PROF BUSTER LIVE - SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS COVERED IN PBL PROGENITOR BATCH - PATHOLOGY

1 Cell adaptations, cell injury and cell death E01

• Cellular adaptation
• Reversible vs Irreversible injury
• Apoptosis and efferocytosis
• Necrosis
• Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis
• Gangrene
• Pathological calcification
• Pigments
• Cellular aging
• Mechanisms of cell injury

2 Inflammations

• Acute inflammation
o cardinal signs of acute inflammation
o Vascular events of acute inflammation
o Cellular events of acute inflammation
• Chronic inflammation / Granulomatous inflammation
• Chemical mediators of inflammation

3 Wound Healing and repair

• Wound healing (Regeneration and repair)

• Healing of skin wound (primary and secondary intension)
• Factors affecting wound healing and complications of wound healing

4 Hemodynamic disorders

• Edema and effusion

• Hyperemia and congestion (CVC lung, CVC liver, CVC spleen)
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Infarction

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• Shock

5 Neoplasia

• Neoplasia - Definition, Nomenclature

• Teratoma hamartoma, Choristoma
• Benign versus malignant tumours
• Spread of tumours (Metastasis)
• Proto - oncogenes → RAS, Abl - Bcr
• Tumour suppressor genes → p53
• Carcinogenesis
• Clinical features of neoplasia
• Tumour lysis syndrome
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
• Laboratory diagnosis of cancer

6 Genetic and Pediatric disorders

• Cancers of infancy and childhood

o Retinoblastoma
o Wilms tumour
o Neuroblastoma
• Genetic inheritance of single gene disorders
o Autosomal Dominant diseases (AD)
o Autosomal recessive diseases (AR)
o X - Linked Dominant diseases (XD)
o X - linked recessive diseases (XR)
• Cytogenetic abnormalities
o Down syndrome
o Patau syndrome
o Edward syndrome
o Lyon hypothesis
o Klinefelter syndrome
o Turner syndrome

7 Environmental and nutritional disorders

• Obesity

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8 Immunopathology, AIDS and Amyloidosis

• Hypersensitivity
o Type 1 (Allergy)
o Type 2 (Cytotoxic)
o Type 3 (Immune complex mediated)
o Type 4 (T- cell mediated)
• Transplant Immunology
o Types of graft rejection
o Mechanism of graft rejection - Direct and Indirect Pathway
o Prevention of graft rejection
o Graft versus host reaction
• Autoimmunity
• Immunodeficiency Disorders
o Humoral Immunodeficiency (B Cell defects)
o Cellular Immunodeficiency (T cell defects)
o Combined Immunodeficiency (B and T cell defects)
o Disorders of Phagocytosis
• SLE
• Amyloidosis
• HIV
• Types of Immunity
o Innate Immunity
o Acquired Immunity
• Active and passive Immunity
• Primary and secondary Immune response
• Herd Immunity
• Antigen
o Adjuvant
o Epitope and paratope
o Determinants of antigenicity
o Super antigens
• Antibody
• Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulins - Isotypes, Allotypes,
Idiotypes
• Abnormal Immunoglobulin (Bence jones Proteins)

9 RBC disorders

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• Bone Marrow - aspiration and biopsy
• Erythropoiesis
• Reticulocytes
• RBC indices - MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, PCV
• Anemia –
o Definition
o Classification
o Clinical features
• Hemolytic Anemia
o Definition
o Types
o Intra vascular Hemolysis
o Extra vascular Hemolysis
o Classification
o Lab diagnosis
• Hereditary spherocytosis
• G6PD deficiency Anemia
• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hematuria (PNH)
• Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)
• Sickle cell Anemia
• Thalassemia
• Iron deficiency Anemia (IDA)
• Sideroblastic Anemia
• Anemia of chronic diseases (AOCD)
• Megaloblastic Anemia
• Pernicious Anemia
• Aplastic Anemia
• Pure Red cell aplasia (PRCA)

10 Platelet Disorders, blood banking and transfusion

• Thrombopoiesis
• Platelets - Introduction and function
• Hemostasis
• Tests for coagulation Disorders - BT, PT, APTT, TT
• Bleeding disorders - Classification
o Hemorrhagic Diathesis due to vascular Disorders
o Thrombocytopenia → ITP, TTP, HUS
o Functional Platelet disorders - Bernard Soulier and Glanzmann's
syndrome
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o Coagulation disorders - Hemophilia and Von Willebrand Disease
o DIC

