For more information Visit:

[Link]
Contents

Disclaimer and Acknowledgement 1

Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kannada Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

LICENSE 2

CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM 3

CHAPTER BLUEPRINT PLAN FOR FINAL EXAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
STUDENT NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Introduction to Computer System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Evolution of Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Von Neumann Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Moore’s Law and Further Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Computer Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Units of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Types of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Data Transfer Between Memory and CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Types of Bus: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Microprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 1.2 Generations of Microprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.1 Microprocessor Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.2 Microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Data and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.1 Data and Its Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.2 Data Capturing, Storage and Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6.3 Data Deletion and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 Need of Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.2 System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.3 Programming Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.4 Application Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7.5 Proprietary or Free and Open Source Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Operating System (OS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8.1 OS User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.8.2 Functions of Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
QUESTION AND ANSWER BANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
VERY SHORT ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fill in the Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Descriptive Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2-Mark Questions (15+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3-Mark Questions (10+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5-Mark Questions (10+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER-END EXERCISE SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Disclaimer and Acknowledgement

Disclaimer
This eBook is distributed solely for educational and study-support purposes, with no commercial intent. The content
provided herein is offered on an “as-is” basis, and the editors or publishers do not assume any responsibility for errors,
inaccuracies, or ambiguities arising from the translation.
Readers are advised to refer to official textbooks, notifications, and original sources for verification. The authors or con-
tributors shall not be held responsible for any direct or indirect consequences arising from the use of this study material.

Sources
This Material has been prepared using the following sources:
1. NCERT Textbook for Class XII – Computer Science: [Link]
2. NCERT Textbook for Class XI – Computer Science: [Link]

Kannada Edition
The translation provided in the Kannada version has been facilitated using the Google Cloud Translation API. Every
possible effort has been made to ensure technical accuracy. However, due to the automated nature of the translation process,
there may be instances of linguistic nuances, variations in terminology, or minor differences in meaning.

1
LICENSE

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. To
view a copy of this license, visit [Link] or send a letter to Creative Commons,
PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Figure 1: Licence

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License.
Portions of this work may include material under separate copyright. These materials are not covered by this Creative
Commons license and are used by permission or under applicable copyright exceptions.
This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License.

2
CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM

CHAPTER BLUEPRINT PLAN FOR FINAL EXAM

VSA 1 MARK SA 2 MARKS LA 3 MARKS ESSAY 5 MARKS TOTAL
2 MCQ 1 1 2 (1 HOT) 17 MARKS

STUDENT NOTES
1.1 Introduction to Computer System
• A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it, and generate results
(output).
• A computer system includes a computer along with additional hardware and software working together.
• A computer system primarily comprises:
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Memory
– Input/Output Devices
– Storage Devices
• These components function together as a single unit.
• Forms and sizes vary: from high-end servers to personal desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
Figure 1.1: Components of a computer system
• The diagram shows the flow of data and signals between components.

1.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU is the electronic circuitry that carries out processing; often called the brain of the computer.
• Also called a processor.
• Physically, a CPU can be on one or more microchips called Integrated Circuits (ICs), made of semiconductor
materials.
• Quote: “A computer would deserve to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was
human.” — Alan Turing
• The CPU is given instructions and data through programs.
• It fetches program and data from memory, performs arithmetic/logic operations, and stores results back in memory.
• During processing, CPU stores data and instructions in registers (local memory on the CPU chip). Registers are
limited in size and number.
• The CPU has two main components:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
2. Control Unit (CU): Controls sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions, and guides data flow.

3
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

• CPU is also known as a microprocessor.

1.1.2 Input Devices

• Devices through which control signals are sent to a computer.
• Convert input data into a digital form acceptable by the computer.
• Examples: keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen.
• Braille keyboards are available for the visually impaired.
• Voice input is also possible (e.g., Google Voice Search).
• Data entered is temporarily stored in main memory (RAM).
• For permanent storage, data is saved in secondary memory.
Figure 1.2: Input devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Touch Screen)

1.1.3 Output Devices

• Devices that receive data from a computer for display, physical production, etc.
• Convert digital information into human-understandable form.
• Examples: monitor, projector, headphone, speaker, printer, 3D printer.
• Braille display monitors are useful for the visually challenged.
Figure 1.3: Output devices (Display monitor, Speaker, Printer, 3D printer)
• A printer is commonly used to get output in physical (hardcopy) form.
• Types: inkjet, laserjet, dot matrix.
• 3D printers build physical replicas of digital 3D designs, used in manufacturing for prototypes and in the medical
field for developing body organs.

1.2 Evolution of Computer

• Computing devices have evolved from simple calculators to powerful data processors.
Figure 1.4: Timeline showing key inventions in computing technology
• Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal’s mechanical calculator for addition/subtraction; multiplication/division via re-
peated addition/subtraction.
• Analytical Engine (1837): Charles Babbage’s mechanical computing device for inputting, processing, storing, and
displaying output. Basis for modern computers.
• Tabulating Machine (1890): Herman Hollerith’s machine for summarizing data on punched cards. First step
towards programming.
• Transistor (1947): Replaced vacuum tubes; developed at Bell Labs using semiconductor materials.
• EDVAC/ENIAC (1945): John Von Neumann introduced the stored program concept (storing data and program
in memory). EDVAC and ENIAC were based on this.
• Integrated Circuit (IC) (1970): A silicon chip containing an entire electronic circuit on a small area. Drastically
reduced computer size.

Von Neumann Architecture

Figure 1.5: Von Neumann architecture for the computer
• Consists of:
– CPU for processing.
– Memory to store data and programs.
– Input and Output devices.

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 4

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

– Communication channels.

• ENIAC is the first binary programmable computer based on this architecture.

Moore’s Law and Further Evolution

• 1970s: Large Scale Integration (LSI) allowed integration of a complete CPU on a single chip (microprocessor).

• Moore’s Law (1965): Predicted by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore. The number of transistors on a chip doubles
every two years, while costs halve.

• 1980s: Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) integrated around 3 million components on a chip, exponentially
increasing processing power.

• Super Large Scale Integration (SLSI): Fabrication of high-density transistors (approx. 10^6 components) on a
single IC.

Figure 1.6: Exponential increase in number of transistors used in ICs over time

• 1981: IBM introduced its first Personal Computer (PC).

• 1984: Apple introduced Macintosh machines.

• The popularity of PCs surged with Graphical User Interface (GUI) based OS (e.g., Microsoft) replacing command-
line interfaces (UNIX, DOS).

• 1990s: Growth of the World Wide Web (WWW) accelerated mass computer usage.

• Introduction of laptops made personal computing portable.

• Followed by smartphones, tablets, and personal digital assistants.

• Next wave: Wearable gadgets (smart watch, lenses, headbands, headphones) and smart appliances as part of the
Internet of Things (IoT), leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI).

1.3 Computer Memory

• Needed to store data and instructions for processing.

• Primary (Main) Memory: Usually referred to as ‘memory’.

• Secondary Memory (Storage Device): Used for permanent storage.

1.3.1 Units of Memory

• Computers use binary numbers (0 and 1). A single binary digit is a bit.

• A nibble is a 4-bit word (e.g., 1001).

• A byte is an 8-bit word (two nibbles), e.g., 01000110.

• Larger units are grouped from bytes.

