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Module Calculus 2

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views41 pages

Module Calculus 2

Uploaded by

Anonymous
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Indefinite Integrals

∫ du=u+ c

∫ ( au ) dx=a ∫ udx

n+1
u
∫ u '' du= n+1 u ≠−1

Example:

1. ¿∫ dy=6 xdx

∫ y =6∫ xdx

2
x
y=6 + c
2

2
y=3 x +c

2. ¿∫ ( 5 x 4 +3 x2 +6 ) dx

5 3
5x 3 x
¿ + +6 x +c
5 3

5 3
¿ x + x +6 x +c

3. ¿∫ ( 3 x + 4 ) dx
2

¿ ∫ ( 9 x 2 +12 x 2 +16 ) dx

1
3 3
9 x 12 x
¿ + +16+ c
3 3

3 3
¿ 3 x + 4 x +16 x+ c

1
4. ¿
3
∫ ( 3 x+ 4 )3 dx

[ ]
3
1 ( 3 x+ 4 )
¿ +c
3 3

1 3
¿ ( 3 x +4 ) +c
9

5. ¿∫
( x4 + 2x )dx
2

(
¿∫ 4 x +
−3 2
x
dx)

dx
¿ 4 ∫ x dx +2 ∫
−3
x

−3 +1
4x
¿ +2 ln x+ c
−3+1

−2
4x
¿ + 2 ln x + c
−2

−2
¿−2 x +2 ln x +c

2
¿− 2
+ 2 ln x +c
x

2
Practice:
2 dy
1. ¿∫
3 y−4

4 dt
2. ¿∫
5 t+ 2

2
x dx
3. ¿∫ 3
x +4

( 2 x−5 ) dx
4. ¿ ∫ 2
x −5 x+ 3

3
Limit Concepts
( y−3 ) dy
5. ¿∫ 2
y −6 y+1
f ( x )=3 x +1

x 1.5 1.89 1.999 2.009 2.05 2.16 2.3


f(x) 5.5 6.67 6.997 7.027 7.15 7.48 7.9

lim f ( x )
x →0

lim ( 3 x +1 ) =7
x →2

lim ( x+ 4 ) ( √ 2 x+5 )
x →2

¿ lim ( 2 x +4 ) lim ( √ 2 ( 2 ) +5 ¿ ¿)¿ ¿


x →2 x→ 2

¿ ( 6 ) ( √ 9 ) =18

Examples:

1. ¿ lim (
( 3)
π
sin 2

sinx )
sin 2 x
= =1
sin ( )
x→
π π
3
3

2. ¿ lim ( tanxsinx )
π
x→
4

¿ lim tan
x→
π
4
( ( ) ( ))
π
4
sin
π
4
=¿
√2 ¿
2

2
3. ¿ lim ( 3 x +4 )
x→ 3

¿ lim ( 3 x + 4 ) ( 3 x+ 4 )
x →3

¿ lim ( 3 ( 3 ) +4 ) ( 3 ( 3 ) +4 )
x →3

¿ ( 13 ) ( 13 )=169

4
Derivatives
Ratio change in y with or to change in x.
∆y
→∆x

Approaches a certain limit.


Slope of line.

Differentiation→ process of getting derivative of f(x).


Limit→ values derivative of y with respect to x.
Example:
3
y=x −2 x
' 3−1 1−1 2
y =3 ( x ) −2 ( 1 ) x =3 x −2

y =only used when variables are only x and


' dy
y= '

y.
dx

INCREMENT METHOD:
3
y=x −2 x
3
y + ∆ y=( x+ ∆ x ) −2 ( x+ ∆ x )

y + ∆ y=( x+ ∆ x ) ( x 2 +2 x ∆ x + ∆ x2 ) −2 x −2 x ∆ x
3 2 2 2 2 3 2
∆ y =x + 2 x ∆ x+ x ∆ x + x ∆ x +2 x ∆ x + ∆ x −x +2 x−2 x−2 ∆ x

