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Male reproductive system
Urogenital system
2 openings
◦ Anus
◦ Urethra – urine and semen
Hormonal control of Spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis Germinal epithelium\spermatogonium (2n)
Hypophysis Mitosis = spermatogonia (2n)
FSH – stimulates spermatogenesis Growth = primary spermatocyte (2n)
Meiosis 1 = secondary spermatocyte (n)
LH – synthesis of TESTOSTERONE by
Leydig cells in testes ( secondary sexual Meiosis 11 = spermatids (n)
characteristics)
Maturation = sperm (n)
Cells of Sertoli - provide nutrition for
spermatids
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Oogenesis Structure of the ovum
Before birth – germinal epithelium (2n) divides to Haploid nucleus
form oogonia (2n)
Cytoplasm = ooplasm/yolk (reserve nutrients to
Oogonia surrounded by granular layer = PRIMARY fertilised egg)
FOLLICLE – develops into Graafian follicle in monthly
cycle
Plasma membrane
Puberty – oogonia grow & develop into PRIMARY
OOCYTES (2n) Vitelline\yolk membrane (zona pellucida) –
impermeable after fertilisation (fertilisation
Meiosis 1 = secondary oocyte (n) + polar body (n) membrane), provides protection
Meiosis 11 = Ovum (n) + 3 polar bodies Corona radiate – outermost layer, follicular cells
dissolved by lytic enzymes during fertilisation
Structure of the sperm
3 parts:
◦ HEAD = haploid nucleus and acrosome (lytic
enzymes)
◦ MIDSECTION = mitochondria for movement
◦ TAIL = propels sperm, through seminal fluid
Male reproductive structures
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Grade 12 Life Sciences
2016
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BEFORE BIRTH
Germinal epithelium (2n) divides to form
OOGONIA (2n)
Oogonia surrounded by granular layer –
PRIMARY FOLLICLE
FROM PUBERTY
Oogonia grow into PRIMARY OOCYTES (2n)
Hypophysis secretes FSH – PRIMARY FOLLICLE Remaining GF turns into CORPUS LUTEUM
develops into GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
Fertilisation - corpus luteum secretes
Graafian follicle secretes OESTROGEN PROGESTERONE throughout pregnancy,
- responsible for secondary sexual maintians endometrium
characteristics
- development of endometrium No fertilisation – corpus luteum degenerates
leaving a scar, mestruation begins.
GF moves to surface of ovary, ruptures &
SECONDARY OOCYTE (n) is released –
OVULATION
- 14th day after menstruation starts
- stimulated by LH (secreted by hypophysis)
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Corona
radiata
nucleus
Jelly
layer\Zona
Pelucida
Cytoplasm\yolk\ooplasm
Plasma
membrane
Menstural cycle = ovarian cycle + uterine cycle No fertilisation → MENSTRUATION
Thickened, vascularised tissue
UTERINE CYCLE: (mucous and blood) discarded with
From puberty to menopause endometrium unfertilised ovum
undergoes cyclical changes.
4 – 6 days
Uterus must be ready for implantation and
nutrition of fertilised egg
Directly afterwards uterus builds up new
tissue.
Oestrogen and progesterone build up
endometrium
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DAY 1 – start of menstruation
Hypophysis secretes FSH (Primary follicle
→Graafian follicle)
Developing follicles secrete oestrogen
- stimulates growth of endometrium
- inhibits FSH
- stimulates secretion of LH (hypophysis)
Ovulation due to LH on DAY 14 – ruptured
follicle becomes corpus luteum.
Interaction between hormones demonstrates
CORPUS LUTEUM – secretes progesterone negative feedback mechanism
- Builds up endometrium
- Inhibits FSH
- Inhibits LH Increase in one results in decrease on
inhibition of the other.
Endometrium thickens considerably (rich in
capillaries and glands) FSH →follicles → oestrogen (FSH inhibited)
→LH →progesterone (FSH & LH inhibited)
No FERTILISATION corpus luteum degenerates
from DAY 24 Inhibition of FSH = No oestrogen and
progesterone → FSH & LH no longer
Production of progesterone stops inhibited
- menstruation
- FSH no longer inhibited CYCLE STARTS AGAIN
FERTILISATION,
IMPLANTATION and
PREGNANCY
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FERTILISATION
Head of ONE sperm penetrates yolk membrane,
tail discarded
COPULATION – sperm deposited into vagina
EJACULATION – sperm pass through uterus into Yolk membrane becomes impermeable –
fallopian tube fertilisation membrane
SECONDARY OOCYTE (immature ovum) found in upper
part of fallopian tube. Secondary oocyte undergoes MEIOSIS ll = MATURE
OVUM + polar body
Large number of sperm attach to secondary oocyte
Sperm nucleus (n) fuses with ovum nucleus (n) =
ACROSOME secretes lytic enzymes erode corona ZYGOTE (2n)
radiata
Fertilisation definition:
The fusion of the haploid nucleus of a
sperm with the haploid nucleus of an
ovum to form a zygote.
Zygote – blastocyst - embryo
Cilia push zygote through fallopian tube
Mitosis occurs – 2cells- 4cells – 8cells- etc.
MORULA = round mass of cells
Morula continues to divide – BLASTOCYST ( mass of
cells arranged around hollow cavity)
TROPHOBLAST – nutrition of embryo
Internal cell mass forms EMBRYO
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IMPLANTATION PREGNANCY
Trophoblast cells secrete enzymes to break GESTATION = fertilisation to birth approx. 40weeks
down endometrium so blastocyst can embed
itself – IMPLANTATION
Trophoblast forms several EXTRA-EMBRYONIC
MEMBRANES.
External wall of embryo develops villi that are
embedded in and attach to the endometrium.
External wall forms PLACENTA (secretes EMBRYO = 1ST eight weeks from fertilisation
progesterone during pregnancy)
FOETUS = 9th week, all organs differentiated,
growth and specialisation
Parts of developing embryo
CHORION – formation of placenta
PLACENTA
Nutrition of embryo
Excretion
Gaseous exchange
Microfilter
Endocrine function
UMBILICAL CORD – 2 arteries, 1 vein, connective tissue
AMNION – amniotic cavity, amniotic fluid (protection
from shock, dehydration and temperature changes)
NATURAL BIRTH
Hypophysis releases OXYTOCIN – stimulates the uterine
muscles to contract – CONTRACTIONS
1st stage – cervix dilates, 10cm. Contractions occur at
shorter intervals. Amniotic membrane ruptures.
2nd stage – cervix completely dilated, baby passes
through birth canal, head first. Umbilical cord NOTE:
clamped and cut. Cry indicates lungs filled with air. 3 stages of
labour not
assessed!
3rd stage – new series of contraction, afterbirth =
placenta, membranes + umbilical cord