHNOLOGIES
TYPEWRITER-DERIVED PRINTER
• Computer-controllable version of existing electric typewritter

DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS

• printers operate in much the same fashion as a typewriter
DOT-MATRIX PRINTER LINE-PRINTER
• specifically used for impact • print an entire line of text
printers that use a matrix at a time • the fastest of
of small pins to create all impact printers and
precise dots were used for bulk
• A type of printer that printing in large computer
produces characters and centers
illustrations by striking
pins against an ink ribbon
to print closely spaced dots
in the appropriate shape
PEN-BASED PLOTTERS

• Plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by moving a pen

over the surface of paper.
OTHER PRINTERS

• Digital minilab (photographic paper)

• Electrolytic printers
• Microsphere (special paper)
• Spark printer
• barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal printing,
inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
• Billboard / sign paint spray printers
• Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
SPEAKER
• a speaker converts electrical energy to mechanical/acoustical energy.
LCD PROJECTOR
• is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen
or other flat surface. It is a modern analog of the slide projector or overhead
projector.
HEADPHONES
• are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, with a way of
holding them close to a user's ears and a means of connecting them to a signal
source such as an audio amplifier, radio or CD player.
STORAGE DEVICE

• is a device used for storing something

FLOPPY DISK
• A reusable magnetic storage
medium introduced by IBM in
1971
• It is called floppy because it flops
if you wave it
• Disk drives for floppy disks are
called floppy drives
8 INCH DISKETTE
• In 1971, IBM introduced the 8-inch floppy disk, initial capacity was
about 100K bytes
• In 1979 the Radio Shack TRS-80 II computer system had an
internal 8-inch floppy drive capable of storing 500K of data.

5 1/4 INCH DISKETTE

• In 1976, Shugart introduced the 5 1/4-inch floppy disk. Initial
capacity was about 100K, eventually reaching 1.2M bytes per disk

3 1/2 INCH DISKETTE

• In 1980, Sony introduced the 3 1/2-inch floppy disk. Initially holding
about 400K, current capacity is 1.4Meg per disk
• 720K double density
• 1.44MB high density EXTERNAL FDD
EXTERNAL FDD Usb cable

Eject

Disk Slot
ZIP DRIVE
• introduced by Iomega in late 1994
• is a medium-capacity removable disk storage
system
• Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later
versions increased this to first 250 MB and then
750 MB
• Zip drives are available in multiple interfaces
including usb 1.1, paralell port, (Small
Computer System Interface ) SCSI, ATA, and
parallel port.
HARD DISK (HDD)
• A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly
referred to as a hard drive, hard
disk or fixed disk drive
• A magnetic disk on which you can
store computer data
• Mass Storage is measured in
kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes
and terabytes
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
TYPICAL HDD:
• Disk Platters
• Read/write heads
• Head actuator mechanism
• Spindle motor (inside platter hub)
• Logic board
• Cables and connectors
• Configuration items (such as jumpers or
switches)
HD PLATTERS (DISKS)
• Traditionally been made from an aluminum/magnesium alloy, which
provides both strength and light weight.

READ/WRITE HEADS
• Connected or ganged on a single movement mechanism
• Move across the platters in unison
HEAD ACTUATOR MECHANISM
• Mechanism moves the heads across the disk and position them
accurately above the desired cylinder

AIR FILTERS
• Filters permanently sealed inside the drive and are designed never to
be changed for the life of the drive.
2 AIR FILTERS
• Recirculating filter
• Barometric or breather filter

SPINDLE MOTOR
• Motor that spins the platters
• Always connected directly; no belts or gears are involved
LOGIC BOARDS
• Contain the electronics that
control the drive’s spindle
and head actuator systems
and present data to the
controller in some agreed-
upon form.
THREE TYPES OF CONNECTORS:
• Interface connector
• Power connector
• Optional ground connector (tab)
DISK INTERFACE
• SATA -Serial Advance Technology Attachment
• IDE -Integrated Drive Electronics
• ESDI -Enhanced Small Disk Interface
• SCSI -Small Computer System Interface
ESDI
• was a disc interface designed by Maxtor Corporation in the early 1980s
• 34-pin common control cable, and a 20-pin data channel cable for each
device
SCSI
• SCSI was derived from
"SASI", the "Shugart
Associates System
Interface", introduced by
that company in 1981
SCSI CABLE
SCSI CABLE
SCSI Controller
IDE
SATA
OPTICAL DISK
• Originally developed in the late 1960s
• is a random access storage medium
• A storagemedium from which data is read and to
which it is written by lasers
CD-R AND CD-RW

12 cm 12 cm
DVD
• Digital Versatile Disc

• Capacities for single sided is 4.7GB's for

single layer and 8.5GB's for dual-layer disks

• Capacities for double sided is 9.4GB's for

single layer and 17GB's for dual-layer disks

• Transfer rate: 11.08Mbps

DVD DISC CONSTRUCTION FORMATS
SINGLE-SIDED, SINGLE-LAYERED
• Also known as DVD-5
• simplest construction format holds 4.7 Gigabytes (GBytes) of digital data

SINGLE-SIDED, DUAL-LAYERED
• TheDVD-9 construction holds about 8.5 GBytes.
• DVD-9s do not require manual flipping: the DVD player automatically switches
to the second layer in a fraction of a second, by re-focusing the laser pickup on
the deeper second layer
DVD DISC CONSTRUCTION FORMATS
DOUBLE-SIDED, SINGLE-LAYERED
• Known as DVD-10
• construction features a capacity of 9.4 GBytes of data
• DVD-10 is called the "flipper" disc.