∆ y ∆ x ( 3 x +3 x ∆ x + ∆ x −2 )
2 2
=
∆x ∆x

5
∆y 2 2 ∆y 2 2
=3 x 3 x ∆ x+ ∆ x −2 lim =3 x + 3 x ∆ x +∆ x −2
∆x ∆ x→ 0 ∆ x
2 2
¿ 3 x +3 x ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) −2
2
¿ 3 x −2

If f(x)= x 2−2 x+3

lim
[ [ ( x+2 ) −2 ( x +2 ) +3 ]−[ ( 2 ) −2 ( 2 ) +3 ] ]
2 2

x →0 x

[ x 2 +4 x + 4−2 x−4+ 3−( 4−4+ 3 ) ]


lim
x →0 x
2
x +2 x x ( x+ 2 )
lim =lim =lim ( x +2 )
x →0 x x →0 x x→0

¿ 0+2=2

lim
[ f ( x +2 ) −f ( 2 ) ] if f ( x )=x 2−2 x +3=2
x →0 x

Practice: Solve using increment method.


2
1. ¿ y=4 x −3 x −2

2
2. ¿ y=3+ 4 x−x

3
3. ¿ y=x −5 x+ 2

3 2
4. ¿ y=x −2 x +6

4 3
5. ¿ x= y −2 y

6
Lefthand & Righthand Limits

The right-hand limit of a function is the value the


function approaches when the variable approaches its
limit from the right. The left-hand limit of a function is
the value the function approaches when the variable
approaches its limit from the left.1
LHL and RHL are important because they help
determine if a function's limit exists at a specific point
and if the function is continuous. A limit is defined when
the LHL and RHL are equal.
The notation for LHL and RHL is as follows:
Left-hand limit: x → a−¿¿
Right-hand limit: x → a+ ¿¿

Example:
1. ¿ lim ¿
x−3
+¿
x →3 = lim ¿¿¿
√ x2−9 x→3 (√ x−3)+¿
2

( √x−3) (√ x+ 3)

lim ¿
x→ 3+¿ √ =¿ √
x−3 3−3 0
= =0 ¿¿
√ x−3 √ 3+3 √16

2. ¿ lim ¿
x →2 √ 2
x−2
+¿
= lim ¿¿ ¿
√ x −4 x→ 2
+¿ √ x−2
√ x−2( √ x+2)

¿ lim ¿
+¿ 1 1 1
x→ 2 = = ¿
√ x+2 √ 4 2

7
FUNCTION W/ ARGUMENT APPROACHING INFINITY
 When a function's argument approaches infinity, it's called a limit at
infinity. This means that the function's values get closer to a specific
value as the argument becomes very large or negative.

Example:
2
x −1
lim 2
x→ ∞ x +1

Divide each term by x 2.

( ) ( )
2
x 1 1
2
− 2 2
1−
x x x
=

( )
x2 1 1
+ 1+ 2
x2 x2 x

Approaches zero thus, assumed to be≈ zero ( 0 ) .


1−0 1
¿ = =1
1+0 1

2
x
2. ¿ lim
x → ∞ x−2

¿
( )=
x
x
2
x
x 2 2
− 1−
x x x

8
Continuity

¿− =−∞

 f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x=a if all three of the


1−0

following conditions are satisfied:


(1) f ( a ) ∃;
(2)lim f ( x ) exists; and
x→ a

(3)lim f ( x )=f ( a )

A function is continuous over an interval if it is


x →a

continuous at every point in the interval.


A function is discontinuous at a point if it fails to meet
the conditions for continuity at that point.
Example:
At x=2, f ( x )=x 2 +1 is continuous because,
lim ( x 2+1 ) =5, f ( 2 )=22+ 1=5→lim f ( x )=f ( a )
x →a

Demonstrates a
x →2

condition. DISCONTIUITIES
MISSING-POINT
The discontinuity is said to be of missing point type if
the limit of the function exists at point 'a' but the
function is not defined at that point, i.e. lim f ( x ) but f ( a ) is

not defined.2
x→ a

Consider the function ,


2
x −4
f ( x )=

where x ≠ 2.
x−2

It is visible from the graph as well


as the definition of the function that
f ( 2 ) is not defined and hence, f ( x ) has

missing point of discontinuity at x=2.

