NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY

Q. Explain any three characteristics of Transmission media.

Characteristics of Transmission Media :-

Cost :

One major factor in purchase decision of any networking component is [Link] one tries to opt for
new technology which is fastest, it is more [Link] network designer must settle for something
which is cheaper and robust.

Installation Requirement :

Some transmission media require skilled labour to install it. This increases cost of network and it may
cause certain delay. Before installation we need to prepare actual physical layout of network.

Bandwidth :

Bandwidth is a measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit [Link] means number of bits
travelled per second through transmission [Link] is measured in bps or Mbps.

Bandwidth of a cable depends on its length.A short cable can have higher Bandwidth than a long
[Link] certain limit of a transmission media the highest frequency signal can deteriorate and
error our in signal.

Attenuation :

Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travel through a transmission [Link]
signal strength fall below certain limits then at receiving station noise may [Link] are used to
regenerate [Link] solution to deal with Attenuation is to add Repeater.+

Immunity from Electromagnetic Interference :

Electromagnetic interference means outside noise that distorts the signal and make it difficult for
computer to decode original [Link] is an example of Electromagnetic Interference . In a
computer network, large number of cables are located close together therefore crosstalk occurs.

Q. What is Protocol ? Explain TCP/IP protocol used in network .

Ans :-

1. Protocols are set of rules by which computers can communicate with each [Link] is the
set of rules and format for sending and receiving data.
2. A protocol is defined as an Agreement between communication parties for how communication
should be proceed.
3. Commuter can send any message. But for this the must must follow same rules.
 4. While sending a data from one node to other node , it must be encapsulated in a packet. The
exact composition of network packets depend on this Protocol.

TCP / IP :

 TCP/IP is a Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP )and Internet Protocol ( IP )

 TCP is a connection-oriented [Link] provides full duplex end-end [Link]
maintain logical connection between sending and receiving computer [Link] maintains
the integrity of [Link] detects any problem and correct it.
 TCP also provide message fragmentation and reassembly. TCP fragments message into
segments. These segments can be handled by IP.
 In TCP , there are two types of address : a node address and logical network address.
 Node address is the address of entity on the netweork.
 Logical address is the segment on the network to which nodes are attached.
 TCP IP gives unique IP address .An IP address is a set of four [Link] ranging from
0 to 255 and each number is separated by period.
Ex. : 107 . 219 . 2 . 34
 IP is connectionless protocol. It is Packet switching protocol that performs addressing and
route [Link] route the [Link] also performs disassembly and reassembly . IP also
performs error-checking.

What is MODEM ? Types of MODEM .

Ans :-

 In Networking,Computer Connected to each other through telephone lines.

 Computer store data in Digital form while telephone lines can only transfer Analog [Link],
it is necessary to convert Digital data to Analog data before transmitting over telephone
lines.
 Modulation is the process of converting signal from Digital to analog signal and
Demodulation means recovering it to original form.
 MODEM is a Modulator/[Link] is used to connect computer to
[Link] converts Digital data to Analog data and Vice-Versa.
 Diagram :
 Modem is of two types :
i) Asynchronous MODEM ii) Synchronous MODEM
 Asynchronous Modem :
i) In Asynchronous Modem,Transmission clock is not used for synchronization ,instead of,
it uses bit synchronization.
ii) Each frame begins with start bit that enables the receiving device to adjust to the timing
of transmitted signal.
iii) Message are kept short . It is used to transmit character data.
 iv) Asynchronous Transmission is simple,inexpensive technology . It is used for PC to PC
communication.

 Synchronous MODEM :-
i) Synchronous Modem uses clock on transmitting and receiving devices.
ii) It uses ‘sync’ signal and it is recognized by receiving device.
iii) A wide variety of data can be transmitted.
iv) A long series of bit can also be transmitted.

UTP Cable :-

 UTP is a Unshielded Twisted Pair.