Table 1.1 Measurement units for digital data (Enhanced for clarity)

Unit (Abbreviation) Description

Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
Exabyte (EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
Yottabyte (YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB

5 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

1.3.2 Types of Memory

(A) Primary Memory
• Essential component. Programs and data are loaded here before processing.
• CPU interacts directly with primary memory.
• Two types:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Volatile: Retains data only while power is on.
– Used for temporary storage while the computer is working.
– Faster than secondary memory.
2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
– Non-volatile: Contents are not lost when power is off.
– Used for permanent storage of rarely changed contents (e.g., startup boot loader).
Think and Reflect: Suppose there is a computer with RAM but no secondary storage. Can we install a software on that
computer?
(B) Cache Memory
• Very high-speed memory placed between CPU and primary memory.
• Stores copies of frequently accessed data from primary memory.
• Reduces average time to access data.
• CPU checks cache first; if data is not found (cache miss), it accesses primary memory.
(C) Secondary Memory
• Non-volatile, larger storage capacity than primary memory.
• Slower and cheaper than main memory.
• CPU cannot access it directly; contents must be brought into main memory first.
• Examples: Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/DVD, Memory Card, Solid State Drive (SSD), Pen Drive, Tape Drive.
Figure 1.7: Storage devices (Pen Drive, HDD, CD/DVD, Memory Card, Tape Drive, SSD)
• SSD supports very fast data transfer compared to HDD.
• Portable flash/pen drives make data transfer easier.

1.4 Data Transfer Between Memory and CPU

• Data is transferred between CPU � Primary Memory and Primary � Secondary Memory.
• Transfer happens via physical wires called a bus.

Types of Bus:
1. Data Bus: Transfers data between components. Bidirectional.
2. Address Bus: Transfers addresses between CPU and main memory. Unidirectional.
3. Control Bus: Communicates control signals between components. Unidirectional.
• Collectively, these three buses make the System Bus.
Figure 1.8: Data transfer between components through system bus
• The CPU places the address of a memory location on the address bus.
• It specifies read/write signals via the control bus.
• For a write operation, CPU places data on the data bus, which is written to the address specified.
• For a read operation, CPU specifies the address, and the memory controller places the data on the data bus.

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 6

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

• The memory controller manages data flow into and out of main memory.

1.5 Microprocessors
• Earlier CPUs were large; now a CPU is implemented on a single microchip called a microprocessor.
• A microprocessor is a small-sized electronic component inside a computer that carries out data processing and
arithmetic/logical operations.
• Built over an IC comprising millions of resistors, transistors, and diodes.
• Evolution: Increased processing capability, decreased size, reduced cost.

Table 1.2 Generations of Microprocessor

Chip Word Max Memory

Generation Era Type Size Size Clock Speed Cores Example*
First 1971-73 LSI 4/8 bit 1 KB 108 KHz-200 Single Intel 8080
KHz
Second 1974-78 LSI 8 bit 1 MB Up to 2 MHz Single Motorola 6800
Third 1979-80 VLSI 16 bit 16 MB 4 MHz - 6 MHz Single Intel 8086
Fourth 1981-95 VLSI 32 bit 4 GB Up to 133 MHz Single Intel 80386
Fifth 1995-date SLSI 64 bit 64 GB 533 MHz - 34 Multi- Pentium,
GHz core Celeron, Xeon

*few prominent examples are included.

1.5.1 Microprocessor Specifications

(A) Word Size
• Maximum number of bits a microprocessor can process at a time.
• Earlier: 8 bits. Present: Minimum 16 bits, maximum 64 bits.
(B) Memory Size
• Size of RAM depends on word size.
• Initially small (4MB) with 4/8-bit word size.
• With 64-bit word size, RAM size can be up to 16 Exabytes (EB).
(C) Clock Speed
• Number of pulses generated per second by the computer’s internal clock.
• Indicates speed of instruction execution.
• Measured in Hertz (Hz) → Kilohertz (kHz) → Gigahertz (GHz).
(D) Cores
• A core is a basic computation unit of the CPU.
• Single-core: One computation unit, one task at a time.
• Multicore: Multiple cores enable execution of multiple tasks, increasing performance.
• Dual-core, Quad-core, Octa-core: CPUs with 2, 4, and 8 cores respectively.
Activity 1.1: The maximum memory size of microprocessors of different generations are given in Table 1.2. Represent
each of the memory size in terms of power of 2.
Activity 1.2: Find out the clock speed of the microprocessor of your computer and compare with that of your peers?

7 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

1.5.2 Microcontrollers
• A microcontroller is a small computing device with a CPU, fixed amount of RAM, ROM, and other peripherals
embedded on a single chip.
• Microprocessor has only a CPU on the chip.
• Designed for specific tasks, hence smaller size and reduced cost.
• Examples: Keyboard, mouse, washing machine, digital camera, pen drive, remote controller, microwave.
Figure 1.9: Structure of microcontroller
• Embedded in devices to perform specific functions (e.g., controlling washing cycles automatically).

1.6 Data and Information

• A computer processes data.
• Data can be instructions, pictures, songs, videos, documents, etc.
• Data: Raw, unorganised facts.
• Information: Meaningful output after processing data.
• Data, information, and knowledge are not interchangeable terms.

1.6.1 Data and Its Types

• Input devices provide raw data.
• Internally stored in binary; externally input as text (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, symbols), other languages, or from files.
• Different formats: Image (RGB pixels), Video (frames), Receipt (numeric/non-numeric characters).
Three Types:
(A) Structured Data
• Follows a strict record structure, easy to comprehend.
• Pre-specified tabular format.
• Can be sorted.
• Examples: Monthly attendance records, sales transactions, online bookings.
Table 1.3 Structured data: Monthly attendance records of students

Roll No Name Month Attendance (in %)

R1 Mohan May 95
R2 Sohan May 75
… … … …

(B) Unstructured Data

• Not organised in a pre-defined format.
• Examples: Audio, video, graphics, text documents, social media posts, satellite images.
Figure 1.10: Unstructured data: Monthly attendance record (Shows a report card with text and graphics)
Think and Reflect: Can you give some more examples of unstructured data?
(C) Semi-structured Data
• No well-defined structure but has internal tags/markings to separate data elements.
• Examples: Email, HTML page, CSV file.
Figure 1.11: Semi-structured data: Month-wise total attendance record Example: Name: Mohan Month: July
Attendance: 98

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 8

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

1.6.2 Data Capturing, Storage and Retrieval

(A) Data Capturing
• Process of gathering data from different sources in digital form.
• Examples: Keyboard, barcode readers, social media posts, satellite sensors.
• Heterogeneity among sources can make it complex.
(B) Data Storage
• Storing captured data for later processing.
• Challenging due to high data production rates.
• Cost of storage devices has decreased.
• Large organizations use data servers (computers with larger, faster storage).
• Setting up and maintaining data servers is costly.
(C) Data Retrieval
• Fetching data from storage devices as per user requirement.
• Challenge: Minimizing data access time for faster processing as databases grow.

1.6.3 Data Deletion and Recovery

• Threat: Deletion due to malfunction, user error, hackers, or malware.
• Deletion Process: When data is deleted, its address entry is marked as free (space shown as empty), but data isn’t
immediately overwritten.
• Data Recovery: Retrieving deleted/corrupted/lost data from secondary storage. Possible only if the space hasn’t
been overwritten.
• Security Concerns:
1. Unauthorized Deletion: Prevented by limiting access, using passwords, encrypting files.
2. Unwanted Recovery: When discarding old devices, data can be recovered by others, threatening confidential-
ity. Mitigated by using proper tools to delete/shred data before disposal.
Activity 1.3: Visit some of the places like bank, automobile showroom, shopping mall, tehsil office, etc., and find out 2–3
names of tools or instruments used to capture data in digital format.
Activity 1.4: Explore possible ways of recovering deleted data or data from a corrupted device.
Activity 1.5: Create a test file and then delete it using Shift+Delete from the keyboard. Now recover the file using the
methods you have explored in Activity 1.4.

1.7 Software
• Hardware: Physical components (e.g., RAM, keyboard, CPU) that can be seen and touched.
• Software: Set of instructions and data that makes hardware functional. Cannot be touched physically.
• Software and hardware complete tasks together.
• Examples: Ubuntu, Windows, LibreOffice, Microsoft Word, VLC Player, GIMP.
• Soft-copy: Document/image stored on a storage device.
• Hard-copy: Printed document/image.