11 WBC disorders

• Granulopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis

• Antigen Designation
• Interpretation of DLC
• Leukemoid reaction
• Leukemia - Definition and classification
• Lymphoma - Definition and classification
• Leukemia
o CML
o AML
o ALL
o CLL
• Polycythemia Vera
• Myelodysplastic Syndrome
• Lymphoma - Definition and classification
• Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL)
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
o Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
o Follicular lymphoma
o Burkitt lymphoma
o Hairy cell leukemia
• Splenomegaly
• Plasma cell disorders - Multiple myeloma

12 Vascular disorders

• Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm
• Aortic Dissection
• Hypertensive Vascular disease
• Vasculitis
o Temporal Arteritis
o Takayasu Arteritis
o PAN
o Kawasaki Disease

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o Burger Disease
o Microscopic Polyangiitis
o Churg Strauss Vasculitis
o Wegener's granulomatosis
• Raynaud's phenomenon
• Tumours of blood vessels - Haemangioma, Kaposi sarcoma

13 Heart disorders

• Congenital heart diseases

o VSD
o ASD
o PDA
o TOF
o TGA
• Ischemic Heart disease / coronary artery disease
• Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
• Infective Endocarditis
• Non-Infective Endocarditis - NBTE, Libman - Sacks Endocarditis
• Cardiomyopathies
• Pericarditis
• Cor pulmonale

14 Respiratory disorders

• Normal Anatomy and histology

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• COPDs
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Pneumonias
o Bacterial pneumonia - Lobar, Lobular
o Viral pneumonia
o Fungal pneumonia
• Lung carcinoma
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumoconiosis

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o Asbestosis
o Silicosis
o Bagassosis
• Lung abscess

15 GIT Disorders

• Barrett's esophagus
• Achalasia (Cardio spasm)
• Esophageal lacerations → Mallory Weiss syndrome, Boerhaave syndrome
• Hiatus hernia
• Esophageal tumours
• Pyloric stenosis
• Gastritis
• Peptic ulcer
• Gastric carcinoma
• Meckle's diverticulum
• Intussusception
• Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD)
o Crohn's disease (CD)
o Ulcerative colitis (VC)
• Infectious enterocolitis → Typhoid, Amebiasis, Intestinal tuberculosis
• Malabsorption Syndrome
o Celiac sprue
o Tropical sprue
o Whipple's disease
• Carcinoid tumours
• Appendicitis
• Hirschsprung's disease
• Colorectal carcinoma

16 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders

• Liver - Anatomy, Dual blood supply, classical lobule

• Viral hepatitis
o Hepatitis A
o Hepatitis B
o Hepatitis C
o Hepatitis D
o Hepatitis E

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• Clinicopathological Spectrum
o Acute Hepatitis
o Chronic Hepatitis
o Fulminant Hepatitis
• Cirrhosis - Definition, Pathogenesis, Classification
• Alcoholic liver disease / Alcoholic cirrhosis
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver Disease (NAFLD)
• Wilson Disease
• Hemochromatosis
• CVC Liver - nutmeg liver
• Portal Hypertension
• Jaundice
• Neonatal jaundice / congenital hyperbilirubinemia
• Liver abscess
o Pyogenic liver abscess
o Amoebic liver abscess
o Hydatid cyst
• Malignant tumours of liver
o Hepatocellular carcinoma
o Fibrolamellar carcinoma
• Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
• Cholecystitis
• Gall Bladder Carcinoma
• Pancreatitis
• Pancreatic tumours

17 MSK disorders

• Bone Tumours
o Osteoid osteoma
o Osteochondroma
o Osteosarcoma
o Chondrosarcoma
o Giant - cell tumour
o Ewing sarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
o Pyogenic osteomyelitis
o Tuberculous osteomyelitis
• Gout

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18 Skin disorders E01

• Tumours of Skin
o Squamous cell carcinoma
o Basal cell carcinoma
o Melanoma

19 CNS disorders

• Meningitis
• Tumours of CNS
o Pilocytic astrocytoma
o Glioblastoma Multiforme
o Oligodendroglioma
o Ependymoma
o Meningioma
o Medulloblastoma
o Schwannoma

