IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
1-2-3 Isobaric Heat Transfer or Constant pressure heat addition in a
boiler
3-4 Isentropic Expansion or Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-5 Isobaric Heat Rejection or Constant pressure heat rejection in a
condenser
5-1 Isentropic Compression or Isentropic compression in a pump
Reference: [Link]
1. A turbine receives steam at 10.0 MPa, 600 ℃ and exhaust it at 0.2 MPa. Draw a schematic
diagram and plot the condition of the steam in TS-diagram. Also determine the following:
a. Enthalpies at all points, kJ/kg
b. 𝑄𝐴 , and 𝑄𝑅 , kcal/kg
c. 𝑊𝑝 , and 𝑊𝑇 , BTU/lbm
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡
d. Net cycle work, 𝑓 ⁄𝑙𝑏
𝑚
e. Thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle and engine, %
Solution:
4 BOILER 1
PUMP TURBINE
CONDENSER 2
3
a. Enthalpies at all points, kJ/kg
@ 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1: 𝑃1 = 10𝑀𝑝𝑎 & 𝑇1 = 600℃
Note: Steam is super-heated, from steam table
ℎ1 = 3625.3 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 6.9029 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾 – process 1 to 2 is isentropic expansion
@ 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2: 𝑃2 = 0.2𝑀𝑝𝑎 & 𝑠2 = 6.9029 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾
Note: liquid-vapor mixture
𝑠𝑓2 = 𝑠𝑓 @ 0.2 𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 1.5301 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑠𝑓𝑔2 = 𝑠𝑓 @ 0.2 𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 5.5970 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾
ℎ𝑓2 = 504.7 𝑘𝐽 ⁄ 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = 2201.9 𝑘𝐽 ⁄ 𝑘𝑔
Solving for the quality of steam (x):
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓2 6.9029 − 1.5301
𝑥= = = 0.95994
𝑠𝑓𝑔2 5.5970
Then;
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔2
ℎ2 = 504.7 + (0.95994)(2201.9 )
ℎ2 = 2618.3919 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3: 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 = 0.2𝑀𝑝𝑎
Note: Saturated Liquid
𝑣𝑓3 = 0.0010605 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔
Then:
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 @ 0.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 504.7 𝑘𝐽 ⁄ 𝑘𝑔
To solve for ℎ4 perform energy balance in pump.
4
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 + 𝑊𝑝 = ℎ4
Where:
𝑊𝑃 = 𝑣𝑓3 (𝑃4 − 𝑃3 ) = 0.0010605 𝑚3 ⁄𝑘𝑔 (10 − 0.2)𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑊𝑃
𝑊𝑃 = 10.3929 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
3
Then:
ℎ4 = 504.7 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾 + 10.3929 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾
ℎ4 = 515.0929 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑏. 𝑄𝐴 , and 𝑄𝑅 , kcal/kg
To solve for 𝑄𝐴 perform energy balance at the boiler, also 1 kcal = 4.187 kJ
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝐴
ℎ4 + 𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 1
𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = (3625.3 − 515.0929 ) ( ) 4
𝑘𝑔 4.187 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝐴 = 742.8 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 ⁄𝑘𝑔
To solve for 𝑄𝑅 perform energy balance at the condenser
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ2 = ℎ3 + 𝑄𝑅
3 2
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑅 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = (2618.3919 − 504.7 ) ( )
𝑘𝑔 4.187 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑅 = 504.823 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 ⁄𝑘𝑔 𝑄𝑅
c. 𝑊𝑝 , and 𝑊𝑇 , BTU/lbm
for the work of pump, 𝑊𝑝
note: 1BTU = 1.055kJ & 1kg = 2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑚
Then;
1𝐵𝑇𝑈 1𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑃 = 10.3929 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 × ×
1.055𝐾𝑗 2.205𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑊𝑃 = 4.4676 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄𝑙𝑏𝑚
For the work of turbine, (𝑊𝑇 ) perform energy balance in the turbine
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
ℎ1 = ℎ2 + 𝑊𝑇
1𝐵𝑇𝑈 1𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑇
𝑊𝑇 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = (3625.3 − 2618.3919) 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ( × )
1.055𝐾𝑗 2.205𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑊𝑇 = 432.8414 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄𝑙𝑏𝑚
2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡
d. Net cycle work, ⁄
𝑙𝑏𝑚
note: 1 BTU = 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃
778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (432.8414 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 4.4676 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄𝑙𝑏𝑚 ) ( )
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 333,274.81
𝑙𝑏𝑚
e. Thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle and engine, %
For the Rankine cycle efficiency, 𝜂𝑅
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑅
𝜂𝑅 = =1−
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴
504.823
𝜂𝑅 = (1 − ) × 100%
742.8
𝜂𝑅 = 32.04%
For the efficiency of Rankine engine, %
𝑊𝑇 ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝜂𝑒 = =
𝑄𝐴 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
3625.3 − 2618.3919
𝜂𝑒 = ( ) × 100%
3625.3 − 504.7
𝜂𝑒 = 32.2665%
2. A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser
pressure, the net power output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Schematic Diagram:
Assumptions:
- Steady operating conditions exist.
- Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3. A Rankine Cycle without reheat and condensing steam turbine running on saturated steam
operates at a steady state with inlet conditions of 6MPa, 275.6 ℃ and x =1. Steam leaves this
turbine at 0.008MPa, and 41.5℃. Calculate the following:
a. The vapor quality of the outlet steam.
b. The Work done by the Steam Turbine.
c. The Work done by the Pump.
d. The heat added in the steam generator.
e. The thermodynamic efficiency and compare this value with the Carnot’s efficiency.