1.7.1 Need of Software

• Makes computer hardware useful and operational.
• Acts as an interface between human users and hardware.
• Three categories:

9 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

1. System software
2. Programming tools
3. Application software

1.7.2 System Software

• Provides basic functionality to operate a computer by interacting directly with hardware.
• Examples: Operating systems, system utilities, device drivers.
(A) Operating System (OS)
• Most basic system software; without it, other software cannot work.
• Manages application programs, provides access and security.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Macintosh, Ubuntu, Fedora, Android, iOS.
(B) System Utilities
• Used for maintenance and configuration.
• Some shipped with OS: disk defragmentation, formatting, system restore.
• Others improve performance: anti-virus, disk cleaner, disk compression.
(C) Device Drivers
• Ensures proper functioning of a particular device.
• Acts as an interface between the device and the OS.
• Delegates control and management of a device at the hardware level.
• Hides hardware-level details from the OS.
Figure 1.13: Categorisation of software (Shows hierarchy: Hardware → Device Drivers → OS → System Utilities →
Programming Tools / Application Software → User Interface)
Activity 1.6: Ask your teacher to help you locate any two device drivers installed on your computer.

1.7.3 Programming Tools

• Needed to write instructions (programs) for the computer.
• Humans write in high-level language; computers understand machine language.
• Translators are needed for conversion.
• Code editors are needed to write instructions.
(A) Classification of Programming Languages
1. Low-level Languages (Machine dependent)
• Machine Language: Uses 1s and 0s. Directly understood by computer. Difficult to write and debug.
• Assembly Language: Uses English-like words and symbols. Computer-specific (code for one CPU doesn’t
work on another).
2. High-level Languages (Machine independent)
• Use English-like sentences, follow rules similar to natural languages.
• Not directly understood by computer; need translators.
• Examples: C++, Java, Python.
(B) Language Translators
• Converts source code (assembly/high-level) to machine code (object code).
Figure 1.14: Translator to convert source code into object code
• Assembler: Converts assembly language to machine code. Machine-specific, not portable.

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 10

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

• Compiler: Converts entire high-level source code to machine code. Needed only once for translation.
• Interpreter: Translates and executes one line at a time. Always needed during execution.
(C) Program Development Tools
• Text Editor: To create source code files.
• Integrated Development Environment (IDE): Simplifies development. Includes text editor, building tools, de-
bugger.
• Debugger: Detects and corrects errors in source code.
• Examples of IDEs: Python IDLE, Netbeans, Eclipse, Atom, Lazarus.

1.7.4 Application Software

• Works on top of system software to cater to specific user requirements.
• Two categories:
(A) General Purpose Software
• Developed for generic applications, larger audience.
• Ready-made, used as per requirements.
• Examples: LibreOffice Calc, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Mozilla Firefox, iTunes.
(B) Customised Software
• Tailor-made for specific organization/individual.
• Better suited to special requirements.
• Examples: Websites, school management software, accounting software.
Note: A computer system can work without application software, but cannot work without system software.
Activity 1.7: With the help of your teacher, install one application software in your computer.

1.7.5 Proprietary or Free and Open Source Software

• Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): Source code is freely available for public use, improvement. Examples:
Ubuntu, Python, LibreOffice, Mozilla Firefox.
• Freeware: Software is free to use, but source code may not be available. Examples: Skype, Adobe Reader.
• Proprietary Software: Must be purchased from the copyright holder. Examples: Microsoft Windows, Tally, Quick-
heal.
Activity 1.8: With the help of your teacher, install one free and open source application software on your computer.
Think and Reflect: When a computer is turned on, who brings the OS into RAM from the secondary storage?

1.8 Operating System (OS)

• A resource manager that manages all computer resources (CPU, RAM, Disk, Network, I/O devices).
• Controls application software, device drivers, manages security, handles user access.
• Most important system software.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Android, Macintosh.
Objectives:
1. Provide services for building/running application programs (loads programs into memory, allocates CPU, decides
execution order).
2. Provide a user interface for interaction.

11 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

1.8.1 OS User Interface

Figure 1.15: Types of user interface of OS
(A) Command-based Interface
• User enters commands to perform tasks (create, open, edit files).
• Requires remembering command names.
• Primary input: Keyboard.
• Less interactive, usually runs a single program at a time.
• Examples: MS-DOS, Unix.
(B) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Users interact via icons, menus, visual options.
• Icons represent files/programs; windows represent running programs.
• Input devices: Mouse, keyboard.
• Examples: Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu, Fedora, Macintosh.
(C) Touch-based Interface
• Interact using touch input on touchscreens.
• Commands: opening apps, dialing, scrolling.
• Examples: Android, iOS, Windows 8.1/10 (on touchscreen devices).
(D) Voice-based Interface
• Use voice commands for interaction, useful for users with special needs.
• Examples: iOS (Siri), Android (Google Now/OK Google), Windows 10 (Cortana).
(E) Gesture-based Interface
• Interact using gestures (waving, tilting, eye motion, shaking).
• Evolving technology with potential in gaming, medicine.
• Examples: Some Android/iOS smartphones, laptops.

1.8.2 Functions of Operating System

(A) Process Management
• A process is a task in execution.
• OS manages multiple processes, allocates resources (especially CPU), and facilitates inter-process communication.
• Goal: Complete multiple tasks in minimum time.
• Can view processes via system monitor (e.g., Ctrl+Alt+Delete).
(B) Memory Management
• Manages limited primary memory.
• Allocates and frees memory for running processes dynamically.
• Tracks memory locations (free/occupied).
• Goal: Maximize memory utilization by multiple processes.
Note: Operating system is called a resource manager.
(C) File Management
• Manages files (data/programs) in secondary storage.
• Involves creation, updation, deletion, and protection of files.
• Crucial for multi-user systems to prevent unauthorized access.

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 12

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

(D) Device Management

• Manages heterogeneous I/O devices and hardware.
• Interacts with device drivers.
• Provides configuration options.
• Implements security measures to restrict device access to authorized users/software.

SUMMARY
• A computer processes input data as per instructions to generate output.
• Four physical components (hardware): CPU, Primary Memory, Input Device, Output Devices.
• Two types of primary memory: RAM (volatile) and ROM (non-volatile).
• System bus transfers data, addresses, and control signals.
• A microprocessor is a small-sized CPU on a single chip performing basic operations.
• A microcontroller is a small device with CPU, RAM, ROM, peripherals on one chip.
• Software is a set of instructions; categories: system software, programming tools, application software.
• Hardware needs software to function.
• Operating system is an interface between user and computer, supervising hardware and software.

QUESTION AND ANSWER BANK

VERY SHORT ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. What is a computer?
(a) A mechanical device for calculations
(b) An electronic device that can be programmed to accept, process, and output data
(c) A device only for playing games
(d) A type of software
Answer:
(b) An electronic device that can be programmed to accept, process, and output data
Ref: Section 1.1
2. Which of the following is NOT a primary component of a computer system?
(a) Central Processing Unit
(b) Memory
(c) Internet Connection
(d) Input/Output Devices
Answer:
(c) Internet Connection
Ref: Section 1.1
3. What is the CPU often referred to as?
(a) The heart of the computer
(b) The brain of the computer
(c) The memory of the computer
(d) The power supply of the computer

13 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Answer:
(b) The brain of the computer
Ref: Section 1.1.1
4. Which component of the CPU performs arithmetic and logic operations?
(a) Control Unit (CU)
(b) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
(c) Register
(d) Cache
Answer:
(b) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Ref: Section 1.1.1
5. What is the function of the Control Unit (CU)?
(a) To perform calculations
(b) To store data temporarily
(c) To control sequential instruction execution and guide data flow
(d) To display output
Answer:
(c) To control sequential instruction execution and guide data flow
Ref: Section 1.1.1
6. Devices that convert input data into a digital form are called?
(a) Output Devices
(b) Processing Devices
(c) Input Devices
(d) Storage Devices
Answer:
(c) Input Devices
Ref: Section 1.1.2
7. Which of the following is an example of an output device?
(a) Keyboard
(b) Mouse
(c) Printer
(d) Scanner
Answer:
(c) Printer
Ref: Section 1.1.3
8. What is a key feature of a 3D printer?
(a) It prints in color
(b) It builds physical replicas of digital 3D designs
(c) It is the fastest type of printer
(d) It only works with paper