20 Kidney and urinary tract disorders

• Normal anatomy and histology

• Nephritic syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Glomerulonephritis - pathogenesis
• Glomerulonephritis - Classification
• Primary Glomerulonephritis
o APGN or PSGN
o RPGN
o MCD
o Membranous GN
o MPGN
o FSGN
o FSGS
o IgA nephropathy
o Chronic GN
• Diabetic Nephropathy
• Hereditary Nephritis
o Alport syndrome
• Congenital nephrotic syndrome → NPHS 1, NPHS 2

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• Pyelonephritis
• Renal calculus / Nephrolithiasis / Urolithiasis
• Hydronephrosis
• Renal changes in hypertension - Nephrosclerosis
• Polycystic Kidney disease
• Tumours of kidney
o Renal cell carcinoma
o Wilm's tumour
• Bladder carcinoma

21 Male genital tract disorders

• Testes – Anatomy and Histology

o Cryptorchidism
o Orchitis
o Torsion
o Testicular tumours
• Prostate – Anatomy and Histology
o Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
o Prostate carcinoma
• Male infertility
• Penis - Anatomy
o Phimosis
o Paraphimosis
o Hypospadiasis
o Epispadiasis
o Tumours of penis

22 Female genital tract disorders

• Cervix
o Cervical precancers (CIN/SIL)
o Cervix cancer
• Uterus
o Endometriosis
o Adenomyosis
o Endometrial hyperplasia
o Endometrial carcinoma
o Tumours of Myometrium - Leiomyoma
• Ovarian tumours

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• Gestational trophoblastic Diseases

23 Endocrine Disorders

• Autoimmune disorders of thyroid

o Hashimoto thyroiditis
o Graves’ disease
• Goiter
• Thyroid neoplasm
• Diabetes mellitus
• Zollinger - Ellison syndrome (Gastrinoma)
• Cushing Syndrome
• Pheochromocytoma
• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes

24 Breast disorders

• Stromal breast tumours - Fibroadenoma and phyllodes

• Breast carcinoma

25 Salivary gland disorders

• Tumours of salivary glands

o Pleomorphic Adenoma
o Warthin's tumour
o Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

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SYLLABUS COVERED IN PBL PROGENITOR BATCH - MICROBIOLOGY

1 History and Microscopes

• Scientists
o Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
o Louis Pasteur
o Joseph lister
o Paul Ehrlich
o Robert Koch
• Koch's postulates
• Bacteria named after discoverers
• Microscopes Introduction
• Properties of microscopes
• Types of Microscopes
o Bright field or light microscope
o Dark Field Microscope
o Phase contrast microscope
o Fluorescence microscope
o Electron Microscope
• Difference between light and electron Microscope

2 General Bacteriology

• Morphology of Bacteria →
o Cell Wall
o Capsule
o Flagella
o Fimbriae or Pilli
o Spores
• Bacterial growth and Nutrition →
o Bacterial count
o Bacterial growth Curve
o Environmental factors affecting growth
• Staining techniques →
o Unstained or wet mount preparation
o Simple stain
o Negative stain
o Impregnation Method

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o Differential stain
o Gram stain
o Acid fast or Ziehl - Nelson stain
o Albert stain
o Bipolar staining
• Culture media →
o Enriched media
o Enrichment media
o Selective media
o Differential media
o Indicator media
o Transport media
• Anaerobic media
o Robertson cooked meat (RCM) Broth
o Thioglycolate broth
• Molecular methods → PCR and its modifications
• Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST)
• Bacterial Genetics
o Transformation
o Transduction
o Lysogenic conversion
o Conjugation
o Transposons
• Antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance
• Pathogenesis of bacterial Infections
o Bacterial Toxins

3 General Virology

• Morphology of Virus
• Classification of Viruses
o ss Viruses and ds viruses
o Smallest and largest virus
o Enveloped and non-enveloped virus
o Viruses with segmented nucleic acid
o Symmetry of Viruses
o Shape of viruses
• Replication of viruses
• Inclusion body
• Laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases

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o Viral assay
• Treatment of viral diseases
o Interferons (IFNs)

4 General Parasitology

• Parasite → definition
• Parasite - Classification
• Host - Definition and types
• Life cycle of Human parasites - Simple and Complex
• Lab diagnosis of parasitic diseases