9
Practice:
3
x −64
1. ¿ lim 2
x → 4 x −16

2
x +2 x−8
2. ¿ lim
x→ 2 3 x−6

3
x −13 x +12
3. ¿ lim 3
x→ 3 x −14 x +15

3 2
x −x −x−2
4. ¿ lim 3 2
x →2 2 x −5 x +5 x−6

( x+ 3 )2−9
5. ¿ lim
x→0 2x

6. ¿ lim
√ x+16−4
x→ 0 x

x−1
7. ¿ lim
x→ 1 √ x +3−2

8. ¿ lim √3 x−2
x→ 8 x−8

10
Integration of Trigonometric
Functions
1 1

x 4
9. ¿ lim
x→ 4 x−4

∫ cos udu=sin u+ c
∫ sin udu=−cos u+ c
∫ sec2 udu=tanu+ c
∫ csc2 udu=−cot u+c
∫ sec u tan udu=sec u+c
∫ cscu cot udu=−csc u+c
∫ sec udu=ln ⁡∨ sec u tan u∨+ c

Example:
1. ¿∫ sin x tan xdx

¿ ∫ sin x ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
sin x
¿∫ dx
cos x
2
1−cos x
¿∫ dx
cos x
1
¿∫ dx−∫ cos xdx
cos x

¿ ∫ sec xdx−∫ cos xdx=ln ¿ sec x tan x∨+ c

2. ¿∫ x sin x dx
2

¿ ∫ sin x xdx
2

1
¿
2
∫ 2
sin x ( 2 xdx )

1 2
¿− cos x + c
2

3. ¿∫ tan θdθ
2

11
¿ ∫ sec θdθ−∫ dθ
2

¿ tanθ−θ+ c

Practice:
1. ¿∫ sin 3θdθ

2. ¿∫ sec 4 xdx
2

1
3. ¿∫ cos ydy
2

4. ¿ ∫ csc 2 tdt
2

12
Integration of Exponential
Functions
5. ¿∫ csc 5 t cot 5tdt

∫ eu du=eu + c
u
a
∫ a du=
u
ln u
+c

Example:

dx
1. ¿∫ 2x
3

¿∫ 3
−2 x
dx

1
¿−
2
∫ −2 x
3 (2 dx )

( )
−2 x
1 3
¿− +c
2 ln 3
−2 x
3
¿− +c
2 ln 3

2. ¿∫ e dx
2x

1 2x
¿ e +c
2
2x
e
¿ +c
2

dv
3. ¿∫ =∫ e dv
−v
v
e

¿−∫ e (−dv )
−v

−v
¿−e +c
1
¿− v
+c
e

13
4. ¿ ∫ 2 dx
−x

¿−∫ 2 (−dv)
−x

−x
2
¿− +c
ln 2

5. ¿∫ 10
−3 x
dx

¿ ∫ 1000 dx
−x

¿ ∫ 1000 du
−u

u
1000
¿− +c
ln 1000
−x
1000
¿− +c
3 ln 10

Practice:
1. ¿∫ 5 e dx
x

2. ¿∫ (2−3 e )dx
x

3. ¿∫ 7
2 x+ 3
dx

4. ¿ ∫ e ( 1+2 e ) dx
x x 4

5. ¿∫ ( e −e
−4 x 2
4x
) dx

6. ¿∫ e ¿ ¿
x

7. ¿∫ v e3 v −1 dv
2

14
θ
e dθ
8. ¿∫ 3
( 6 e +1 )
θ 2

3
9. ¿∫ e ( 1−e ) dy
3y 3y 2

15
Definite Integrals
2
( e x +1 )
10. ¿∫ x
dx

The definite integral of a real-valued function f(x) with


e

respect to a real variable x on an interval [a, b] is


expressed as:
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F (a)