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 14

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Answer:
(b) It builds physical replicas of digital 3D designs
Ref: Section 1.1.3
9. Who invented the Analytical Engine, considered the basis for modern computers?
(a) Blaise Pascal
(b) Herman Hollerith
(c) Charles Babbage
(d) John Von Neumann
Answer:
(c) Charles Babbage
Ref: Section 1.2 (Timeline)
10. What concept did John Von Neumann introduce?
(a) Mechanical Calculation
(b) The Transistor
(c) The Stored Program Computer
(d) The Integrated Circuit
Answer:
(c) The Stored Program Computer
Ref: Section 1.2 (Timeline)
11. What replaced vacuum tubes in computers?
(a) Integrated Circuits
(b) Microprocessors
(c) Transistors
(d) Diodes
Answer:
(c) Transistors
Ref: Section 1.2 (Timeline)
12. What is Moore’s Law related to?
(a) Decrease in computer size
(b) Doubling of transistors on a chip every two years
(c) Increase in software complexity
(d) Speed of the internet
Answer:
(b) Doubling of transistors on a chip every two years
Ref: Section 1.2
13. Which phase of integration allowed a complete CPU on a single chip (microprocessor)?
(a) SSI
(b) MSI
(c) LSI
(d) VLSI

15 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Answer:
(c) LSI
Ref: Section 1.2
14. What significantly accelerated the mass usage of computers in the 1990s?
(a) Invention of the PC
(b) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
(c) Growth of the World Wide Web (WWW)
(d) Laptops
Answer:
(c) Growth of the World Wide Web (WWW)
Ref: Section 1.2
15. What is the basic unit of memory called?
(a) Byte
(b) Nibble
(c) Bit
(d) Word
Answer:
(c) Bit
Ref: Section 1.3.1
16. How many bits are in a nibble?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
Answer:
(b) 4
Ref: Section 1.3.1
17. Which of the following is the correct order from smallest to largest?
(a) Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte
(b) Byte, Bit, Megabyte, Kilobyte
(c) Megabyte, Kilobyte, Byte, Bit
(d) Kilobyte, Byte, Bit, Megabyte
Answer:
(a) Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte
Ref: Section 1.3.1 (Table 1.1)
18. Which type of primary memory is volatile?
(a) ROM
(b) RAM
(c) Hard Disk
(d) Cache

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 16

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Answer:
(b) RAM
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)
19. What is the purpose of cache memory?
(a) Permanent storage
(b) To speed up CPU operations by storing frequently accessed data
(c) To store the operating system
(d) To connect to the internet
Answer:
(b) To speed up CPU operations by storing frequently accessed data
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (B)
20. Which memory is directly accessed by the CPU?
(a) Secondary Memory
(b) Primary Memory
(c) Hard Disk
(d) Pen Drive
Answer:
(b) Primary Memory
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)
21. Which bus is used to transfer data between components?
(a) Address Bus
(b) Control Bus
(c) Data Bus
(d) System Bus
Answer:
(c) Data Bus
Ref: Section 1.4
22. Which bus carries the address of the memory location the CPU wants to access?
(a) Data Bus
(b) Address Bus
(c) Control Bus
(d) Memory Bus
Answer:
(b) Address Bus
Ref: Section 1.4
23. A processor implemented on a single microchip is called a?
(a) Microcontroller
(b) Nanocontroller
(c) Microprocessor
(d) Nanoprocessor

17 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Answer:
(c) Microprocessor
Ref: Section 1.5
24. What does the word size of a microprocessor indicate?
(a) Its physical dimensions
(b) The maximum bits it can process at a time
(c) The clock speed
(d) The number of cores
Answer:
(b) The maximum bits it can process at a time
Ref: Section 1.5.1 (A)
25. Clock speed is measured in?
(a) Bytes per second
(b) Megabytes
(c) Hertz (Hz)
(d) Volts
Answer:
(c) Hertz (Hz)
Ref: Section 1.5.1 (C)
26. A CPU with four computation units is called?
(a) Dual-core
(b) Single-core
(c) Quad-core
(d) Octa-core
Answer:
(c) Quad-core
Ref: Section 1.5.1 (D)
27. What is a key difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?
(a) Microprocessor is faster
(b) Microcontroller has CPU, RAM, ROM, peripherals on one chip
(c) Microcontroller is used only in PCs
(d) Microprocessor is cheaper
Answer:
(b) Microcontroller has CPU, RAM, ROM, peripherals on one chip
Ref: Section 1.5.2
28. Raw, unorganised facts are called?
(a) Information
(b) Data
(c) Knowledge
(d) Instructions

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 18

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Answer:
(b) Data
Ref: Section 1.6
29. Data organised in a row/column format (like a table) is called?
(a) Unstructured Data
(b) Semi-structured Data
(c) Structured Data
(d) Binary Data
Answer:
(c) Structured Data
Ref: Section 1.6.1 (A)
30. An HTML page is an example of?
(a) Structured Data
(b) Unstructured Data
(c) Semi-structured Data
(d) Numeric Data
Answer:
(c) Semi-structured Data
Ref: Section 1.6.1 (C)
31. The process of gathering data from different sources is called?
(a) Data Storage
(b) Data Retrieval
(c) Data Capturing
(d) Data Deletion
Answer:
(c) Data Capturing
Ref: Section 1.6.2 (A)
32. Which of the following is a physical component of a computer?
(a) Operating System
(b) Software
(c) Hardware
(d) Data
Answer:
(c) Hardware
Ref: Section 1.7
33. Software that operates the computer and manages hardware is called?
(a) Application Software
(b) System Software
(c) Programming Tool
(d) Utility Software

19 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Answer:
(b) System Software
Ref: Section 1.7.2
34. Which of the following is NOT a function of an operating system?
(a) Process Management
(b) Memory Management
(c) Manufacturing Computer Chips
(d) File Management
Answer:
(c) Manufacturing Computer Chips
Ref: Section 1.8.2
35. A program that converts high-level code to machine code is a?
(a) Text Editor
(b) Compiler
(c) Debugger
(d) IDE
Answer:
(b) Compiler
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (B)
36. LibreOffice is an example of?
(a) Proprietary Software
(b) Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
(c) Hardware
(d) Operating System
Answer:
(b) Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
Ref: Section 1.7.5
37. Which user interface requires typing commands?
(a) GUI
(b) Touch-based
(c) Voice-based
(d) Command-based
Answer:
(d) Command-based
Ref: Section 1.8.1 (A)
38. Siri and Cortana are examples of?
(a) Command-based Interface
(b) Graphical User Interface
(c) Voice-based Interface
(d) Gesture-based Interface

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 20

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Answer:
(c) Voice-based Interface
Ref: Section 1.8.1 (D)
39. What manages the flow of data into and out of the computer’s main memory?
(a) CPU
(b) ALU
(c) Memory Controller
(d) Cache
Answer:
(c) Memory Controller
Ref: Section 1.4
40. Software used for maintenance like disk cleaning is called?
(a) Device Driver
(b) System Utility
(c) Application Software
(d) Programming Tool
Answer:
(b) System Utility
Ref: Section 1.7.2 (B)
41. Which generation of microprocessor had a 64-bit word size?
(a) Second
(b) Third
(c) Fourth
(d) Fifth
Answer:
(d) Fifth
Ref: Table 1.2
42. What does a ‘byte’ represent?
(a) 4 bits
(b) 8 bits
(c) 16 bits
(d) 1024 bits
Answer:
(b) 8 bits
Ref: Section 1.3.1
43. Which device acts as an interface between the OS and a specific hardware component?
(a) Operating System
(b) Application Software
(c) Device Driver
(d) System Utility