5 General Mycology

• Classification of Fungus
• Lab diagnosis of fungal diseases

6 Hospital Infections Control (HIC)

• Healthcare - Associated infections (HAIs)

o Standard precautions
o Hand hygiene
o Spillage cleaning
o Specific precautions - contact, Droplet, Airborne
o Hospital infection control committee
• Biomedical waste management (BWM)
o Waste segregation in hospital -> 4 Color containers
o Waste Treatment and disposal
• Needle stick injury
o Post exposure management
o NACO guidelines for PEP for HIV
o CDC guidelines for PEP for HBV
• Sterilization and disinfection
o Red Heat
o Flaming
o Incineration
o Hot air oven
o Pasteurization
o Inspissation
o Vaccine bath
o Boiling

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o Tyndallization
o Steam sterilizer
o Autoclave
o Ionizing radiation
• Chemical methods -> Disinfectants

7 Immunology

• Hypersensitivity
o Type 1 (Allergy)
o Type 2 (Cytotoxic)
o Type 3 (Immune complex mediated)
o Type 4 (T- cell mediated)
• Transplant Immunology
o Types of graft rejection
o Mechanism of graft rejection - Direct and Indirect Pathway
o Prevention of graft rejection
o Graft versus host reaction
• Autoimmunity
• Immunodeficiency Disorders
o Humoral Immunodeficiency (B Cell defects)
o Cellular Immunodeficiency (T cell defects)
o Combined Immunodeficiency (B and T cell defects)
o Disorders of Phagocytosis
• Types of Immunity
o Innate Immunity
o Acquired Immunity
• Active and passive Immunity
• Primary and secondary Immune response
• Herd Immunity
• Antigen
o Adjuvant
o Epitope and paratope
o Determinants of antigenicity
o Super antigens
• Antibody
• Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulins - Isotypes, Allotypes, Idiotypes
• Abnormal Immunoglobulin (Bence jones Proteins)
• Antigen - antibody reactions

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• Zone phenomenon
o Precipitation / Flocculation
o Agglutination
o Complement Fixation test (CFT)
o Neutralization
o ELISA
o Immunofluorescence
• Complement System
o Introduction
o Components
o Biosynthesis
o Steps of 3 pathways Functions
o Compliment Protein deficiencies

Orientation of systemic microbiology

• Classification of Bacteria
• Classification of Viruses
• Classification of parasites Classification of Fungus
• Human body system
• Color coding
• Master charts concept

8 Blood stream and CVS infections

• Syndromes ->
o Rheumatic fever
o Infective endocarditis
o Blood stream infections (BSI)
• Fungal infections of CVS
o Histoplasmosis
o Blastomycosis
o Coccidiomycosis
o Para coccidiomycosis
o Candidiasis
• Parasitic Infections of CVS ->
o Plasmodium
o Babesia
o L. donovani
o T. brucei

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o T. Cruzi
o W. bancrofti
• Bacterial infections of CVS
o Salmonella
o Rickettsia
o Brucella
o Leptospira
o Borrelia
• Viral infections of CVS
o HIV
o Dengue
o Chikungunya
o KFD
o Ebola

9 Respiratory tract infections

• Fungal infections of respiratory tract

o Zygomycota
o Aspergillus
o Pneumocystis jirovecci
o Penicillium species
o Cryptococcus neoformans Parasitic infections of respiratory tract
o P. westermani
• Bacterial infections of Respiratory tract
o St. Pyogens
o C. diptheriae
o St. pnemoniae
o H. influenzue
o K. Pnemoniae
o M. Pneumoniae
o C. Pneumoniae
o L. Pneumophila
o M. Tuberculosis
o B. Pertussis
o Pseudomonas
o Burkholderia
• Viral infections of respiratory tract
o Influenza virus
o Parainfluenza virus

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o Mumps
o RSV
o EBV
o Corona virus
o Adeno virus
o Rhinovirus

10 Gastrointestinal infections

• Syndromes ->
o Diarrhea and dysentery
o Food poisoning
• Parasitic infections of GIT
o Protozoa ->
▪ E. histolytica
▪ G. lamblia
▪ Coccidian parasites (sporas)
▪ Cestodes ->
▪ T. Solium
▪ T. Saginata
▪ D. Latum
▪ H. nana
o Trematodes
▪ S. mansoni, S. japonicum
▪ F. Buski
o Nematodes
▪ T. trichuris
▪ E. vermicularis
▪ A. lumbricoides
▪ Hookworms
▪ S. Stercoralis
• Bacterial infections of GIT
o Staph. Aureus
o Bacillus cerus
o C. Perfringen
o C. botulinum
o E. Coli
o Shigella
o Non typhoidal salmonella
o Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis
o V. Cholerae
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o H. Pylori
o C. jejunj
o C. ditficile
• Viral infections of GIT
o Rotavirus