 UTP consists of number of twisted pair with Plastic jacket.
 It is commonly used in Telephone system. Now a days , UTP cable is being used in LAN instead of
co-axial cable.
 Characteristics of UTP :
i) COST : UTP cable is cheaper than any other [Link] it has many categories.
So,Category 5 cable are expensive than other categories of UTP cable.
ii) Installation : UTP cable is easy to install. UTP System can easily [Link]
equipments required in installing UTP in network are also low cost.
iii) Capacity : UTP cable can achieved data rate upto 100 Mbps.
iv) Attenuation : UTP cable has similar attenuation characteristics as that of other copper
cables. UTP cable run is limited to few hundred metres. 100 metre is most common
limit.
v) EMI : As UTP cable does not have a shield. It is more sensitive to EMI than Co-axial and
STP.

Q. Advantage and Disadvantage of Wireless Media :-

Advantages :

 Wireless media can be used where cabling is not possible such as Historical Buildings , Old
Buildings .
 Wireless media can reach to the Hilly areas , Rural areas, Ship in Ocean , Satellite offices and
Team in remote fields.
 It is very useful for the people who move a lot in working area such as Medical representatives ,
Sales Person ,etc.
 High data rate transmission by using large bandwidth.
 It is useful to use in Handleld devices such as Mobile Phones , laptops , etc

Disadvantage :

 As it is a new and advanced technology , it is more expensive.

 Skilled labour require to install , it also increases cost of network.
  EMI and Outside Noise can disturb the original signal. Weather or atmospheric condition can
also impact on signal.

Q. What is Topology ? Explain different types of Topology :

Ans :-

Topology defined as the arrangements of Nodes in a network through common transmission media and
make network.

Topology can be of different types :

i) Bus Topology
ii) Star Topology
iii) Ring Topology

Bus Topology :-

 In a Bus Topology , all devices are connected to a common shared cable , called Backbone of a
network.
 Diagram :
 The Bus is a communication path through which data can be transmit from one system to
another.
 Bus is available to each node to send or receive the data. Most of the buses transmit signal in
both [Link] some buses are unidirectional and data is transmitted only in one direction
on backbone cable.
 The Backbone cable can carries transmission message along the [Link] Message arrives at
workstation, it checks whether the destination address matches or not. If not, if goes to next
workstation.

Ring Topology :-

 In Ring Topology , Each node is connected to its neighbour nodes on either side and Form a
circle.
 Message transmit only in one direction .
 Diagram :
 Ring Topology are suited for a network which uses Token Passing access methods.
 This Toplogy is also implemented as Logical Topology.

Star Topology :

 In Star topology are networks are connected to central Hub.

 Each node are connected to other node through Central Hub.
 The Hub receives a signal from Workstation and Route it properly to Destination workstation .
  Diagram :

Explain in brief Connectivity Devices :- ( Try it own )

1. Hub :-
 Hub is a connecting device ,it is Central device to which all the devices in Network are
attached.
 It is wiring Concentraror.
 Diagram :
 There are 3 types of Hub :
i) Passive Hub
ii) Active Hub
iii) Switching Hub
 Passive Hub is used to combine the signal from signal from several network cable
[Link] does not contain any electronic component and does not process the
data signal.
 Active Hub can amplify and clean up the electronic signal. Active hub consist of
Electronic components so it process input signal and then regenerate it.
 Switching Hub is the latest Hub . It quickly routes the signal between ports of Hub. They
can be used in place of Router.

2. Repeater :-
 Repeater is a network device that repeats a signal from one port to another port. It
simply regenerate the signal. The device is inexpensive and [Link] adding repeater
we can increase length of network.
3. Modem
4. Router :-
 Router is the inter-network connectivity devices.
 An internetwork may consist of two or more physically connected independent
network.
 Router use network address to route the packets to assist efficient delivery of message.
Delivering packets according to logical network address is called routing.
 There are two types of Router.
i) Static Router ii) Dynamic Router
 Static Router do not determine path. But you can specify the path of Routing.
 Dynamic Router have capacity to determine the Routes.

Explain Following Access Methods : ( Try it own )

1. Contention
2. Polling
3. Token Passing