21 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Answer:
(c) Device Driver
Ref: Section 1.7.2 (C)
44. What is the main challenge in data storage today?
(a) Data is produced at a very low rate
(b) The high cost of storage devices
(c) Data is being produced at a very high rate
(d) Storage devices are too fast
Answer:
(c) Data is being produced at a very high rate
Ref: Section 1.6.2 (B)
45. Which law predicted the exponential growth in transistor count?
(a) Newton’s Law
(b) Ohm’s Law
(c) Moore’s Law
(d) Von Neumann’s Law
Answer:
(c) Moore’s Law
Ref: Section 1.2
46. What type of software is Python IDLE?
(a) Operating System
(b) Application Software
(c) Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
(d) System Utility
Answer:
(c) Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (C)
47. What is the primary purpose of a ‘debugger’?
(a) To write code
(b) To detect and correct errors in source code
(c) To compile code
(d) To manage memory
Answer:
(b) To detect and correct errors in source code
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (C)
48. Which of these is a concern related to data deletion?
(a) Data becomes more secure
(b) Unauthorized recovery of data from discarded devices
(c) Data automatically gets encrypted
(d) Data storage becomes cheaper

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 22

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Answer:
(b) Unauthorized recovery of data from discarded devices
Ref: Section 1.6.3
49. What does ‘IoT’ stand for?
(a) Internet of Things
(b) Input/Output Technology
(c) Integrated Operating Tool
(d) Internal Operation Time
Answer:
(a) Internet of Things
Ref: Section 1.2
50. Which component is described as the ‘resource manager’ of a computer?
(a) CPU
(b) Application Software
(c) Operating System
(d) RAM
Answer:
(c) Operating System
Ref: Section 1.8.2
51. Assertion (A): RAM is called volatile memory.
Reason (R): RAM retains data only as long as the power is supplied to the computer.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)
52. Assertion (A): A compiler is needed only once to translate a program.
Reason (R): A compiler converts the entire high-level source code into machine code before execution.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (B)
53. Assertion (A): The address bus is unidirectional.
Reason (R): The CPU only sends address information to the memory, and the memory does not send addresses
back to the CPU.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

23 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Ref: Section 1.4
54. Assertion (A): Customised software is more suited to specific organizational needs than general-purpose soft-
ware.
Reason (R): Customised software is developed to meet the requirements of a specific organization or individual.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Ref: Section 1.7.4 (B)
55. Assertion (A): Data recovery from a deleted file is sometimes possible.
Reason (R): When a file is deleted, its storage space is marked as free but the actual data may remain until over-
written.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Ref: Section 1.6.3

Fill in the Blanks

1. A computer along with additional hardware and software together is called a __________.
Answer:
computer system
Ref: Section 1.1
2. The __________ carries out the actual processing and is called the brain of the computer.
Answer:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Ref: Section 1.1.1
3. The two main components of the CPU are the __________ and the __________.
Answer:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU)
Ref: Section 1.1.1
4. A __________ printer is used to build physical replicas of digital 3D designs.
Answer:

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 24

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

3D
Ref: Section 1.1.3
5. The concept of a stored program computer was introduced by __________.
Answer:
John Von Neumann
Ref: Section 1.2 (Timeline)
6. __________ Law predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would double every two years.
Answer:
Moore’s
Ref: Section 1.2
7. A sequence of 8 bits is called a __________.
Answer:
byte
Ref: Section 1.3.1
8. __________ memory is volatile, while __________ memory is non-volatile.
Answer:
RAM, ROM
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)
9. The very high-speed memory placed between the CPU and primary memory is called __________.
Answer:
cache memory
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (B)
10. The three types of buses are Data Bus, Address Bus, and __________ Bus.
Answer:
Control
Ref: Section 1.4
11. A processor implemented on a single microchip is called a __________.
Answer:
microprocessor
Ref: Section 1.5
12. The maximum number of bits a microprocessor can process at a time is its __________.
Answer:
word size
Ref: Section 1.5.1 (A)
13. A CPU with two computation units is called a __________ processor.
Answer:
dual-core
Ref: Section 1.5.1 (D)
14. A small computing device with CPU, RAM, ROM on one chip for specific tasks is a __________.
Answer:

25 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

microcontroller
Ref: Section 1.5.2
15. Data which follows a strict record structure is called __________ data.
Answer:
structured
Ref: Section 1.6.1 (A)
16. The process of gathering data from different sources is called data __________.
Answer:
capturing
Ref: Section 1.6.2 (A)
17. The physical components of a computer are called __________.
Answer:
hardware
Ref: Section 1.7
18. Software that provides basic functionality to operate hardware is called __________ software.
Answer:
system
Ref: Section 1.7.2
19. A __________ converts source code written in a high-level language to machine code.
Answer:
compiler
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (B)
20. Software like Ubuntu, where source code is freely available, is called __________.
Answer:
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
Ref: Section 1.7.5
21. An OS interface where users interact with icons and menus is called a __________.
Answer:
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Ref: Section 1.8.1 (B)
22. The OS function of allocating CPU time to running programs is called __________ management.
Answer:
process
Ref: Section 1.8.2 (A)
23. A program that manages the flow of data into and out of main memory is the __________.
Answer:
memory controller
Ref: Section 1.4
24. Software like an anti-virus program is categorized as a __________.
Answer:

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 26

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

system utility
Ref: Section 1.7.2 (B)
25. The next wave of computing devices includes wearables and smart appliances as part of the __________.
Answer:
Internet of Things (IoT)
Ref: Section 1.2

Descriptive Questions
2-Mark Questions (15+)
1. Define a computer system.
Answer:
A computer system is a combination of a computer (an electronic device for processing data) and additional hardware and
software components that work together as a single unit to deliver the desired output.
Ref: Section 1.1
2. What is the function of the ALU and CU in a CPU?
Answer:
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs all arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic (AND, OR, etc.)
operations as per program instructions.
• Control Unit (CU): Controls the sequential execution of instructions, interprets them, and guides the flow of data
through memory, ALU, and input/output devices.
Ref: Section 1.1.1
3. Give two examples each of input and output devices.
Answer:
• Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Touch Screen.
• Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector.
Ref: Sections 1.1.2 & 1.1.3
4. State Moore’s Law.
Answer:
Moore’s Law, predicted by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965, states that the number of transistors on an integrated
circuit (chip) would double approximately every two years, while the cost would be halved.
Ref: Section 1.2
5. Differentiate between bit, nibble, and byte.

Term Description
Bit A single binary digit (0 or 1).
Nibble A group of 4 bits (e.g., 1001).
Byte A group of 8 bits (or two nibbles, e.g., 01101100).

Ref: Section 1.3.1

6. Why is RAM called volatile memory?
Answer:
RAM is called volatile memory because it retains data only as long as electrical power is supplied to the computer. The
moment the power is turned off, all data stored in RAM is lost.
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)

27 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

7. What is the purpose of cache memory?

Answer:
Cache memory is a very high-speed memory placed between the CPU and primary memory (RAM). Its purpose is to store
copies of frequently accessed data from primary memory, thereby reducing the average time the CPU takes to access data
and speeding up operations.
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (B)
8. Name the three types of system buses and state one function of each.
Answer:
1. Data Bus: Transfers data between components (e.g., between CPU and memory).
2. Address Bus: Transfers the address of a memory location from CPU to memory.
3. Control Bus: Transmits control signals (like read/write) between components.
Ref: Section 1.4
9. What is a microprocessor?
Answer:
A microprocessor is a processor (CPU) that is implemented on a single microchip (integrated circuit). It is a small-sized
electronic component that carries out data processing and arithmetic/logical operations.
Ref: Section 1.5
10. Differentiate between data and information.