11 Hepatobiliary system infections

• Parasitic infections of hepatobiliary system ->

o E. Histolytica
o E. Granulosus
o F. hepatica, c. sinensis, opisthorchis
• Viral infections of hepatobiliary system ->
o Hepatitis A
o Hepatitis B
o Hepatitis C
o Hepatitis D
o Hepatitis E

12 SST and MSK infections E01

• Fungal infections of SST and MSK

o Superficial mycosis
▪ Tinea versicolor
▪ tinea nigra
▪ Piedra
▪ Dermatophytosis
o Subcutaneous mycoses
▪ Mycetoma
▪ Sporotrichosis
▪ Chromoblastomycosis
▪ Rhinosporidiosis
o Opportunistic mycoses
▪ Candida species
▪ Penicillium marneffi
• Parasitic infections of SST and MSK
o D. Medinensis
o T. Spiralis
o Cutaneous and subcutaneous leishmania
o Cutaneous and subcutaneous filariasis

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o Non-Human Hookworms
• Bacterial infections of SST and MSK
o S. aureus
o S. Pyogens
o C. Perfringens
o M. Leprae
o B. anthracis
o Actinomyces
o Nocardia
o Non Veneral Treponema (Yaws, Endemic syphilis, Pinta)
• Viral infections of SST, MSK ->
o HSV
o Varicella Zoster
o Other Herpes
o Parvovirus - B19
o HPV
o Poxvirus
o Measles
o Rubella
o Coxsackievirus

13 CNS Infections

• Syndromes ->
o Meningitis
o Encephalitis
• Bacterial infections of CNS
o N. Meningitidis
o St. pnemoniae
o St. agalactiae
o H. influenzae
o L. Monocytogens
o M. Tuberculosis
o T. Pallidum
o B. Burgdorferi
o C. Tetani
• Viral infections of CNS
o Polio virus
o HSV -1
o JE virus

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o West Nile Virus
o Nipah, Hendra
o Rabis virus
o Slow Virus
• Parasitic infections of CNS ->
o N. Fowleri
o Acanthamoeba
o Balamuthia
o T. Gondii
o T. Solium
o P. Falciparum
o T. Brucei
• Fungal infections of CNS ->
o Cryptococcus neoformans
o

14 Urinary tract infections

• Syndromes ->
o UTI
• Bacterial infections of Urinary tract ->
o Proteeae
o Uropathogenic [Link]
o K. pneumoniae
o Enterococcus
o S. Saprophyticus
o S. Pyogens
o M. Tuberculosis
• Viral infections of urinary tract ->
o BK Virus
o Adeno virus
• Parasitic infections of urinary tract
o S. Hematobium
• Fungal infections of urinary tract ->
o Candida

15 Genital tract infections

• Syndromes ->
o STDs
• Bacterial infections of genital tract ->

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o T. Pallidum
o H. Ducreyi
o C. Trachomatis (L1-L3)
o K. Granulomatis
o N. Gonorrhoeae
o C. Trachomatis (D-K)
o Urogenital mycoplasma
o M. Tuberculosis
• Viral infections of genital tract ->
o Herpes (HSV -1 & HSV - 2)
• Parasitic infections of Genital tract ->
o T. Vaginalis
• Fungal infections of Genital tract ->
o Candida

16 Oncogenic organisms

• Oncogenic viruses
• Oncogenic bacterias
• Oncogenic parasites

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SYLLABUS COVERED IN PBL PROGENITOR BATCH - PHARMACOLOGY
1 General Pharmacology

• Introduction
• Pharmacokinetics ->
o Biological Membrane and Drug transport
o Drug absorption
- Factors affecting drug absorption
- Ionization of drugs and local pH
- Bioavailability
o Drug Distribution
- Apparent volume of distribution (V)
- Factors affecting distribution
o Biotransformation (Metabolism)->
- Classification -> Phase 1, Phase 2
- Mechanism
• Microsomal enzyme inhibition
• Microsomal enzyme induction
o Excretion ->
- Renal excretion
• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion
- Kinetics of elimination
• Rate of elimination
• Clearance
- Order of Kinetics -> Zero and first order
- Plasma half life
o Repeated drug administration
o Target level Strategy
o Monitoring of Plasma concentration of drugs
• Pharmacodynamics
o Mechanism of drug action
o Enzymes
▪ Michaelis - Menten model
▪ Competitive inhibitions
▪ Non-Competitive inhibitions
o Receptors
▪ Affinity
▪ Intrinsic activity

