Chapter-4
The Periodic Table
Periodic Table
• There are over100 chemical elements which
have been isolated and identified.
• Elements are arranged on the periodic table in
order of increasing atomic number.
• The table is arranged in vertical columns
called groups and in horizontal rows called
periods.
Electronic Configuration of Elements
The electrons move around the nucleus in a series of levels called
energy levels or shells.
The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called electronic
configuration.
Representing the Electronic Configuration by Diagrams
Electronic configuration: a shorthand method of describing
the arrangement of electrons within the electron shells (energy
levels) of an atom; also refered to as electronic structure
Representing the Atomic Structure by Diagrams
Atomic Symbol Electronic Period Group Valence
Number of Configuration Number Number
Element
1 H 1 1 1 1
2 He 2 1 8 0
3 Li 2,1 2 1 1
4 Be 2,2 2 2 2
5 B 2,3 2 3 3
6 C 2,4 2 4 4
7 N 2,5 2 5 3
8 O 2,6 2 6 2
9 F 2,7 2 7 1
10 Ne 2,8 2 8 0
11 Na 2,8,1 3 1 1
12 Mg 2,8,2 3 2 2
13 Al 2,8,3 3 3 3
14 Si 2,8,4 3 4 4
15 P 2,8,5 3 5 3
16 S 2,8,6 3 6 2
17 Cl 2,8,7 3 7 1
18 Ar 2,8,8 3 8 0
19 K 2,8,8,1 4 1 1
20 Ca 2,8,8,2 4 2 2
Period (row) number the horizontal row of the periodic table
shell number
Group number the vertical column of the periodic table
number of electrons in the outer shell
Valence or Combining Capacity
# For elements in groups I - IV
Valence = Group number = Number of electrons in outer shell
# For elements in groups V-VIII
Valence = 8 - Group number = 8 - Number of electrons in outer shell
Group 1 – alkali metals
Group 2 - alkaline earth metals
Group 7 - halogens
Group 0 - noble gases
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because
they have same number of electrons in outer shell.
The Noble Gases
They have 8 electrons in
outer shell (except He)
The noble gases are unreactive because the outer shell is full. There is no tendency
to gain or lose or share electrons in a chemical reaction.
Metals and Non-metals
• Metals occur on the left-hand side
• Non-metals on the right-hand side of the Periodic Table.
• Metalloids or semi-metals – have properties of both the
metals and the non-metals (e.g. As)
• A zig-zag line in the Periodic Table separates the metals
from the non-metals, with the non-metals to its right (except
for hydrogen).
Hydrogen
• It sits alone. That is because it has one outer electron, and
forms a positive ion (H+) like Group I metals- but unlike
them it is a gas, and it usually reacts like a non-metal.
Physical Properties of metals
Solids at room temperature with melting and boiling point (except
mercury)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
malleable (can be hammered into different shapes) and ductile
(can be drawn into wires)
Shiny (have metallic lustre)
Have high density
Chemical Properties of metals
Form positive ions through electron loss
Form ionic compounds
Form basic oxides
Mercury metal
Copper metal
sulfur (non metal)
Physical Properties of non-metals
do not conduct electricity (except graphite & silicon)
low melting points (some exception, carbon and silicon)
brittle when solid and easily break up
dull and non reflective
Poor conductor of heat (except diamond)
Chemical Properties of non-metals
form negative ion through electron gain (except hydrogen)
Form both ionic and covalent compounds
form acidic oxides