Data Information
Raw, unorganised facts. Processed, organised, and meaningful data.
Input to the computer. Output from the computer.
Example: 95, 75, 82 (numbers). Example: “Mohan’s attendance is 95%”.

Ref: Section 1.6

11. What is structured data? Give an example.
Answer:
Structured data follows a strict, pre-defined record structure and is organised in a tabular format (rows and columns),
making it easy to comprehend and process. Example: A table of student attendance with columns for Roll No, Name,
Month, and Attendance percentage.
Ref: Section 1.6.1 (A) & Table 1.3
12. What is the role of an operating system?
Answer:
The operating system (OS) acts as a resource manager and an interface. It manages all computer hardware and software
resources (CPU, memory, files, devices) and provides services for running application programs. It also provides a user
interface for human-computer interaction.
Ref: Section 1.8
13. Name any two functions of an operating system.
Answer:
Any two of the following:
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Device Management

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 28

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Ref: Section 1.8.2

14. What is a device driver?
Answer:
A device driver is system software that acts as an interface between the operating system and a specific hardware device.
Its purpose is to ensure the proper functioning of that device by handling its control and management at the hardware level,
hiding complex details from the OS.
Ref: Section 1.7.2 (C)
15. What is FOSS? Give an example.
Answer:
FOSS stands for Free and Open Source Software. It is software whose source code is made freely available to the public.
Users can use, study, modify, and distribute it. Example: Ubuntu operating system, Python programming language.
Ref: Section 1.7.5

3-Mark Questions (10+)

1. Describe the Von Neumann architecture with the help of a diagram (description).
Answer:
The Von Neumann architecture, introduced by John Von Neumann, forms the basis of most modern computers. It consists
of four main components interconnected by communication channels (buses):
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): For processing arithmetic and logical instructions.
2. Memory: To store both data and programs.
3. Input Devices: To feed data and instructions.
4. Output Devices: To display or produce results. A key feature is the stored program concept, where instructions
and data are stored in the same memory. The architecture is often depicted with the CPU connected to Memory and
I/O devices via a system bus.
Ref: Section 1.2 & Figure 1.5
2. Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

Aspect RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Volatility Volatile (loses data when power is off). Non-volatile (retains data without power).
Use Temporary storage for data and programs Permanent storage for critical, rarely changed
currently in use. data (e.g., boot loader).
Speed Faster than secondary storage but slower than Slower than RAM.
cache.
Writability Read and Write. Mainly Read-Only (some types allow limited
writing).
Cost More expensive per unit than ROM. Less expensive per unit than RAM.

Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)

3. Explain the data transfer process for a read operation between CPU and main memory.
Answer:
1. The CPU places the address of the desired memory location on the Address Bus.
2. The CPU sends a read control signal via the Control Bus.
3. The Memory Controller accesses the specified address in main memory.
4. The data from that memory location is placed on the Data Bus by the memory controller.
5. The CPU reads the data from the Data Bus. This process is managed by the memory controller to ensure smooth
data flow.

29 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Ref: Section 1.4

4. Write a short note on the evolution of microprocessors (mention generations).
Answer:
Microprocessors have evolved through generations marked by increased capability, reduced size, and lower cost. This
evolution is tied to advancements in chip integration technology:
• First Generation (1971-73): 4/8-bit word size, LSI technology, clock speed in KHz (e.g., Intel 8080).
• Second Generation (1974-78): 8-bit word size, up to 2 MHz speed (e.g., Motorola 6800).
• Third Generation (1979-80): 16-bit word size, VLSI technology, MHz speed (e.g., Intel 8086).
• Fourth Generation (1981-95): 32-bit word size, supported up to 4 GB memory (e.g., Intel 80386).
• Fifth Generation (1995-present): 64-bit word size, SLSI technology, multi-core processors, GHz speed (e.g.,
Pentium, Celeron).
Ref: Section 1.5 & Table 1.2
5. Differentiate between compiler and interpreter.

Aspect Compiler Interpreter

Translation Translates the entire source code into machine code Translates and executes the source code
(object code) at once. line-by-line.
Speed Execution is faster after compilation. Execution is generally slower.
Error Displays errors after compiling the entire program. Displays errors as soon as an erroneous line is
Display encountered.
Need Needed only once for translation; not needed Needed every time the program is to be executed.
during execution.
Example C, C++ compilers. Python interpreter.

Ref: Section 1.7.3 (B)

6. What are the different types of user interfaces provided by an OS? Explain any two.
Answer:
Operating systems provide various user interfaces:
1. Command-based Interface: Requires users to type text commands (e.g., copy, delete). It needs users to remem-
ber commands and is less interactive (e.g., MS-DOS).
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Users interact with visual elements like icons, menus, and windows using a
mouse and keyboard. It is more user-friendly (e.g., Windows, Ubuntu). Other types include Touch-based, Voice-
based, and Gesture-based interfaces.
Ref: Section 1.8.1
7. Explain the types of data with examples.
Answer:
1. Structured Data: Organised in a pre-defined, tabular format. Easy to process and query. Example: A spreadsheet
of student marks with columns for Roll No, Name, and Marks.
2. Unstructured Data: Has no pre-defined format or organisation. Example: A text document, an image, a social
media post, or a video file.
3. Semi-structured Data: Does not have a strict structure but contains tags or markers to separate and identify data
elements. Example: An email (with To:, From:, Subject: tags) or an HTML file.
Ref: Section 1.6.1
8. What are the security concerns associated with data? How can they be mitigated?
Answer:
Two main security concerns are:

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 30

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

1. Unauthorized Deletion/Modification: Someone might delete or corrupt data. Mitigation: Limit system access,
use passwords for accounts/files, and encrypt important files.
2. Unwanted Recovery: When discarding old storage devices, others might recover sensitive data. Mitigation: Use
proper data shredding or deletion tools before disposing of any storage device to ensure data is permanently erased
and cannot be recovered.
Ref: Section 1.6.3
9. Differentiate between system software and application software.

Aspect System Software Application Software

Purpose To operate and manage computer hardware. To help users perform specific tasks.
Dependency Essential for computer to function. Depends on system software to run.
User Interaction Low-level interaction; often runs in the Direct interaction with end-users.
background.
Examples Operating System (Windows), Device Drivers, Word Processor (MS Word), Web Browser
Utilities. (Firefox), Games.

Ref: Sections 1.7.2 & 1.7.4

10. What is a microcontroller? Why is it used in home appliances?
Answer:
A microcontroller is a small, low-cost computing device that has a CPU, a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, and input/output
peripherals all embedded on a single integrated circuit chip. It is designed for specific control tasks.
It is used in home appliances (like washing machines, microwaves) because:
• It is cost-effective for mass production.
• Its small size allows it to be embedded within the appliance.
• It is designed for specific, repetitive tasks (e.g., controlling a washing cycle), allowing for automation without
human intervention.
Ref: Section 1.5.2

5-Mark Questions (10+)

1. Explain the different types of computer memory in detail.
Answer:
Computer memory is classified into primary and secondary memory, with cache as a special high-speed buffer.
1. Primary Memory: Directly accessed by CPU.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, read-write memory. Used as the main working space for the CPU. All
data and programs must be loaded into RAM for processing. Faster than secondary memory but loses data on power
loss.
• ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile, mainly read-only memory. Stores critical, permanent instructions like
the boot loader that starts the computer. Data is not lost when powered off.
2. Cache Memory: A very high-speed memory placed between the CPU and RAM. Stores copies of frequently used data
from RAM to reduce the CPU’s data access time, significantly speeding up processing.
3. Secondary Memory (Storage): Non-volatile, used for permanent storage of data and programs. Larger capacity and
cheaper than primary memory but slower. CPU cannot access it directly; data must be transferred to RAM first. Examples
include:
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Traditional magnetic storage.
• Solid State Drive (SSD): Faster storage with no moving parts.
• Optical Discs (CD/DVD)
• Flash Drives (Pen drives, Memory Cards)