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▪ Types of drugs based on Intrinsic Activity
o Transducer Mechanisms
▪ G Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
▪ Receptors with intrinsic ion Channel
▪ Transmembrane enzyme - linked receptors
▪ Transmembrane JAK - STAT Binding receptors
▪ Receptors regulating gene expression
o Dose response Curve (DRC)
▪ Potency
▪ Efficiency
▪ Slope
▪ Selectivity
▪ Therapeutic index
▪ Therapeutic range
▪ Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
o Combined effect of Drugs
▪ Synergism
▪ Antagonism -> competitive and Noncompetitive
• Drug - WHO definition
• Drug dosage
• Fixed dose ratio combination
• Drug nomenclature
• New drug development
• Clinical studies -> Phase - 1,2,3,4,5

2 Drugs acting on ANS

• Introductions to ANS
• Neurotransmitter
• Cholinergic transmission -> Acetylcholine
o Synthesis and storage
o Release
o Destruction
• Cholinoreceptors -> Muscarinic (M) and Nicotinic (N)
• Cholinergic drugs
• Anticholinergic drugs
• Adrenergic transmission -> NA
o Synthesis and storage
o Release
o Uptake

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o Metabolism
• Adrenergic receptors -> α and β
• Adrenergic drugs
• Antiadrenergic drugs
o α Blockers
o β Blockers
− Selective β1 Blockers (Cardio selective)
− β Blockers with membrane stabilizing action
− Lipid insoluble β - Blockers
− β - Blockers with intrinsic Sympathomimetic activity
− β - Blocker with α blocking activity
• Summary of ANS

3 Anticancer drugs

• Cancer
• Anticancer drugs
o Classification
o Toxicity of anticancer drugs
o Alkylating agents
▪ Nitrogen Mustards
▪ Alkyl sulfonate
▪ Nitrosoureas
▪ Triazine
▪ Methyl hydrazine
o Platinum containing compounds
o Antimetabolites
▪ Folate antagonists
▪ Purine antagonists
▪ Pyrimidine antagonists
o Microtubule damaging agents
▪ Vinca alkaloids
▪ Taxanes
o Topoisomerase - 2 inhibitors
o Topoisomerase - 1 inhibitors
o Antibiotics
o Targeted drugs for cancer

4 Autocoids and related drugs

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• Autocoids
• Classification
• Histamine - Synthesis, degradation, storage
• Histamine receptors -> H1, H2, H3, H4
• Histamine agonist
• Histamine antagonist
• Serotonin (5 - HT) -> Synthesis and degradation
• Serotonergic (5 - HT) receptors
• 5 HT agonist
• 5 HT antagonist
• Migraine
• Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrines
• NSAIDS
• Antirheumatic drugs
• Antigout drugs

5 Drugs affecting blood and blood formation

• Introduction
• Hemostasis
• Thrombosis
• Drugs affecting coagulation system
o Coagulants
o Anticoagulants
▪ oral Anticoagulants
• Coumarin derivatives
• Direct factor Xa inhibitors
• Oral Direct thrombin inhibitors
▪ Parenteral Anticoagulants
• Indirect thrombin inhibitors
o Heparin
o LMWH
o Fondaparinux, Danaparoid
• Direct thrombin inhibitors
o Antiplatelet drugs
• Aspirin
• Dipyridamole
• P2Y12 receptor Blockers
• GPII / IIIa antagonist.

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o Fibrinolytics
o Antifibrinolytics
• Lipids
• Structure of lipoprotein
• Types of lipoprotein
• Sources of lipoprotein
• Transport of lipoprotein
• Hyperlipoproteinemia
• Hypolipidemic drugs ->
o HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)
o Bile acid sequestrants
o PPAR α activators (Fibrates)
o Lipolysis and TG synthesis inhibitors
o Sterol absorption inhibitors