Here,
a

∫ = Integration symbol

a = Lower limit

b = Upper limit

f(x) = Integrand

dx = Integrating agent

Thus, ∫ab f(x) dx is read as the definite integral of f(x)


with respect to dx from a to b.3

Example:

[ ]
2 3
x 2
1. ¿∫ x dx=
2

1 3 1
3 3
2 1
¿ −
3 3

16
8 1 7
¿ − =
3 3 3

[ ]
2 3
3x 2
2. ¿∫ 3 x dx=
2

0 3 0
3 3
¿ 2 −0 =8

[ ]
3 2
3x 3
3. ¿∫ 3 x dx=
2

1 3 1

¿
[ 1
2
( x +4 )2 3
1 ]
1
2
[ ( 3+ 4 )2− (1+ 4 )2 ]

1 2
¿ [7 ¿ ¿ 2−5 ]¿
2
1
¿ (49−25)
4
1
¿ ( 24 )=12
2

Practice:
3 3
1. ¿∫ xdx +∫ 4 dx
1 1

4
2. ¿∫ ( 4 −4 x ) dx
2

π
4

3. ¿∫ sin 2 xdx
0

3
4. ¿ ∫ x dx
2

17
Product of Sines & Cosines
3
5. ¿∫ [8 x +3 x +6 x ]dx
3 2

∫ sin u cos vdx


∫ cos u cos vdx
∫ sin u sin vdx
Identities:
∫ 2 sin u cos vdx=∫ [ sin ( u+ v )+ sin ( u−v ) ] dx
∫ 2 cos u cos vdx=∫ [ cos ( u+v ) +cos ( u−v ) ] dx
∫ 2 sin u sin vdx =∫ [ cos ( u−v )−cos ( u+v ) ] dx

Example:
1. ¿∫ cos 6 x cos 2 xdx

1
¿
2
∫ 2 cos 6 x cos 2 xdx
1
¿
2
∫ ¿¿
1
¿ ¿
2
1
¿− ¿
2
1 1
¿ sin 6 x + sin 4 x+ c
16 8

2. ¿∫ 3 sin5 x cos 4 xdx

3
¿
2
∫ sin 5 x cos 4 x 3 dx
3
¿
2
∫¿¿
3
¿ ¿
2
3
¿ ¿
2

18
3
¿ ¿
2
1 3
¿− cos 9 x− cos x+ c
6 2

3. ¿∫ sin 5 x sin xdx

1
¿
2
∫ sin 5 x sin x 2 dx
1
¿
2
∫ ¿¿
1
¿ ¿
2
1
¿ ¿
2
1 1
¿ sin 4 x− sin 6 x+ c
8 12

Practice:
1. ¿∫ sin5 x sin xdx

2. ¿∫ cos 2 x cos 7 xdx

1 1
3. ¿∫ sin x cos xdx
2 4

(
4. ¿ ∫ 8 sin 3 x −
π
4 ) π
cos ( x+ ¿ ¿ ¿ )dx ¿ ¿ ¿
2

5. ¿∫ sin 4 x cos 4 xdx


5

19
6. ¿∫ sin 4 x cos 4 x sin 4 xdx
4

7. ¿∫ sin x cos xdx


3 2

8. ¿∫ sin x cos xdx


3 3

20
Integral of Hyperbolic Functions:
Sine and Cosine
9. ¿∫ sin 8 x cos 8 xdx

∫ cosh udu=sinh u+c


∫ sinh udu=cosh u+c

Example:
1. ¿∫ cosh (4 x +3)dx Let u=4 x+ 3
Let du=4 dx
1
¿ ∫ cosh udu
4
1
¿
4
∫ cosh udu
1
¿ sinh u
4
1
¿ sinh( 4 x +3)
4
1
¿ sinh ( 4 x +3 )+ c
4
2
2. ¿∫ x cosh ( x ) Let u=x
2

Let du=2 xdx


1
¿ ∫ cosh udu
2
1
¿ sinh u+c
2
1
¿ sinh ( x ) +c
2
2

Practice:
1. ¿∫ sin h x cosh xdx
3

2. ¿∫ sinh 2 x cosh 2 xdx

21
3. ¿∫ x cosh xdx

sinh x
4. ¿ ∫ dx
1+ cosh x

1
5. ¿∫ 2
dx
cosh x

6. ¿∫ √ cosh x dx

7. ¿∫ e sinh xdx
x

8. ¿∫ ¿ ¿

22
Trigonometric Substitution
When the integrand
TS1: contains a 2−u2, use the
substitution u=a sin θ .

When the integrand


TS2: contains u2 +a 2, use the
substitution u=a tan θ .