31 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

Ref: Sections 1.3.2 (A, B, C)

2. Describe the functions of an operating system.
Answer:
An operating system (OS) is the most important system software that acts as a resource manager and an interface. Its key
functions are:
1. Process Management: The OS manages all running processes (programs). It allocates CPU time to each process,
facilitates communication between processes, and ensures efficient multitasking to complete tasks in minimum time.
2. Memory Management: The OS manages the computer’s primary memory (RAM). It allocates memory to pro-
cesses when they start and deallocates it when they finish. It keeps track of every memory location (free or occupied)
to optimize memory usage among multiple processes.
3. File Management: The OS manages files on secondary storage devices. It handles file creation, deletion, read-
ing, writing, and, crucially, protection. It ensures that in multi-user systems, users can only access files they are
authorized to use.
4. Device Management: The OS manages all input/output hardware devices (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.). It inter-
acts with device drivers to control these devices, provides configuration options, and allocates devices to processes,
ensuring efficient and conflict-free use.
5. User Interface Provision: The OS provides an interface (Command-based, GUI, Touch-based, etc.) that allows
users to interact with the computer system easily without needing to know complex hardware details.
6. Security and Access Control: The OS implements security measures like user authentication (passwords) and file
permissions to protect the system and data from unauthorized access.
Ref: Section 1.8.2 & 1.8.1
3. Explain the classification of software with examples.
Answer:
Software is classified into three broad categories based on its function and interaction with hardware:
1. System Software:
• Purpose: Provides basic functionality to operate and manage computer hardware. Acts as an interface between
hardware and other software/users.
• Types & Examples:
– Operating System (OS): Manages all resources. Examples: Windows, Linux, Android.
– System Utilities: Maintain and configure the system. Examples: Disk defragmenter, Anti-virus software.
– Device Drivers: Enable OS to communicate with specific hardware. Examples: Printer driver, Graphics card
driver.
2. Programming Tools:
• Purpose: Used by programmers to create, debug, and maintain other software (applications).
• Types & Examples:
– Programming Languages: Rules for writing code. Examples: High-level (Python, Java), Low-level (Assem-
bly).
– Language Translators: Convert source code to machine code. Examples: Compiler (for C++), Interpreter
(for Python), Assembler.
– Development Tools: Assist in writing code. Examples: Text Editors, Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs) like Python IDLE, Eclipse.
3. Application Software:
• Purpose: Enables end-users to perform specific tasks. Works on top of the system software.
• Types & Examples:
– General Purpose Software: For common tasks used by a wide audience. Examples: Word Processor (Libre-
Office Writer), Web Browser (Mozilla Firefox), Photo Editor (GIMP).

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 32

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

– Customised Software: Developed for specific organizational needs. Examples: School Management System,
Banking Software, Hospital Management System.
Ref: Sections 1.7.1, 1.7.2, 1.7.3, 1.7.4 & Figure 1.13
4. Trace the evolution of computers from early calculating devices to modern systems.
Answer:
The evolution of computers is a journey of miniaturization and increasing power:
1. Early Mechanical Devices (17th-19th Century):
• Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal’s mechanical calculator for addition/subtraction.
• Analytical Engine (1837): Charles Babbage’s design (never fully built) introduced concepts of input, pro-
cessing, storage, and output, forming the basis of modern computers.
2. Electro-Mechanical and Early Electronic (Late 19th - Mid 20th Century):
• Tabulating Machine (1890): Herman Hollerith’s punched-card machine, a step towards programming.
• ENIAC/EDVAC (1945): First electronic computers. John Von Neumann’s stored program concept (used in
EDVAC) was a breakthrough, allowing instructions and data to be stored in memory.
3. Transistor-based Computers (Late 1940s onwards):
• Transistor (1947): Replaced bulky, unreliable vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more
reliable.
4. Integrated Circuit (IC) Revolution (1970s onwards):
• Integrated Circuit (1970): Entire electronic circuits on a tiny silicon chip, drastically reducing size and cost.
• Microprocessor (1971): LSI technology enabled a complete CPU on a single chip (Intel 4004), leading to
the personal computer era.
5. Personal Computing and Connectivity (1980s-1990s):
• IBM PC (1981), Apple Macintosh (1984): Computers became affordable for homes and offices.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Replaced command lines (MS-DOS) with user-friendly icons (Windows,
Mac OS).
• World Wide Web (1990s): Connected computers globally, making them an indispensable part of life.
6. Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing (2000s-present):
• Laptops, Smartphones, Tablets: Made computing portable and personal.
• Moore’s Law in action: Exponential growth in processor power (multi-core, GHz speeds).
• Current/Future Trends: Wearable gadgets (smartwatches), Internet of Things (IoT) (smart appliances),
and integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Ref: Section 1.2 & Figure 1.4
5. What is data? Explain the processes of data capturing, storage, and retrieval.
Answer:
Data refers to raw, unorganised facts and figures (like numbers, text, images) that are input into a computer for processing.
It becomes meaningful information after processing.
1. Data Capturing:
• Definition: The process of collecting or gathering data from various sources and converting it into a digital format
that the computer can understand.
• Methods/Examples: This can range from simple manual entry using a keyboard or barcode scanner at a store, to
automated collection via sensors on satellites, or from user-generated content on social media. Heterogeneity of
sources makes this a complex task.
2. Data Storage:

33 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

• Definition: The process of saving the captured digital data onto storage devices (secondary memory) for permanent
keeping and future use.
• Challenge & Solution: With data being produced at a very high rate, storage is a challenge. The decreasing cost
of digital storage (HDD, SSD, cloud storage) has helped. Large organizations use dedicated data servers.
• Importance: Allows data to be preserved long-term, even when the computer is turned off.
3. Data Retrieval:
• Definition: The process of locating and fetching the stored data from storage devices and loading it into the main
memory (RAM) so that it can be processed as per the user’s requirement.
• Challenge: As databases grow massive, retrieving the required data within an acceptable time frame becomes a
significant challenge. Minimizing this access time is crucial for system performance.
These three processes are fundamental to any data processing cycle, ensuring data is available when and where it is needed.
Ref: Sections 1.6, 1.6.2 (A, B, C)

CHAPTER-END EXERCISE SOLUTIONS

1. Name the software required to make a computer functional. Write down its two primary services.
Answer:
The software required to make a computer functional is the Operating System (OS).
Its two primary services are:
1. To provide services for building and running application programs (loads programs into memory, allocates CPU
time).
2. To provide an interface (like GUI or command-line) through which the user can interact with the computer.
Ref: Section 1.8
2. How does the computer understand a program written in high level language?
Answer:
A computer only understands machine language (binary code: 1s and 0s). A program written in a high-level language (like
Python or Java) must be converted into machine language. This conversion is done by a translator program, specifically
a compiler or an interpreter. The compiler translates the entire program at once, while the interpreter translates and
executes it line-by-line.
Ref: Section 1.7.3 (B)
3. Why is the execution time of the machine code less than that of source code?
Answer:
Source code is written in a high-level language that humans understand but computers do not. Before execution, it needs
to be translated line-by-line by an interpreter, which takes additional time during execution. Machine code is the binary
code (1s and 0s) that the CPU understands directly. It is either the final output of a compiler or the native language of
the processor, so it can be executed by the CPU immediately without any translation overhead, making its execution time
significantly less.
Ref: Sections 1.7.3 (B) & 1.1.1 (CPU execution)
4. What is the need of RAM? How does it differ from ROM?
Answer:
• Need for RAM: RAM (Random Access Memory) is needed as the computer’s main working memory. It provides
fast, temporary storage for the operating system, application software, and data that are currently in use. The CPU
can read from and write to RAM very quickly, which is essential for the smooth and fast operation of the computer.
Difference between RAM and ROM:

Feature RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Volatility Volatile (loses data when power is off). Non-volatile (retains data without power).