6 Cardiovascular Drugs

• Drugs affecting RAS

o Kidney - Normal anatomy
o Renin angiotensin system (RAS)
o Angiotensin receptors (AT1 and AT2)
o Actions of Angiotensin II
o Alternate (ACE - independent) Pathway of Angiotensin II Production
o Hypertension
o Inhibitors of RAS
o Drugs affecting RAS -> Classification
▪ ACE inhibitors
▪ Angiotensin (AT1) receptor blockers
▪ Direct renin inhibitors
• Drugs for heart failure
o Preload and afterload
o Heart failure
o Congestive heart failure (CHF)
o Compensatory mechanism in failing heart
o Types of heart failure -> acute and chronic
o NYHA Classification of heart failure
o Drugs of CHF -> Classification
▪ Inotropic drugs
• Cardiac glycosides
• PDE 3 inhibitors

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• Sympathomimetics
▪ Vasodilators
• Venodilators
• Arteriodilators
• Mixed dilators
• Antianginal Drugs
o Blood supply to heart
o Angira pectoris
o Types of angina
o Classification of antiangina drugs
▪ Nitrates
▪ β Blockers
▪ Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
▪ Potassium Channel activators
▪ Dipyridamole
▪ pFox inhibitors
• Antihypertensive Drugs
o Hypertension
o Classification of Antihypertensive drugs
▪ Diuretics
• Thiazides
• High ceiling
• Potassium sparing
▪ RAS inhibitors
• ACE inhibitors
• ARBs
• Direct renin inhibitors
▪ Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
▪ Sympathetic inhibitors
• α blockers
• β blockers
• Central sympatholytics
▪ Vasodilators
• Arteriolar dilator
• Arteriolar + venodilator
o Hypertension in Pregnancy
o Hypertensive Emergencies and urgencies
o Drugs preference in patient with Co existing mobidity
o Treatment of Hypertension -> ABCD rule
• Antiarrhythmic drugs

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7 Respiratory system drugs

• Drugs for Asthma

o Normal anatomy of respiratory tract
o Asthma
o Drugs for Asthma - Classification
o Bronchodilators
▪ B2 sympathomimetics
▪ methyl Xanthines
▪ Anticholinergic
o LT antagonists
o Mast cell stabilisers
o Corticosteroids
o Anti - IgE antibody
o Choice of treatment in asthma
• Drugs for Cough
o Cough - pathogenesis
o Cough reflex
o Types of Cough
o Drugs for cough - Classification
o Pharyngeal demulcents
o Expectorants
▪ Secretion enhancers
▪ Mucolytics
o Antitussive

8 Gastrointestinal drugs

• Drugs for Peptic ulcer

o Peptic ulcer
o Gastric acid secretogogues
o Physiology of Gastric acid secretion
o Approach for treatment of peptic ulcer
o Classification
▪ Gastric acid secretion inhibitors
• H2 antagonist
• PPI
• Anticholinergics
• Prostaglandin analogue

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▪ Antacid
▪ Ulcer protectives
▪ Anti H. Pylori drugs
• Drugs of GERD
• Antiemetic Drugs
o Emesis
o Pathways of emesis
o Antiemetic drugs -> Classification
▪ Anticholinergic drugs
▪ H1 antihistaminics
▪ Neuroleptics
▪ Nk1 receptors Antagonists
▪ 5HT3 Antagonists
▪ Prokinetic drugs
• Drugs for Constipation
o Constipation
o Types of constipation
o Classification
o Overall MOA
▪ Bulk Purgatives
▪ Stool softener
▪ Stimulant Purgatives
▪ Osmotic purgatives
o Valid indications of laxatives
o Contraindications of Laxatives
• Treatment of Diarrhoea
o Diarrhoea
o Types of Diarrhoea
o Treatment of Diarrhoea
▪ Rehydration -> ORS
▪ Drug therapy
• Antimicrobial drugs
• Probiotics
• Antisecretory drugs
• Drugs for IBD

9 Drugs acting on PNS

• Skeletal Muscle relaxants

o Introduction to CNS and PNS

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o Neurotransmitter
o Acetylcholine ->
▪ Synthesis and storage
▪ Release
▪ Destruction
o NM Receptors
o Normal Skeletal Muscle -> Contraction and relaxation
o Skeletal Muscle relaxants
▪ Definition
▪ Classification
▪ Peripherally acting
• Neuromuscular Blocking agents
• Directly acting agents
▪ Centrally acting
• Local Anaesthetics

