Stack and Queue

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 Stack
Data structure with Last-In First-Out (LIFO) behavior
In Out

C B A B C

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 Pop
Typical Operations
on Stack Push

isempty: determines if the stack has no elements

isfull: determines if the stack is full in case
of a bounded sized stack
top: returns the top element in the stack
push: inserts an element into the stack
pop: removes the top element from the stack

push is like inserting at the front of the list

pop is like deleting from the front of the list

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 Creating and Initializing a Stack
Declaration

#define MAX_STACK_SIZE 100 Create and Initialize

typedef struct {
int key; /* just an example, can have
any type of fields depending stack Z;
on what is to be stored */
[Link] = -1;
} element;
typedef struct {
element list[MAX_STACK_SIZE];
int top; /* index of the topmost element */
} stack;
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 Operations

int isfull (stack *s)

{
if (s->top >= int isempty (stack *s)
MAX_STACK_SIZE – 1) {
return 1; if (s->top == -1)
return 0; return 1;
return 0;
}
}

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 Operations
element top( stack *s )
{
return s->list[s->top];
} void pop( stack *s )
{
(s->top)--;
void push( stack *s, element e ) }
{
(s->top)++;
s->list[s->top] = e;
}

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Application: Parenthesis Matching
 Given a parenthesized expression, test whether the
expression is properly parenthesized
 Examples:
( )( { } [ ( { } { } ( ) ) ] ) is proper
( ){ [ ] is not proper
({)} is not proper
)([ ] is not proper
([])) is not proper

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 Approach:
 Whenever a left parenthesis is
encountered, it is pushed in the stack
 Whenever a right parenthesis is
encountered, pop from stack and check
if the parentheses match
 Works for multiple types of parentheses
( ), { }, [ ]

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Parenthesis matching
while (not end of string) do
{
a = get_next_token();
if (a is ‘(‘ or ‘{‘ or ‘[‘) push (a);
if (a is ‘)’ or ‘}’ or ‘]’)
{
if (is_stack_empty( ))
{ print (“Not well formed”); exit(); }
x = top();
pop();
if (a and x do not match)
{ print (“Not well formed”); exit(); }
}
}
if (not is_stack_empty( )) print (“Not well formed”); 9
Recursion can be Fibonacci recurrence:
implemented as a stack fib(n) = 1 if n =0 or 1;
= fib(n – 2) + fib(n – 1)
otherwise;
fib (5)

fib (3) fib (4)

fib (1) fib (2) fib (2) fib (3)

fib (0) fib (1) fib (0) fib (1) fib (1) fib (2)

fib (0) fib (1)

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Fibonacci Recursion Stack

1 0 0
3 2 2 1 1 2 1
5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3

1 1 0
3 3 2 2 1 1
4 5 5 6 6 7 8 11
Tower of Hanoi

A B C

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Tower of Hanoi

A B C

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Tower of Hanoi

A B C

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Tower of Hanoi

A B C

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Towers of Hanoi Function
void towers (int n, char from, char to, char aux)
{
/* Base Condition */
if (n==1) {
printf (“Disk 1 : %c -> %c \n”, from, to) ;
return ;
}
/* Recursive Condition */
towers (n-1, from, aux, to) ;
printf (“Disk %d : %c -> %c\n”, n, from, to) ;
towers (n-1, aux, to, from) ;
}
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TOH Recursion Stack
1,A,B,C A to B
A to C A to C A to C
2,A,C,B 1,B,C,A 1,B,C,A 1,B,C,A
A to B A to B A to B A to B
3,A,B,C 2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A

1,B,C,A B to C 1,C,A,B
A to B A to B A to B C to B
2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A 2,C,B,A 1,A,B,C
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 Queue
Data structure with First-In First-Out (FIFO) behavior

Out
In

B A
C B A

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 Typical Operations REAR
on Queue Enqueue

isempty: determines if the queue is empty

isfull: determines if the queue is full
in case of a bounded size queue
front: returns the element at front of the queue
enqueue: inserts an element at the rear
dequeue: removes the element in front

Dequeue

FRONT
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Possible Implementations
Linear Arrays:
Circular Arrays:
(static/dynamicaly allocated)
(static/dynamically allocated)

front rear

front
rear

Linked Lists: Use a linear

Can be implemented by a 1-d
linked list with insert_rear
array using modulus operations
and delete_front operations
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 Circular Queue
[3] [4]

[2] [5]

[1] [6]

[0] [7]

front=0
rear=0

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 Circular Queue
[3] [4] rear = 4
[4]
[3] C D
[2] [5]
[2] [5] B
After insertion
A
[1] [6] of A, B, C, D
[1] [6]

[0] [7] front=0 [0] [7]

front=0
rear=0

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 Circular Queue
[3] [4] rear = 4
[4]
[3] C D
[2] [5]
[2] [5] B
After insertion
A
[1] [6] of A, B, C, D
[1] [6]

[0] [7] front=0 [0] [7]

front=0
rear=0

[3] [4] rear = 4

front=2 C D
[2] [5]

After deletion of
[1] [6] of A, B

[0] [7]
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 front: index of queue-head (always empty – why?)
rear: index of last element, unless rear = front

[3] [4] rear = 3 front=4

[3] [4]

[2] [5]
[2] [5]

[1] [6] [1] [6]

[0] [7] [0] [7]

front=0
rear=0 Queue Empty Queue Full

Queue Empty Condition: front == rear

Queue Full Condition: front == (rear + 1) % MAX_Q_SIZE
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 Creating and Initializing a Circular
Queue
Declaration

#define MAX_Q_SIZE 100 Create and Initialize

typedef struct {
int key; /* just an example, can have
any type of fields depending queue Q;
on what is to be stored */
[Link] = 0;
} element;
typedef struct { [Link] = 0;
element list[MAX_Q_SIZE];
int front, rear;
} queue;
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 Operations
int isfull (queue *q)
{
if (q->front == ((q->rear + 1) %
MAX_Q_SIZE))
return 1;
return 0; int isempty (queue *q)
} {
if (q->front == q->rear)
return 1;
return 0;
}
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 Operations
element front( queue *q )
{
return q->list[(q->front + 1) % MAX_Q_SIZE];
}

void enqueue( queue *q, element e)

{
q->rear = (q->rear + 1)% void dequeue( queue *q )
MAX_Q_SIZE; {
q->list[q->rear] = e; q-> front =
} (q-> front + 1)%
MAX_Q_SIZE;
}
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Exercises
• Implement the Queue as a linked list.
• Implement a Priority Queue which maintains the
items in an order (ascending/ descending) and
has additional functions like remove_max and
remove_min
• Maintain a Doctor’s appointment list

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