When the integrand


TS3: contains u2−a2, use the
substitution u=a sec θ .

Example:

The integrand contains 4−x 2


which is the form a 2−u2.
That is a=2 and u=x. Hence,
xdx
1. ¿∫
√ 4−x 2
x=2 sin θ
by TS1 we have:
dx=2cos θdθ cos θ= √ 4−x 2
x 2
sin θ=
2 √ 4−x =2 cos θ
2

2
x

√ 4−x 2

xdx 2 sin θ 2 cos θdθ


∫ =∫
√ 4−x 2 2 cos θ

23
¿ 2∫ sin θdθ

¿−2 cos θ+c

¿−2 √
4−x 2
+c
2

¿−√ 4−x 2+ c

where and.
a=3.
dx 2 2
u=2 x
2. ¿∫ 2
u +a
4 x +9
2 x=3 tan θ
3
x= tan θ
2
3 2
dx= sec θdθ
2
sec θ= √
4 x 2+ 9
3
2
4 x+ 9=9 sec θ

√ 4 x 2 +9
2x

3
3 2
sec θdθ
dx 2
∫ 4 x2 +9 =∫ 2
9 sec θ
1
¿
6
∫ dθ
1
¿ θ+ c
6
1 2x
¿ arctan +c
6 3

Practice:

24
1. ¿∫ √ x 2 +16 dx

2
x
2. ¿∫ dx
√ x −25
2

dx
3. ¿∫ dx
x 2
√ x 2−1

dx
4. ¿ ∫
√ 9−x 2

5. ¿∫ √
4−x 2
dx
x2

25
Integration of Rational Functions
of Sin(x) and Cos(x)
If an integral
contains rational
x
2=tan
2

functions of sin &


cos, it can be
2
1−z

reduced to a
cos x= 2
1+ z

rational function of
z by the following
2z
sin x=

substitutions.
2
1+ z

2dz
dx= 2
1+ z

Example:
2 dz
dx 1+ z2
1. ¿∫ =∫
1+sin x +cos x 2 z 1−z 2
1+ +
1+ z 2 1+ z 2
dz
¿∫
z +1
¿ ln |z +1|+ c
x
¿ ln ¿ tan +1∨+c
2

Practice:
1 sin x
1. ¿∫ dx 3. ¿∫ dx ¿
sin x +cos x 2
cos x

26
Integration by Parts
cos x
2. ¿∫ dx
1+sin x
d ( uv )=udv + vdu
udv=d ( uv )−vdu

Integrating
∫ udv =∫ d ( uv ) −∫ vdu

Both sides.
¿ ∫ udv=uv−∫ vdu

Example:
x
1. ¿∫ x e dx let u=x∧dv=e dx . Then
x

du=dx∧v =ex .

¿ x e −∫ e dx
x x

x x
¿ x e −e +c

¿ e x ( x−1 ) +c

2
let u=x
2. ¿∫ x sin xdx
2 du=2 xdx
v=−cos x
dv=sin xdx
2
¿x ¿
let u=x
¿−x cos x +2∫ x cos xdx du=dx
2

v=sin x
dv=cos xdx
2
¿−x cos x +2 ¿ ¿
2
¿−x cos x +2 x sin x +2 cos x +c
let u=x
du=dx
3. ¿∫ x e dx
2x
1 2x
v= e
2
dv =e 2 x dx

¿x ( 12 e )−∫ 12 e
2x 2x
dx

27
1 2x 1 1
¿ x e − ∙ ∫ e (2 dx)
2x
2 2 2
1 2x 1 2x
¿ x e − e +c
2 4

Practice:

1. ¿∫ x e dx
x

2. ¿∫ ln ( x ) dx

3. ¿∫ e sin xdx
x

4. ¿ ∫ x ln xdx

28
Area Under a Curve
5. ¿∫ x cos xdx
2

Find the area under a curve by doing a definite integral


with
b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx

This is the standard formula you’ll use to determine the


a

area under a curve. It tells you that you’re finding the


differential (dx) of the integral (∫) of a function (f(x)).
∫a,b indicates that this is a definite (not indefinite)
integral with known limits.3

Example:

1.)Find the area under the curve y=x


2
from x=1 to x=3 .

3
A=∫ ydx
1 x
3
A=∫ x dx
2 (3 , 9)
1

[ ]
2
x 3
3 ← y=x
A=
3 1
26
A=
3 y

2.)Find the area bounded by the curve y=4−x 2 and the x-


(1 , 1) x=3

axis.
x=1

2
A=∫ ydx
−2

2
A=∫ ( 4−x ) dx
2

−2

[ ]
3
x 2
A= 4 x−
3 −2

29
(0 , 4 )
2
y=4−x
32
A=
3

-2 2
0

Practice:
1.) Find the area under the curve y=x
2
from x=0 to x=4.

2.) Find the area under the curve y=x


3
from x=−2 to x=4.

3.) Find the area bounded by the curve from


to x=2.
2
y=x −2 x +8 x=1

4.) Find the area under the curve y=sin x from x=0 to x=π .

5.) Find the area under the curve y=e


x
from x=1 to x=3.

30
Area between Two Curves

We know that the area is the quantity used to express


the region occupied by the two-dimensional shapes in
the planar lamina. In calculus, the evaluate the area
between two curves, it is necessary to determine the
difference of definite integrals of a function. The area
between the two curves or functions is defined as the
definite integral of one function, say f(x), minus the
definite integral of other functions, say g(x) with the
lower and upper bounds as a and b, respectively. Thus, it
can be represented as the following:5
b
A=∫ [ f ( x )−g ( x ) ] dx

To dins the area between two curves, consider two


a

curves y = f(x) and y = g(x), where f(x) ≥ g(x) in [a, b].


In the given case, the point of intersection of these two
curves can be given as x = a and x = b, by obtaining the
given values of y from the equation of the two curves.

Example:
Find the area bounded by y=3 x and y=x
2
.
3
A=∫ ( 3 x−x ) dx
2

[ ]
3x x 3
2 3 y=3 x
¿ −
2 3 0
9 2
¿ y=x
2 x
yu
Yi

(0,0)
dx

31
Solving the two equations simultaneously, we find that
the line intersects the parabola at (0,0) and (3,9). Taking
a vertical element, we note that y u=3 x and y i=x 2.
Find the area between 2
y =x and y =2−x .
2

The curves intersect at (1,1) and (1,-1), take a horizontal


element. Since y 2=2−x is the right curve and y 2=x is the left
curve, then x r=2− y 2 and x i= y 2.
1
A=∫ [ ( 2− y )− y ]dy
2 2

Or because of symmetry, we have:


−1

1
A=2∫ [ ( 2− y )− y ] dy
2 2

1
¿ 2∫ ( 2−2 y ) dy
2

[ ]
3
2y 1
¿ 2 2 y−
3 0
8
¿
3

(1,
1)
dy
xi

xr

2
y =2−x
2
y =x

(1, -
1)

32
Practice:
1. Determine the area of the region enclosed by and
y= √ x .
2
y=x

2. Determine the area of the region bounded by


2

y=x e− x ,

y=x +1∧x=2, and the y-axis.

3. Determine the area of the region bounded by


and y=4 x +16.
2
y=2 x +10

4. Determine the area of the region bounded by y=2 x 2 +10,


and y=4 x +16, x = - 2 and x = 5.