DOUBLE-SIDED, DUAL-LAYERED
• DVD-18
• construction can hold approximately 17 GBytes or about 8 hours of video and
audio as a DVD-Video.
• To access the content on the other side of a DVD-18, manually flip the DVD
DVD-R
• DVD-R is (pronounced "dash R" not "minus R")
• is a non-rewriteable format and it is compatible with about 93% of all
DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs. DVD+R

DVD+R
• DVD+R (pronounced "DVD plus R")
• is a non-rewritable format and it is compatible with about 89% of all
DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs
DVD-R VS. DVD+R
• DVD-R discs use tiny marks along the grooves in the discs, called land prepits, to
determine the laser position.

• WHILE DVD+R discs do not have land prepits, but instead measure the "wobble
frequency" as the laser moves toward the outside of the disc.
DVD+RW/ DVD-RW

• Short for DVD-ReWritable

• a re-recordable DVD format which can be
erased and recorded over numerous times
without damaging the medium
DVD+R DL AND DVD-R DL
DOUBLE LAYER (DL)

• Also called Dual Layer writeable

• These discs are only writable on one side of the disc, but contain two
layers on that single side for writing data
• They can hold up to 8.5GB on the two layers
DOUBLE-SIDED DVD
• also come in two formats:
⚬ DVD-R and DVD+R, including the
rewritable DVD-RW and DVD+RW
• Double-Sided discs include a single layer on
each side of the disc that data can be
recorded to.
• can hold about 8.75GB of data if you burn to
both sides
DVD-RAM
• DVD – Random Access Memory
• optical storage that can be re-written
hundreds of thousands of times and has
an expected media life of 30 years
• offers capacity of 4.7GB per side/9.4GB
per double-sided and is available in both
single-sided and double-sided media
HD DVD
• High-Definition Digital
Versatile Disc
• is a high-density optical disc
format designed for the
storage of data and high-
definition video
• Transfer rate : 36Mbps
 Single layer Double layer
Physical size capacity capacity

12 cm, single sided 15 GB 30 GB

12 cm, double sided 30 GB 60 GB

8 cm, single sided 4.7 GB 9.4 GB

8 cm, double sided 9.4 GB 18.8 GB

BLU-RAY DISC (BD)
• is an optical disc storage media format for high-definition video
and data storage
• derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and write this type
of disc
• The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and
playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large
amounts of data
• Transfer rate : 36Mbps
HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC
• It employs a technique known as collinear
holography, whereby two lasers, one red
and one green, are collimated in a single
beam.
• is an optical disc technology that would
hold up to 3.9 terabytes (TB) of
information.
• The HVD also has a transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s
(125 MB/s).
USB FLASH DRIVES
• A small, portable flash memory card that
plugs into a computer’s USB port and
functions as a portable hard drive
• are also called thumb drives, jump drives,
pen drives, key drives, tokens, or simply USB
drives
• connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 or both
 END
ELC311203
COMMON COMPETENCIES
1
What is the primary goal of Occupational Health and Safety
(OHS) programs?

a) To maximize profits for employers

b) To foster a dangerous work environment
c) To protect the safety and health of people engaged in work.
d) To minimize the hazards of video game consoles
2
Which class of computer uses continuous physical phenomena
to model problems?

a) Analog computer
b) Desktop computer
c) Laptop computer
d) Supercomputer
3
What type of computer is small enough to sit on one's lap?

a) Analog computer
b) Desktop computer
c) Laptop computer
d) Mainframe computer
4
What type of computer is designed for technical or scientific
applications and is intended for single-user operation?

a) Desktop computer
b) Laptop computer
c) Mainframe computer
d) Workstation
5
Which of the following is NOT an input device?

a) Keyboard
b) Monitor
c) Mouse
d) Barcode reader
6
What type of printer uses heat to transfer dye to a medium?

a) Laser printer
b) Inkjet printer
c) Solid ink printer
d) Dye-sublimation printer
7
What is the capacity of a double-layer DVD?

a) 4.7GB
b) 8.5GB
c) 9.4GB
d) 17GB
8
Which type of optical disk has a capacity of 4.7GB per side
and is re-writable?

a) DVD-R
b) DVD+R
c) DVD-RW
d) DVD+RW
9
What is the primary advantage of USB flash drives?

a) They can hold up to 3.9 terabytes of information.

b) They use collinear holography technology.
c) They are connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0.
d) They are portable and plug into a computer's USB port for
storage.
10
What does an LCD projector display on a flat surface?

a) Audio output
b) Video game console graphics
c) Video, images, or computer data
d) Magnetic storage media
ANSWER
1. c) To protect the safety and health of people engaged in work
2. a) Analog computer
3. c) Laptop computer
4. d) Workstation
5. b) Monitor
6. d) Dye-sublimation printer
7. b) 8.5GB
8. c) DVD-RW
9. d) They are portable and plug into a computer's USB port for
storage.
10. c) Video, images, or computer data