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 34

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

Feature RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Purpose Temporary workspace for active programs and Permanent storage for firmware/boot
data. instructions.
Writability Read and Write. Primarily Read-Only (written during
manufacturing).
Speed Faster. Slower compared to RAM.
Content Changes constantly. Fixed, rarely changed.

Ref: Section 1.3.2 (A)

5. What is the need for secondary memory?
Answer:
The need for secondary memory arises due to the limitations of primary memory (RAM and ROM):
1. Permanence: RAM is volatile (data lost on power off). Secondary memory (like HDD, SSD) is non-volatile,
providing permanent storage for data, programs, and the operating system itself.
2. Capacity: Primary memory has limited storage capacity. Secondary memory offers much larger storage capacity
at a lower cost per unit, allowing us to store vast amounts of data (documents, music, videos, software).
3. Portability: Secondary storage devices (like pen drives, memory cards) are portable, allowing easy transfer of data
between computers.
Ref: Section 1.3.2 (C)
6. How do different components of the computer communicate with each other?
Answer:
Different components of a computer (like CPU, memory, I/O devices) communicate with each other using a set of physical
wires called a system bus. The system bus is further divided into three specialized buses:
1. Data Bus: Carries the actual data being transferred between components (bidirectional).
2. Address Bus: Carries the memory address from the CPU, specifying where data is to be read from or written to
(unidirectional).
3. Control Bus: Carries control and timing signals (like read, write, interrupt) to coordinate the activities of different
components (unidirectional).
Ref: Section 1.4 & Figure 1.8
7. Draw the block diagram of a computer system. Briefly write about the functionality of each component.
Answer:
(Note: A textual description of the block diagram is provided as drawing is not possible here. Refer to Figure 1.1 in the
notes.)
Block Diagram Description: The diagram shows the CPU at the center, connected to Primary Memory, Input Devices,
and Output Devices. Secondary Storage is also connected. Arrows indicate the flow of data and control signals.
Functionality of Components:
• Input Device: Accepts data and instructions from the user and converts them into digital form (e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse).
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer. It has:
– Control Unit (CU): Controls the operation of all other parts.
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs all calculations and logical decisions.
• Primary Memory (RAM/ROM): Provides temporary (RAM) and permanent (ROM) storage for data and instruc-
tions currently being processed by the CPU.
• Output Device: Presents the processed results (information) to the user in a human-understandable form (e.g.,
Monitor, Printer).

35 L R Mohammed Matheen
PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL January 2, 2026

• Secondary Storage Devices: Provide permanent, high-capacity storage for data and programs not currently in use
(e.g., Hard Disk, Pen Drive).
Ref: Section 1.1 & Figure 1.1
8. What is the primary role of system bus? Why is data bus is bidirectional while address bus is unidirectional?
Answer:
• Primary Role of System Bus: The system bus is the main communication highway of the computer. Its primary
role is to transfer data, memory addresses, and control signals between the major components of the computer
system, primarily between the CPU, main memory, and input/output devices.
• Why Data Bus is Bidirectional, Address Bus is Unidirectional:
– Data Bus (Bidirectional): Data needs to flow in both directions. The CPU needs to write data to memory (or
output devices) and read data from memory (or input devices). Therefore, the data bus must be bidirectional.
– Address Bus (Unidirectional): The CPU is the only component that generates memory addresses. It tells the
memory or I/O device where to read from or write to. Memory and I/O devices do not send addresses back to
the CPU; they only respond to the address provided. Hence, the address bus is unidirectional, carrying signals
only from the CPU.
Ref: Section 1.4
9. Differentiate between proprietary software and freeware software. Name two software for each type.
Answer:

Aspect Proprietary Software Freeware Software

Cost Must be purchased (may have a free trial). Free to use.
Source Code Source code is not available to users. Source code is usually not available.
Modification Users cannot legally modify the software. Users cannot modify the software.
Distribution Redistribution is restricted by license. Can usually be freely distributed.
Primary Goal Commercial profit. Wide adoption, sometimes with premium
upgrades.
Examples 1. Microsoft Windows2. Adobe Photoshop 1. Skype2. Adobe Reader

Ref: Section 1.7.5

10. Write the main difference between microcontroller and microprocessor. Why do smart home appliances have
a microcontroller instead of microprocessor embedded in them?
Answer:
• Main Difference: A microprocessor is essentially just a CPU on a single chip, requiring external chips for memory
and I/O interfaces to form a complete system. A microcontroller is a complete computing system on a single chip,
integrating a CPU, fixed amounts of RAM and ROM, and I/O peripherals.
• Reason for Microcontrollers in Smart Appliances: Smart home appliances (like washing machines, microwaves)
use microcontrollers because:
1. Cost-Effective: Microcontrollers are cheaper to manufacture for embedded control applications.
2. Integrated Design: Having everything (CPU, memory, I/O) on one chip simplifies the appliance’s electronic
design, making it smaller and more reliable.
3. Task-Specific: They are designed for specific, repetitive control tasks (e.g., managing a washing cycle, regu-
lating temperature). A general-purpose microprocessor would be overkill and more expensive.
4. Low Power Consumption: Microcontrollers are optimized for low power usage, which is ideal for appliances
that run continuously or on batteries.
Ref: Section 1.5.2
11. Mention the different types of data that you deal with while browsing the Internet.
Answer:
While browsing the Internet, we deal with all three types of data:

Primus PU College, Bangalore 560 035 36

January 2, 2026 PUC COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY MATERIAL

1. Structured Data: Search results presented in a table, product listings on an e-commerce site with price and ratings
in columns.
2. Semi-structured Data: Web pages (HTML files with tags like <h1>, <p>), JSON/XML data fetched by websites.
3. Unstructured Data: The main content of blogs and articles (text), images, videos, audio files (podcasts, music),
and social media posts.
Ref: Section 1.6.1
12. Categorise the following data as structured, semi-structured and unstructured:
• Newspaper
• Cricket Match Score
• HTML Page
• Patient records in a hospital
Answer:
• Newspaper: Unstructured Data (Contains text, images, graphics in a free-flowing layout without a strict record
format).
• Cricket Match Score: Structured Data (Typically presented in a tabular format with columns like Player Name,
Runs, Balls, etc.).
• HTML Page: Semi-structured Data (Uses tags like <title>, <body> to structure content, but the content within
can be unstructured).
• Patient records in a hospital: Structured Data (Organised in a database or forms with specific fields like Patient
ID, Name, Diagnosis, Medicine, etc.).
Ref: Section 1.6.1
13. Name the input or output device used to do the following: a) To output audio b) To enter textual data c) To make
hard copy of a text file d) To display the data or information e) To enter audio-based command f) To build 3D models g)
To assist a visually-impaired individual in entering data
Answer:
a) Speaker or Headphone (Output Device)
b) Keyboard (Input Device)
c) Printer (Output Device)
d) Monitor or Projector (Output Device)
e) Microphone (Input Device)
f) 3D Printer (Output Device)
g) Braille Keyboard (Input Device)
Ref: Sections 1.1.2 & 1.1.3
14. Identify the category (system, application, programming tool) of the following software: a) Compiler b) Assem-
bler c) Ubuntu d) Text editor
Answer:
a) Compiler: Programming Tool
b) Assembler: Programming Tool
c) Ubuntu: System Software (Operating System)
d) Text editor: Programming Tool (or can be part of an Application Software like a word processor, but in development
context, it’s a programming tool).
Ref: Sections 1.7.2 & 1.7.3

37 L R Mohammed Matheen