10 Drugs acting on CNS

• Sedatives and Hypnotics

o Definition
o Sleep stages -> NREM and REM
o EEG Waves
o Classification of Sedatives and Hypnotics
− Barbiturates
− Benzodiazepines
− Non Benzodiazepines Agonist
− Revision and mastercharts
• Alcohols
o Ethyl alcohol
o Methyl alcohol
• Antiparkinsonian Drugs
o Parkinsonism
o Pathogenesis of parkinsonism
o Classification of antiparkinsonian Drugs
− Dopamine precursor -> Levodopa
− Peripheral Decarboxylase inhibitors
− Dopaminergic agonists
− MAO - B inhibitors
− COMT inhibitors
− Glutamate (NMDA) Antagonist

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− Central Anticholinergics
• Antiepileptic drugs
o Epilepsy
o Types of seizures
o Classification of antiepileptic drugs
o MOA of antiepileptic drugs
- Phenytoin
- Carbamazepine
- Barbiturates
- Ethosuximide
- Valproic acid
• Drugs for Psychiatric disorders
o Psychiatric disorders
− Neurosis
− Psychosis
o Classification
• Antipsychotic drugs (Neuroleptics)
• Antimanic drugs (lithium carbonate)
• Antidepressant drugs
o Introductions
o Pathophysiology of Depression
o Principle of Antidepressants
o Classification of Antidepressants
▪ RIMAs
▪ TCA
▪ SSRI
▪ SNRI
▪ Atypical antidepressants
o Uses of Antidepressants
• Antianxiety Drugs
o Introduction
o Pathogenesis of Anxiety
o Classification of Antianxiety drugs
• Benzodiazepines
• Azapirones
• β blockers
• General Anesthetics
• Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists

11 Drugs acting on Kidney

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• Normal Kidney -> anatomy and Nephron
• Diuretics
o Definition
o Classification
o Site of action
▪ Loop Diuretics
▪ Thiazides
▪ Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
▪ Potassium sparing Diuretics
▪ Osmotic Diuretics
• Antidiuretics
o Introduction
o Antidiuretic hormone (AVP)
o Classification of Antidiuretics
▪ ADH and its analogues
▪ Natriuretics

12 Antimicrobial drugs

• Antimicrobial agents -> Classification

• Protein synthesis inhibitors
o Tetracyclines
o Chloramphenicol
o Aminoglycosides
o Erythromycin
• Drugs which indirectly interferes with Nucleic acid synthesis ->
o Sulfonamides
o Trimethoprim
o Quinolones
• β lactams
o Penicillin
o Cephalosporins
o Monobactam
o Carbapenem
• Antitubercular drugs
o First line drugs
▪ Issoniazide (H)
▪ Rifampin (R)
▪ Pyrazinamide (Z)
▪ Ethambutol (E)

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o Second line drugs
▪ streptomycin
▪ Others
o Management of TB
• Antileprotic Drugs
o Dapsone
o Clofazimine
o Rifampin
o Management of Leprosy
• Antimalarial drugs
o Introduction of Plasmodium
o Life cycle
o Classification of Antimalarial drugs
o Individual drugs ->
▪ Chloroquine
▪ Mefloquine
▪ Quinine
▪ Proguanil
▪ Pyrimethamine
▪ Primaquine
▪ Halofantrine
▪ Artimisinin Derivatives
o Treatment of Malaria
▪ Uncomplicated Malaria
▪ Complicated Malaria
▪ Malaria in Pregnancy
o Chemoprophylaxis
• Antifungal drugs
• Antiviral drugs
• Antiamoebic drugs
• Antihelminthic drugs

13 Hormones and related drugs

• Antidiabetic Drugs
o Pancreas - Anatomy and histology
o Diabetes mellitus
o Insulin regulation
▪ Insulin synthesis
▪ Insulin release

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▪ Insulin action
o Pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 DM
o Insulin preparations
o Oral hypoglycemic drugs -> Classification
▪ K- ATP Channel blockers
▪ GLP - 1 Agonist
▪ DPP - 4 inhibitors
▪ Biguanides
▪ Thiazolidinedione
▪ α - Glucosidase inhibitors
▪ Amylin analogue
▪ Dopamine D2 agonist
▪ SGLT - 2 inhibitors
o Management of Diabetes
• Corticosteroids
• Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid inhibitors
• Anterior pituitary Hormones
• Androgens
• Estrogen, Progestin
• OCPs
• Uterine stimulants and relaxants
• Hormones affecting calcium balance and drugs for osteoporosis

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