5. Determine the area of the region enclosed by y=sin x ,

y=cos x , x=
2 and the y-axis.
π

33
Volume of Solids of Revolution

VOLUME OF SOLID REVOLUTION USING


INTEGRATION

y y

dx

x=a x=b

Vertical Element:

yu

dx

y=0

34
Find the Volume generated by revolving the plane area
bounded by the given curves about the line x=2,
y=x , x=2 , y =0.
2

4
V =π ∫ ( 2−x ) dy
2

4
V =π ∫ ( 2− √ y ) dy
2


V=
3

2−x
(2, 4)

2
y=x
x
dy
2−x dy

Practice:
1.) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving
the region bounded by y=x 2, y=0, and x=1 about the
x-axis.

2.) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving


the region bounded by x=√ y , y=0, and y=4 about the
y-axis.

35
3.) Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving
the region bounded by y=x 3, y=0 and x=1 about the
line y=−1.

36
The Washer Method

The washer method is a way to find the volume of objects


of revolution. It’s a modification of the disc method for
solid objects to allow for objects with holes. It’s called
the “washer method” because the cross sections look like
washers.6

Example:
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
about the y-axis the area bounded by y=x 2, x=2, y=0.
Solution:
4
V =π ∫ ( 2 x −x ) dy
2 2

0
2
4 y=x
¿ π ∫ ( 4− y ) dy

(2,
0

[ ] 4)
2
y 4

x
¿ 4 y−
2 0
¿8 π
dy

0 2
x=2
x

dy

2y

37
Practice:
1.) Rotate the region bounded by y= √ x , y=3 and the y-
axis about the y-axis.

2.) Rotate the region bounded by , x=−2, x=2, and


the x-axis about the x-axis.
2
y=7−x

3.) Rotate the region bounded by and


about the y-axis.
2
x= y −6 y+ 10 x=5

4.) Rotate the region bounded by , and about


the x-axis.
2 3
y=2 x y=x

5.) Rotate the region bounded by y=6 e−2 x, and


between x=0 and x=1 about the line y=−2.
2
y=6+4 x−2 x

6.) Rotate the region bounded by ,


, x=1and x=5 about the line y=8.
2 2
y=10−6 x + x y=−10+6 x−x

7.) Rotate the region bounded by and


about the line x=24 .
2
x= y −4 x=6−3 y

8.) Rotate the region bounded by y=2 x +1, x=4 and


about the line x=−4.
y=3

38
The Cylindrical Shell Method

The shell method, sometimes referred to as the method


of cylindrical shells, is another technique commonly used
to find the volume of a solid of revolution.7

Example:
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
about the y-axis the area bounded by y=x 2, x=2, y=0.

2
V =2 π ∫ xydx y=x
3
0

2
V =2 π ∫ ( x ) ( x ) dx
2
(2 , 4)
0

2
x
V =2 π ∫ x dx
3

0
y

[ ]
4
x 2
V =2 π dx
4 0 x
V =8 π
x
y

Practice:

39
1.) Find the volume by rotating about the y-axis for
the region bounded by y=2 x 2−x 3 and y=0.

2.) Find the volume obtained by rotating about the y-


axis for the region bounded by y=x and y=x 2.

3.) Find the volume obtained by rotating about the x-


axis for the region bounded by y=x and y=x 2.

40
Bibliography

8 Limits of Functions, [Link]


functions/#:~:text=The%20right%2Dhand%20limit
%20of,its%20limit%20from%20the%20right.&text=The
%20left%2Dhand%20limit%20of,its%20limit%20from
%20the%20left.
9 Discontinuity, [Link]
differential-calculus/limits-continuity-differentiability/
[Link]
16 Definite Integrals [Link]
integral/
29 Area Under a Curve, [Link]
the-Area-Under-a Curve#:~:text=Find%20the%20area
%20under%20a%20curve%20by%20doing%20a
%20definite,(f(x))
31 Area between Two Curves,
[Link]
calculus/
36 Washer Method,
[Link]
definition-examples/
38 Cylindrical Shell
Method,[Link]
integrals/solids-revolution-shell-method/

41

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